Abstract:Objective To provide data support for infectious mechanism and microecological intervention strategies， the structural and functional alterations of the gut microbiota in patients with norovirus associated diarrhea was investigated and the potential microbial biomarkers was screened.Methods Microbiota structure and expression from fecal samples from 55 in 2018 norovirus-infected patients and 15 healthy controls were subjected to metatranscriptomic sequencing. Microbial community differences were assessed using principal coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling. Differential taxa were identified by LEfSe and Wilcoxon rank-sum test， and a random forest model was constructed to screen for potential diagnostic microbial biomarkers.Results Norovirus infection significantly altered gut microbial composition and expression profiles. Enriched taxa in the infection group included Bacteroidota， Bacillota， Actinomycetota at the phylum level and Faecalibacterium， Bacteroides， Alistipes at the genus level. A random forest model based on genus-level abundances identified seven key genera with strong predictive performance （AUC=0.88）.Conclusion Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that norovirus infection induces notable shifts in gut microbiota structure and function. Several enriched genera may serve as potential microbial biomarkers for norovirus infection， offering insights into microecological diagnostics and intervention strategies.

Abstract:Objective To understand the genomic characteristics and drug resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus （VP） isolated in Dalian City， and provide necessary data support for VP molecular tracing， virulence gene analysis， and drug resistance mechanism research.Methods This study conducted whole genome sequencing and drug sensitivity tests on 96 strains of VP isolated in Dalian City in 2023. The whole genome sequencing datas were assembled using the Beijing Micro Future Pathogenic Microbial Information Analysis System. The assembled genome sequences were subjected to MLST， cgMLST， and cgSNP analysis. Virulence genes and drug resistance genes were also analyzed， and a comparative analysis of drug resistance genes and phenotypes was conducted.Results Ninty-six strains of VP were divided into 9 ST types， with ST3 being the most prevalent.The 96 strains of VP were classified into 96 cgMLST and cgSNP types， exhibiting rich genetic diversity. Ninty-six strains of VP carried a large number of virulence genes， with a total of 16 virulence genes showing differences （χ²=72.004， P<0.001）， and each strain carried at least 11 virulence genes. A total of 19 drug resistance genes showing differences （χ²=1539.1， P<0.001）， with the highest carriage rates of CARB， CRP， and tet（35） genes， all at 98.96%； the carriage rates of other drug resistance genes were 1.04%. The resistance rates to ampicillin and colistin were high， at 57.29% and 46.88% respectively， and the sensitivity to streptomycin decreased， with an intermediate rate of 53.13%. Only 4 strains were multidrug-resistant.Conclusions The 96 strains of VP isolated in Dalian City in 2023 exhibit genetic diversity， and carry virulence genes and drug resistance genes， showing resistance to ampicillin and colistin. This study also demonstrated that whole genome sequencing technology can provide necessary data support for molecular tracing， virulence gene analysis and drug resistance mechanism research of pathogenic bacteria.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to evaluate the safety of chitosan oligosaccharide-taurine aqueous solution for consumption and its effect on the immune function of mice.Methods Safety was evaluated through acute toxicity tests， a 28-day feeding toxicity study， and genotoxicity experiments. The immunomodulatory effects were determined by measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity （DTH）， lymphocyte proliferation capacity， hemolytic plaque count， serum hemolysin levels， monocyte-macrophage function， and NK cell activity.Results The acute toxicity test demonstrated that the LD₅₀ of a 3× concentrated chitosan oligosaccharide-taurine aqueous solution was greater than 30 000 mg/（kg·BW） （calculated by the amount of oral solution） in both female and male rat. According to acute toxicity classification standards， the sample is considered practically non-toxic. The 28-day feeding study revealed no adverse effects on general condition， body weight， food utilization， organ weight， or organ coefficients in any dose group. No abnormal ocular changes were observed. Urinalysis， hematological， and biochemical indicators all fell within normal ranges. Histopathological examination of organs showed no abnormalities related to the test substance. Genotoxicity tests， including the Ames test， mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus assay， and mouse spermatocyte chromosomal aberration test， all yielded negative results， indicating no mutagenic or teratogenic effects. The functional study results showed that after 30 days of oral administration at doses of 2.5， 5.0， and 10.0 mL/（kg·BW·d）， the chitosan oligosaccharide-taurine aqueous solution had no significant effects on mouse body weight or organ/body weight ratios.Compared with the negative control group， there were significant differences （P<0.05 or P<0.01） in the degree of toe swelling and the number of hemolytic plaques in the medium and high dose groups of mice， indicating that both the cellular and humoral immune test results of mice were positive；The results for monocyte-macrophage function and NK cell activity were negative.Conclusion This study demonstrates that the chitosan oligosaccharide-taurine aqueous solution exhibits a good safety profile and can modulate immune function in mice.Qbjective This study aimed to evaluate the safety of chitosan oligosaccharide-taurine aqueous solution for consumption and its effect on the immune function of mice.

