Objective This study aimed to provide a reference for preventing the occurrence of events similar to the mushroom poisoning case by Russula subnigricans that caused the death of individuals in Jiangxi Province in September 2020 by investigation and tracing.Methods Epidemiological descriptive analysis was used to make a primary judgment. Then， morphological and molecular biological identification were carried out on the collected mushroom samples.Results The epidemiological information indicated that all the patients ate the wild mushroom， while those who did not eat the mushroom did not get sick. The average incubation period was 19 min， which suggested that the disease progressed rapidly. Symptoms such as gastrointestinal discomfort and vomiting were observed. The liver， kidney， and heart functions were damaged， and the mortality rate was high. The morphological and molecular studies identified the samples as Russula subnigricans.Conclusion This incident is a reported poisoning death event in Jiangxi Province caused by eating Russula subnigricans by mistake， which indicates that the poisoning situation of poisonous mushrooms in Jiangxi Province is relatively serious， and relevant departments need to strengthen prevention and control efforts to prevent similar incidents.