Abstract:Nutrition legislation is of great significance to promote the national nutrition work and improve the nutrition and health status of the people. It is also the key to help build a healthy China and realize a well-off society in an all-round way. This paper discusses the necessity of China’?s current nutrition legislation and the significance of promoting nutrition legislation and fully implementing the spirit of the 20^th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Analyzed from the aspects of promoting the improvement of nutrition and health， promoting social and economic development， improving the working mechanism， improving the system of nutrition laws and regulations， and strengthening the technical support of nutrition work. This paper expounds the significance of nutrition legislation to the implementation of healthy China strategy and the promotion of national nutrition improvement.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination level of 3-monochloropropane-1，2-diol ester （3-MCPDEs） and 2-monochloropropane-1，3-diol ester （2-MCPDEs） in edible vegetable oils sold in Hangzhou City， and provide technical support for further study.Methods Non-derivatization gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine 3-MCPDEs and 2-MCPDEs in edible vegetable oil.Results In 330 samples of 13 kinds of edible vegetable oils， the detection rate of 3-MCPDEs was 96.4%， the content range was ND-7.98 mg/kg， the average value was 0.77 mg/kg， the detection rate of 2-MCPDEs was 86. 4%， the content range was ND-3.53 mg/kg，the average value was 0.36 mg/kg. From the perspective of vegetable oil varieties， the mean values of tea oil， rice oil and sesame oil were relatively high， and the mean values of olive oil， walnut oil， linseed oil and sunflower oil were relatively low.Conclusion The contamination of MCPDEs is common in edible vegetable oils， and the severity of contamination is affected by the types and brands of vegetable oils.

Abstract:Objective To provide experience for the response to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin （SEs） poisoning outbreak， lab test and whole genome sequencing （WGS） technology was used to analyze a SEs poisoning outbreak.Methods Suspected contaminated food， anal swabs and environmental smear samples in this event was collected. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） for five SEs （SEA， SEB， SEC， SED， SEE）， and real time PCR for genes of SEs （sea， seb， sec， sed， see） were performed. Drug resistance phenotype and WGS were performed in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from samples， and a cgSNP evolutionary tree was constructed.Results SEs were negative for three suspected contaminated foods. Real time PCR for enrichment solution of the three suspected contaminated foods were all nuc+/seb+， and 9 isolates of seb+ S. aureus were isolated from three suspicious contaminated foods， among which two isolates of type t78 and one isolate of type t437 from food 1， and the isolates from food 2 and food 3 were all type t437， with the same spa typing isolates having the same drug-resistant phenotype. Two isolates of S. aureus were isolated from one environmental smear， which negative for five SEs genes and presenting the same type t571. Three independent and genetically distant branches were formed in a cgSNP evolutionary tree constructed based on nine food isolates and two environmental isolates of S. aureus. Nine food isolates were positive for SEB by ELISA.Conclusion This incident is a suspected SEB intoxication， and whole genome sequencing may provide more comprehensive bioinformatic data to respond to such incidents.