Abstract:Objective To establish the first method for the simultaneous determination of 11 p-phenylenediamine antioxidants （PPDs） and their oxidation products in milk by solid-phase extraction （SPE） coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）.Methods A 2.00 g milk sample was weighed， freeze-dried， and extracted with 10 mL of acetonitrile. The mixture was shaken， then centrifuged at low temperature. The supernatant was purified using an Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction column. The combined sample and purified liquid were evaporated under nitrogen and resuspended for injection and analysis. Chromatographic separation was performed using a gradient elution with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The analysis was carried out on a WATERS ACQUITY BEH C18 column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm）. Detection was conducted in positive ion electrospray ionization （ESI⁺） multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode， and quantification was achieved using the internal standard method.Results The correlation coefficients （R2） for all 11 PPDs and their oxidation products were greater than 0.990 within the concentration range of 0.1-50 μg/L. The method detection limits ranged from 0.004 to 0.152 μg/kg， and the quantification limits ranged from 0.013 to 0.507 μg/kg. Recovery rates for three different spiked concentrations ranged from 84.4% to 121.9%， with good intra-day and inter-day precision （RSD<14%）. When applied to 28 milk samples from different countries and regions， the detection rate for 6PPD was the highest， with positive concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.27 μg/kg. The detection rate for DTPD was 39%， with positive concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 0.79 μg/kg， and only two samples had 6PPD-Q concentrations above the limit of quantification.Conclusion This method demonstrates excellent sensitivity， accuracy， and precision， making it suitable for detecting p-phenylenediamine-based antioxidants and their oxidation products in milk samples.

Abstract:Objective A method for the determination of PAH8 in fried oil for churros was developed by modified SPE-GC/MS.Methods The target analytes in samples were saponified by KOH/Ethanol， extracted with n-hexane and cleaned-up by solid phase extraction column， detected by GC-MS.Results The method shows satisfactory linearity （R>0.99） over the range assayed （10-250 ng/mL）， and the limits of detection （LODs） range from 0.10-0.20 μg/kg， the limits of quantitation （LOQs） range from 0.35-0.70 μg/kg. The recoveries varied from 70.1% to 110.7% with relative standard deviation （RSDs） of 3.6% to 10.9% at spiked 3 levels. All PAH8 were detected in 180 samples. 4 benzo ［α］ pyrene was detected in 90 oil samples， the most detection rates of PAH8 was Chrysene （32.2%）， and the highest mean concentration of PAH8 was 12.7 μg/kg for Chrysene. In 90 fried oil， 21 samples were detected benzo ［α］ pyrene ， and Chrysene was the most detection rates of PAH8， accounting for 50.0%， the highest content was 32.4 μg/kg for benzo ［a］ anthracene.Conclusion The method has the characteristics of high sensitivity， low detection limit and good precision， and is suitable for rapid and accurate quantitative detection of PAH8 in Fried oil for churros.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for determining methanol in urine， blood and wine during emergency scenarios using headspace gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This method was applied to samples obtained from a poisoning incident to identify the source of intoxication； thereby providing a validated analytical approach for laboratory detection to support the prevention of similar incidents.Methods The appropriate amount of samples was added into a 20 mL headspace vial， equilibrated at 70 ℃ for 15 min， separated by capillary column DB-FFAP，quantitatively detected by gas chromatography（hydrogen flame ionization detector； and separated by capillary column DB-5MS， qualitatively detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results The methanol showed good linearity in the range of 1.58-506.88 μg/mL， the correlation coefficient r was 0.999 6， the detection limit was calculated with S/N as 3， and the quantitative limit was calculated with S/N as 10. The detection limit and quantitative limit of methanol in urine and wine were 0.53 and 1.58 μg/mL， the detection limit and quantitative limit of methanol in the blood were 2.64 and 7.92 μg/mL， and the relative standard deviation （RSD） of methanol in urine and wine were 1.6%-2.3% （n=7） and 3.7%-6.7% （n=7）， the RSD of methanol in the blood is 2.8%-3.0% （n=7）.The recoveries of three levels of spiking in urine， alcohol and blood were 98.4%-111.0%， 83.1%-86.0% and 91.9%-98.9%（n=7）.The concentration of methanol in the blood was 788.0 μg/mL， the concentration of methanol in the urine was 66.4 μg/mL， the concentration of methanol in the liquid of unknown residence was 542 000.0 μg/mL， and the concentration of methanol in the remaining self-made wine was 71 225.0 μg/mL. The blood methanol content of the patient was higher than the urine. The concentration of methanol in bulk wine in surrounding shops was lower than the national standard limit.Conclusion The methanol detection method established in our laboratory has the characteristics of rapid and high sensitivity， and can be used for the qualitatively and quantitatively determination of methanol in various samples of methanol poisoning event， this poisoning event was caused by methanol.

