In recent years, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) for food safety has developed rapidly both domestically and internationally. QMRA integrates multidisciplinary theoretical knowledge and technical methodologies to quantitatively assess the human health risks associated with exposure to pathogenic microorganisms and provides a scientific basis for risk management and risk communication. The classic framework of QMRA includes four steps: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Currently, research hotspots include sampling statistics, predictive microbiological modeling, microbial toxicology, computational simulation, and bioinformatics. The key to the development of QMRA lies in how to integrate multi-source data through interdisciplinary approaches to improve the accuracy and reliability of assessment results. In the future, QMRA still faces many technical challenges in terms of data, models, and algorithms. The interdisciplinary integration with other fields such as artificial intelligence, microbial multiomics, bioinformatics, synthetic biology, systems biology, and computational biology will be the focus of research directions, aiming to play a greater role in the fields of food safety and public health.