Abstract:Objective Laboratory analyses were performed for a case of suspected botulinum poisoning incident that occurred in November 2023，and to analyze the whole genome of the strain of C.botulinum type A isolated.Methods Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction is applied to rapidly detect botulinum toxin genes in food， case feces and environmental samples. According to GB 4789.12—2016，the samples were subjected to pre-treatment.After being inoculated with blister meat culture medium and TPGYT culture medium for 5 d of enrichment， toxin detection，confirmation，and qualitative experiments were conducted through animal experiments.The strains were isolated and purified using egg yolk agar plates，and identified using API 20A and VITEK MS.Simultaneously，WGS was performed on the isolated strains to analyze their genetic characteristics.Results The fecal sample of the case was positive for type A botulinum toxin gene， and type A botulinum toxin was detected through animal experiments. C.botulinum type A RD1 and RD2 was successfully isolated using egg yolk agar plates，all other samples were negative.Whole genome sequencing analysis showed that the bacterium is C.botulinum，with a total of 12 toxin coding related genes and 3 phage sequences on the chromosome.Wg-SNPs analysis showed that RD1 and RD2 has the closest genetic relationship with BrDura.Conclusion This experiment was identified according to national standards and the fluorescence quantitative PCR method established in our laboratory. The detection plan and results provide reference for clinical type A botulism.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of 24 elements in 5 edible parts of Pseudosciaena crocea from Hangzhou market.Methods From March 2022 to April 2023， 51 Pseudosciaena crocea samples were collected from Hangzhou market. Twenty-four elements in the supraaxial muscle， infraaxial muscle， fish skin， swim bladder and gonad of samples were measured by ICP-MS after microwave digestion. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were combined to explore the characteristics in the edible parts， such as the correlation between elements， the distribution differences between edible parts.Results In the 5 edible parts， Zn， Fe showed highest average content. The average content of essential trace elements （such as Mn， Fe， Co） and pollution elements （such as Pb， Cd， As） in gonads， fish skin， and swim bladder were higher than muscle parts. Fish skin and gonad samples were both exceeding the limit value at the rate of 3.9%. There were obvious correlations between multiple elements in various edible parts （correlation coefficient was 0.702~0.992）. The distributional difference mainly focused on Sr， Ti， Ba， V and other elements.Conclusion There was a certain degree of contamination of Cd in the edible parts of Pseudosciaena crocea samples from Hangzhou market. The distribution of elements showed obvious difference between different edible parts. These characteristics of Pseudosciaena crocea should receive more attention in the contamination monitoring， dietary assessment， resource exploiting， product development and other related work.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the serotype distribution， drug resistance and molecular typing of non-typhoidal Salmonella （NTS） strains in pork sold in Zaozhuang area.Methods NTS strains were serotyped by slide agglutination method. The broth microdilution method was performed to determine the resistance of NTS to 14 antibiotics. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） was applied for molecular typing， and the strain clustering was analyzed by BioNumerics 7.6 software.Results Thirty strains of NTS were divided into 15 serotypes， and the main serotypes were Salmonella rissen （26.67%， 8/30） and Salmonella derby （16.67%， 5/30）. The resistance rate of NTS strains to tetracycline was 80.00%， ampicillin was 76.67%， compound sulfamethoxazole was 63.33%， and the multi-drug resistance rate was 66.67%. There were 46.67% of the strains were resistant to four antibiotics （ampicillin， tetracycline， chloramphenicol and compound sulfamethoxazole）. The PFGE bands were polymorphic without obvious regional aggregation， and the most concentrated were those of S. rissen.Conclusion The NTS strains in the pork sold in Zaozhuang area are mainly S. rissen and S. derby. The drug resistance rates to tetracycline， ampicillin and compound sulfa are high with severe multi-drug resistance. The molecular typing map shows polymorphism.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination status， serotype， drug resistance and molecular typing characteristics of Salmonella in retail food in Henan province in 2021.Methods According to the Manual for National Food Safety Risk Monitoring （2021）， retail food was collected from 36 monitoring sites in Henan， Salmonella were tested.Results A total of 2 074 food samples were collected from 36 monitoring sites， with a total positive rate of 1.40% （29/2 074）. The highest detection rate of Salmonella was obtained from meat and meat products （6.21%， 20/322）. Contamination of Salmonella was the highest in farmers’ markets （2.61%， 11/421）. All Salmonella were detected in bulk food and none in prepackaged food. The detection rate in summer and autumn （1.52%， 26/1 714） was higher than that in winter and spring （0.83%， 3/360）， but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant （χ²=1.008，P>0.05）. The 30 Salmonella isolates were serotyped into 20 distinct serovars and Group B was the most prevalent （43.33%， 13/30）. The highest proportion serotype were Salmonella Agona 10.00% （3/30） and Salmonella Delpy 10.00% （3/30）. 30 strains of Salmonella produced a total of 29 PFGE band types， the similarity was within 49.5%~100.0%. There were only two strains with 100% similar PFGE band pattern.Conclusion The contamination rate of Salmonella in food in Henan province is high， and the drug resistance is relatively serious. There is a large proportion of multiple drug resistance， but there is no obvious dominant drug resistance spectrum. The serotypes of Salmonellas were polymorphic and there was no obvious dominant serotype. The PFGE types showed diversity， and there was no obvious dominant type， indicating that foodborne Salmonella in He’nan Province has a highly sporadic epidemic characteristics.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the health impacts of Nivalenol （NIV）.Methods By conducting literature retrieval， deduplication， screening， and organization through literature databases and professional institutional websites both domestically and internationally， the hazards of NIV was assessed based on toxicological information extracted from the ultimately selected literature.Results High-dose oral exposure to NIV commonly resulted in vomiting as the predominant symptom. Subchronic and chronic toxicity studies demonstrated that exposure to NIV primarily induces leukopenia， posing hazards to the immune， hematopoietic systems， and growth and development. Additionally， NIV exhibited combined toxicity with deoxynivalenol.Conclusion Long-term exposure to NIV at high doses may induce immunotoxicity and reproductive developmental toxicity in the organism， as well as sensitive toxic effects such as reduced white blood cell count.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of mushroom poisoning in Hubei Province， and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of mushroom poisoning.Methods Analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning incidents reported by the foodborne disease monitoring subsystem of the Hubei Provincial Nutrition and Food Hygiene Information Management Platform from 2021 to 2023.Results A total of 134 incidents of mushroom poisoning were reported in Hubei Province， with 384 cases and 6 deaths， resulting in a mortality rate of 1.56%. In 2023， the number of reported events and the number of cases were the highest， accounting for 53.73% and 55.73% of the total， respectively. The event mainly occurred from July to September； Yichang City and Wuhan City are high-risk areas for mushroom poisoning； Families are the main place of occurrence of mushroom poisoning （95.52%， 128/134）， with rural households having a higher number of incidents than urban households， and deaths mainly occurring in rural households. 49.25% of cases of mushroom poisoning identified the type of mushroom， and there were 4 incidents with clear results of mushroom toxin testing.Conclusion Toxic mushroom poisoning is the main cause of foodborne disease outbreaks and deaths in Hubei Province. Measures should be taken to shift the focus forward， and appropriate methods should be adopted to promote science in key areas and populations before the high incidence season of toxic mushroom poisoning arrives. Wild mushrooms should be avoided， and sampling and identification of toxic mushrooms should be strengthened to provide scientific suggestions for hospital treatment.