Abstract:Objective To investigate occurrence of alternaria toxins various food marketed in China， and to evaluate dietary exposure and their potential health risks.Methods A total of 7 694 samples of 11 types foods， including wheat flour， bread， and tomato sauce and so on， were randomly collected in 14 Provinces including He’nan ， Heilongjiang， and Hubei Province and so on. Those samples analyzed for alternariol（AOH）， alternariol monomethyl ether（AME）， tenuazonic acid（TeA） and tentoxin（TEN） by isotope dilution-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the survey of dietary consumption of residents in China， and dietary exposure of alternaria toxin was calculated by point estimate model. Comparison between dietary exposure and toxicological threshold of concern（TTC） recommended by European Food Safety Authority （EFSA）， those were used to evaluate the health risks.Results The occurrence of alternaria toxin in wheat flour and tomato sauce was higher than 95%， the average concentration （118 μg/kg） in tomato sauce was the highest. The detection rate （6.05%） and average concentration （0.07 μg/kg） in tomato were the lowest. The most frequently found alternaria toxin was TeA（68%）.The average daily exposure of AOH， AME， TeA and TEN in Chinese general population was 3.67，4.39，139 and 25.1 ng/（kg·BW/d）， respectively.Conclusion There are commonly contaminated with alternaria toxin in wheat flour， wheat-based products and tomato sauce. The health risk of dietary intake of TeA and TEN was low. There was a certain chronic toxicity risk associated with long-term low-dose exposure to AOH and AME， wheat flour and its products were the main contribution foods. The average exposure levels of TeA and TEN did not exceed their respective TTC values， while the average exposure levels of AOH and AME exceeded their respective TTC values， thus the chronic toxicity risks of these two substances need to be paid attention to. As TTC is a highly conservative screening assessment， further evaluation is required after the toxicological data is complete.

Abstract:Objective The article takes a cheese snack heavy metal pollution investigation as a demonstration study， and applies the hazard analysis and critical control point （HACCP） system to conduct a traceability analysis of the cheese snack production process， identifying critical control points and critical limits， establishing investigations for critical control points， and thus finding the source of pollution. It also proposes preventive and control measures， providing a basis for similar food safety incidents prevention and disposal.Methods A total of 55 dried cheese samples were randomly selected in Beijing. The contents of arsenic， lead， mercury， chromium， cadmium and nickel in dried cheese were determined by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），and using the principles of the HACCP system to analyze sources of hazards.Results The qualified rate of lead and arsenic was 100%. The detection rate of cadmium was 0.0%， which was lower than the detection limit. The detected values of chromium and nickel were higher， with average values of 25.367 and 13.320 mg/kg， respectively. According to the analysis of Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method the comprehensive pollution index of chromium and nickel is much higher than 3.0， and the pollution is classified as severe pollution according to the degree of pollution， and the pollution degree is quite serious. According to the principle of HACCP， the pollution source of chromium and nickel is analyzed as a metal shaft in the production container， which has been used for a long time， leading to aging and serious dissolution of chromium and nickel， and the detection result is normal after replacement.Conclusion By establishing a HACCP system or formulating local food safety standards with local characteristics to regulate the production of enterprises and provide a basis for supervision， according to the characteristics of food production in the region to develop the corresponding risk monitoring plan， or establish a regional risk assessment database， identify and control risks immediately.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the age-related differences in risk cognition and safety behavioral practices regarding bongkrekic acid contamination in long-term fermented and soaked foods.Methods Residents from Hu’nan， Anhui， Ningxia， Shanghai， and other areas were selected as study subjects using a multi-stage stratified sampling method. Participants were divided into four age groups： minors （<18 years）， young adults （18~29 years）， middle-aged adults （30~49 years）， and elderly adults （≥50 years）. Data were collected through online and offline questionnaires and analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. The study focused on examining differences between age groups regarding exposure to long-fermented and soaked foods， consumption frequency， symptom responses， and food safety behavioral practices. It also assessed the level of risk awareness， risk perception， and behavioral differences concerning bongkrekic acid among the groups.Results The study revealed differences in exposure rates to fermented