Abstract:Objective To provide a scientific basis for guiding rational vegetable consumption， the trend of vegetable consumption among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2018 was understood， and the factors affecting vegetable consumption were analyzed.Methods The data for analyzing of trends in vegetable consumption among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2018 were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS） conducted in 1991， 2000， 2011， and 2018. The survey included a total of 36 571 participants. Information on vegetable consumption was collected using a 3 d 24 h dietary recall method， and the average daily vegetable consumption per individual was calculated. Descriptive analysis and trend tests were used to describe and analyze changes trends in vegetable consumption over the years. In addition， a quantitative regression analysis was conducted in 2018 to identify factors influencing vegetable consumption among Chinese adults.Results Vegetable consumption among adult residents in China has shown a downward trend. Average vegetable consumption decreased from 345.3 g/d in 1991 to 265.0 g/d in 2018 （P<0.05）. Similarly， the median vegetable consumption decreased from 315.8 g/d in 1991 to 242.6 g/d in 2018 （P<0.05）. The proportion of dark vegetables in total vegetable consumption decreased from 23.5% in 1991 to 21.3% in 2018 （P<0.05）. The proportion of daily vegetable consumption reaching the minimum recommended intake of Chinese residents （300 g/d） decreased from 53.8% in 1991 to 34.7% in 2018 （P<0.05）. Age， gender， and place of residence were important factors affecting vegetable consumption among Chinese adults.Conclusion From 1991 to 2018， vegetable consumption among Chinese adults showed a decreasing trend， especially in the consumption of dark vegetables. Individuals aged from 18 to 44， females， and urban residents had lower vegetable intake. To address this issue， it is recommended that targeted initiatives be implemented to increase vegetable consumption among different population groups.