rice/noodle products， tremella fungus （silver ear fungus）， wood ear fungus， and potato-based products among the different age groups， with significant differences for potato-based products （P<0.05）. The young adult group （18~29 years） had the highest proportion reporting high-frequency consumption （>3 times/month）， significantly higher than other groups （P<0.05）. Regarding symptom management after consumption， the minor group （<18 years） had the highest rate of self-medication， with significant differences between groups （P<0.05）. In terms of food safety behavioral practices， the minor group （<18 years） had the highest execution rate for “checking production dates，” while the elderly group （≥50 years） had the lowest. The middle-aged group （30~49 years） had the highest execution rate for “controlling soaking time” （all P<0.05）. Regarding awareness of bongkrekic acid poisoning incidents， the elderly group （≥50 years） showed the highest level of concern， while the young adult group （18~29 years） showed the lowest （P<0.001）. The overall awareness rate of bongkrekic acid among all respondents was only 16.9%.Conclusion Significant differences exist in food safety awareness and behavioral practices among different age groups： the minor group （<18 years） had overall lower awareness levels of bongkrekic acid and lower competency in food safety practices； the young adult group （18~29 years） exhibited a “high exposure - low awareness” paradox； the middle-aged group （30~49 years） performed well in operational standards but had the lowest mastery of first-aid knowledge； the elderly group （≥50 years） faced higher symptom risks but had limited scientific responses. These findings advocate for stratified food safety policies tailored to age-specific cognitive and behavioral patterns， alongside targeted public education to mitigate bongkrekic acid poisoning risks.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli （STEC） in goat’s feace， breeding environments， and retail raw mutton in Zigong， Sichuan Province， and to provide support for risk assessment， traceability investigation， and scientific prevention and control strategies for STEC infections.Methods Samples of goat feces， farm environment sewage， and retail raw mutton were collected from four districts and two counties in Zigong for STEC isolation. Whole genome sequencing was performed， and multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， serotyping， Shiga toxin subtyping， antibiotic resistance genes were analyzed， and core genome single nucleotide polymorphism （cgSNP） phylogenetic analysis were conducted based on the whole genome sequences.Results From May to July 2024， a total of 466 samples were collected， and 74 STEC strains were isolated， including 67 from goat feces （67/431， 15.55%）， 4 from environmental sewage （4/6， 66.67%）， and 3 from raw mutton （3/29， 10.34%）. The 74 STEC strains were classified into 20 different serotypes， 21 MLST types， and 5 Shiga toxin subtypes. Sixty-four （64/74， 86.49%） strains carried more than 5 antibiotic resistance genes. cgSNP phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains of serotypes O38：H26 and O12：H25 persisted in goats across different regions of Zigong and showed high genetic relatedness with strains from the environment and raw mutton.Conclusion The high carriage rate of STEC in goats in Zigong， along with the diverse molecular characteristics of the strains， indicates potential transmission pathways through environmental contamination and raw mutton. The potential risk of human infection should be closely monitored.

Abstract:The Chinese food contact materials and products industry is rapidly developing， and the scale of international trade is continuously expanding. The purpose of the study is to better respond to technical barriers to trade for international food contact materials and avoid compliance issues. Building on the analysis of the contents of international technical barriers to trade notifications on food contact materials， a standard system for responding to technical barriers to trade on food contact materials and products is developed across basic standards， management standards， and industry applications. Moreover， specific directions for standard development are proposed. Technical barriers to trade on international food contact materials show trends including the increasing number of notifications and notify member state， developing countries as the main notify member state， a focus on tableware products in notifications， and a shift from voluntary measures to mandatory regulations. China needs to establish a standard system to assist in responding to technical barriers to trade for food contact materials and products through standardized means. In the context of globalization， it is imperative to establish a standard system for responding to technical barriers to trade on food contact materials and products. China should vigorously promote the development of standardization with the aim of guiding and supporting China’s food contact materials and products industry in engaging in compliant international trade， enhancing product quality and safety， and enabling the industry to excel in global competition.