Abstract:Objective The epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in China’?s Mainland in 2022 were analyzed to provide scientific basis for further prevention and control strategies adjustment.Methods The epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks of foodborne disease data collected by National Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System in 2022 were analyzed by descriptive statistics.Results A total of 4 902 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in China’?s Mainland， resulting in 24 282 illnesses and 90 deaths from 30 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities） and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps， excluding Xizang （Tibet） Autonomous Region. Among 3 028 outbreaks with a single confirmed etiology， poisonous mushroom caused the largest percentage of outbreaks and deaths， accounting for 54.13% （1 639/3 028） and 55.95% （47/84） respectively； microbial pathogens were the most common cause of outbreaks， accounting for the largest illnesses 38.43% （6 106/15 887）. About location of foodborne disease outbreaks， private homes accounted for 59.96% of outbreaks （2 939/4 902） and 96.67 % of deaths （87/90）. Food service settings had the largest illnesses 55.94% （13 583/24 282）.Conclusion Wild poisonous mushrooms， aconitum and methanol are the main causes of death； Microbial pathogens caused the most illnesses and remained the main pathogenic factors in restaurants and school canteens. The supervision and management of food safety and health education and medical treatment according to the characteristics of different types of food poisoning incidents should be taken.

Abstract:Dendrobium Huoshanense is a local characteristic product in Anhui province with a long history of use. Presently， it exhibits promising prospects as a food and medicinal ingredient， attracting significant attention in the realm of functional research. Simultaneously， the safety assessment of Dendrobium Huoshanense and its products is increasingly gaining recognition. This paper reviews recent studies on the physicochemical properties of Dendrobium Huoshanense and the evaluation of safety for related products and provides a detailed summary and explanation of the functional effects of Huoshan Dendrobium， including immune regulation， antioxidant activity， regulation of blood glucose and blood lipids， anti-inflammatory， anti-tumor， and liver protection. The synthesis of safety and functional research findings on Dendrobium Huoshanense serves as a valuable reference for further exploration of its potential in promoting health and medicinal applications.

Abstract:Bisphenol AF （BPAF） is a kind of bisphenol A analogue. With the promulgation of the EU to ban or restricting the use of BPA in a variety of places， a large number of BPA analogues have emerged. The production of BPAF is increasing due to its excellent toughness and other characteristics. Based on a large number of BPAF laboratory studies， this paper sorts out the toxicological data of BPAF from the aspects of reproductive toxicity， developmental toxicity， endocrine toxicity， immunotoxicity， and neurotoxicity， summarizes the toxic effects of BPAF， provides ideas for scientific research， and provides policy basis for scientific management.

Abstract:Cronobacter， a Gram-negative foodborne conditioned pathogen， is commonly found in both food and the natural environment， and causes neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis （NEC）， septicemia， and meningitis. The O antigen， which is the outermost structure of the lipopolysaccharide （LPS） in Gram-negative bacteria， serves as a crucial target for the host immune system. The genes responsible for synthesizing the O antigen are typically organized in clusters on the bacterial genome， known as O-antigen gene clusters （O-AGC）， and exhibit a high degree of specificity. The O antigen holds considerable importance in the identification and the serotyping of Gram-negative strains， exhibiting notable efficacy in epidemiological inquiry， disease prevention and control， as well as expedited detection. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in O antigen typing of Cronobacter， examining its correlation with the O antigens of other Enterobacteriaceae. Additionally， the paper aims to explore the application and potential of O antigen， while summarizing the diverse characteristics of Cronobacter O antigen. It is hoped to facilitate further research on Cronobacter O antigen and enhance prevention and control measures for Cronobacter， thereby offering a valuable reference for food safety.

Abstract:Fluorine is an element widely distributed in the environment， an essential trace element for human body， and also considered as a common environmental pollutant. In recent years， many studies have shown that fluoride exerts male reproductive toxicity， which is characterized by abnormal testicular and epididymis structure， decreased sperm quality， abnormal secretion of reproductive hormones， and weakened antioxidant enzyme activity in testis. In this paper， the toxicity of fluoride exposure to male reproductive system and related regulatory mechanisms are reviewed， so as to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of fluoride-induced male reproductive damage.