Abstract:Nutrition labels on food products serve as a fundamental basis for consumers’ health-related decisions， with their scientific accuracy directly influencing public health. This study involves a comprehensive collection and analysis of the Codex Alimentarius Commission’s standards， as well as relevant laws， regulations， and standards from the United States， the European Union， Japan， Singapore， Australia， and New Zealand， all within the context of China’s food nutrition labeling management system. The focus is on comparing and contrasting each country’s management frameworks for general food nutrition labeling， nutritional information panels， health claims regulations， and the promotion of Front-of-Package （FOP） labeling.?Through a comparative analysis of domestic and international policies， and considering China’s national conditions， this study proposes optimization recommendations from three key perspectives： the diversity of policy dissemination channels， the flexibility in managing health claims， and the intensity of FOP labeling promotion. The aim is to provide cross-regional experiential references for enhancing China’s general food labeling management system and to support the implementation of the “Healthy China” strategy.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of foodborne diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Jiangsu Province from 2018 to 2022 and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on these characteristics.Methods Collect data of active surveillance of foodborne diseases from 2018 to 2022 in Jiangsu Province and use descriptive epidemiological methods to analyze the epidemic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the changes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Results From 2018 to 2022， a total of 1 268 cases of foodborne diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus were detected in Jiangsu Province， with an overall detection rate of 2.15% （1 268/58 918）. The detection rate during the pandemic period （1.66%， 585/35 280） was significantly lower than before the pandemic （2.89%， 683/23 638） （χ2=101.897， P<0.001）. The most common clinical symptom was watery diarrhea （80.52%）. During the pandemic， the proportions of symptoms such as nausea， vomiting， and abdominal pain have significantly decreased compared to before the pandemic. Specifically， the proportions decreased from 54.03% to 41.54% for nausea， from 48.90% to 42.56% for vomiting， and from 64.28% to 49.74% for abdominal pain. There was a seasonal increase in the incidence of cases from July to September（73.42%）. The detection rate in the central part of Jiangsu decreased the most during the pandemic period （χ2=86.833， P<0.001）， dropping from 3.06% to 0.57% .The detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in female cases was higher than in male cases， especially during the pandemic period （1.92%， 1.43%， χ2=12.860， P<0.001）.Before the pandemic， the detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in cases aged from 19 to 39 was the highest （4.25%， 353/8 314）. Specifically， the positive detection rates among farmers， migrant workers， and industrial workers significantly declined from 3.47% to 0.93% （χ2=83.098， P<0.001）. Similarly， the detection rates among individuals engaged in the catering， food， and commercial service industries also decreased from 5.30% to 2.29% （χ2=13.197， P<0.001）.During the COVID-19 pandemic， the detection rates of cases associated with various food categories decreased. Specifically， the detection rate in cases exposed to aquatic animals and their products decreased from 6.42% to 3.61% （χ2=18.272， P<0.001）， and the detection rate in cases related to meat and meat products decreased from 3.87% to 1.76%（χ2=43.056， P<0.001） .Conclusion From 2018 to 2022， the number and detection rate of foodborne diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Jiangsu Province generally showed a downward trend， and the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the epidemiological characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This trend has positive implications for public health security， reflecting the effectiveness of public health measures and providing important references for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases in the future.

Abstract:Objective To explore the research progress of ciguatoxin， understand the current research status and development trends both domestically and internationally.Methods Based on the Web of Science （WoS） core collection database and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） ciguatoxin research literature， CiteSpace 6.3.1 software was used to construct a visual scientific knowledge map for bibliometric analysis.Results The overall number of studies on ciguatoxin both domestically and internationally shows a fluctuating trend every year. The main research teams abroad come from universities and research institutes in Japan， the United States， and other countries. Countries such as Australia and France play an important linking role. Within China， the leading research entities include universities and research institutes such as Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Guangdong University of Technology. Domestic and foreign researchers mostly conduct group research， although inter-group collaboration within China remains somewhat limited. As research into ciguatoxin advances， the research hotspots have changed accordingly， including dinoflagellates， ciguatoxin poisoning， gene regulation， and so on.Conclusion This study provides a reference basis for understanding the current status and development trends of ciguatoxin research.