Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination status of Burkholderia gladioli in commercially available mushroom products in Chengdu， analyze its pathogenic characteristics， and provide support for food safety risk monitoring.Methods According to GB 4789.29—2020， the identification of suspected colony by microbial mass spectrometry was added. One hundred and twenty-one mushroom foods were detected， and the whole genome of the isolated strains was sequenced to analyze their genetic characteristics and the carrying status of bon genes related to the biosynthesis of Bongkrekic acid.Results The positive rate of Burkholderia gladioli in 121 samples was 50.41% （61/121）， with a positive rate of 67.14% （47/70） for Tremella； 10 strains of Burkholderia gladioli isolated from 4 food samples carried bon genes clusters； There was a dominant clone group that could mainly contaminated Tremella， without carrying the bon gene clusters.Conclusion Tremella could be easily contaminated by Burkholderia gladioli， so it is necessary to strengthen the risk monitoring for the detection of this pathogen in key foods， especially for the strains carrying the bon gene clusters.

Abstract:Objective To understand the contamination status， virulence gene carrying status and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） molecular typing of Cronobacter sakazakii in food in Shanxi Province.Methods The strain was identified by Antu mass spectrometry detection system. Four virulence genes， ompX， cpa， hly and sip， were detected by fluorescent PCR， and PFGE molecular typing was performed.Results The results showed that in 1 050 samples from 2013 to 2022， 80 strains of Cronobacter sakazakii were isolated， and the total detection rate was 7.62%. The detection rates of four virulence genes were ompX 86.25%， cpa 85.00%， hly 98.75% and sip 86.25%， respectively. PFGE genotype was divided into 67 gene profiles with similarity ranging from 43.7% to 100%， showing great genetic diversity among strains.The strains of different origin and different manufacturers were scattered， and only a few strains showed genetic correlation.Conclusion The results of this study can provide data support for the risk status and typing of Cronobacter sakazakii in food from Shanxi Province， It is necessary to strengthen assessment and multi-link prevention and control.

Abstract:Objective Whole genome sequencing and antibiotic resistance analysis were conducted for Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from a food poisoning incident in Huai’an City in 2023， so as to provide reference for the prevention and clinical treatment of foodborne diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Methods Whole genome sequencing was performed by Illumina sequencing platform， traceability was carried out by whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism （wg-SNPs） and multi-site sequence typing （MLST） analysis， the virulence and resistance genes carried by the strains were identified in the online database， and the antibiotic resistance was performed by microbroth dilution.Results Among the 12 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus， 3 strains were isolated from patients and 9 strains were isolated from food samples. The difference of wg-SNPs of 3 strains from patients and 2 strains from food samples were 0~2 bp， both of which belonged to ST3 type and were judged to be the same clone. The difference of wg-SNPs between the remaining 7 strains from the food samples and the isolates from patients were 11 341~37 173 bp， which was judged to be different clones. Both the patients and the food-isolated Vibrio parahaemolyticus belonged to type ST3 carried the exotoxin genes tdh and tlh， while the remaining strains carried only tlh. All Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated in this event carried durg resistance gene blaCARB and had a high rate of resistance to cefazoline.Conclusion Through whole genome sequencing analysis， the incident was caused by ST3 Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying the tdh virulence gene and resistant to cefazoline， which showed promising application prospects of whole genome sequencing technology in rapid source tracing of poisoning events， and provided a basis for the selection of antibiotics in clinical treatment.

Abstract:Objective In order to accurately quantify the proportion of bovine-derived ingredients in meat products， the Mitochondrial Cytb gene of bovine for quantitatively detection of bovine ingredients by the digital PCR （Dpcr） technology was developed in this paper.Methods This duplex dignal PCR was developed and optimized by designing bovine-derived specific， duck-derived specific， porcine-derived specific and animal-derived universal primers and probes according to standards.Results Good linear relationships between the raw beef meat weight and DNA content and between the DNA content and DNA copy number. By using the dPCR method， we found good linear relationships between the raw meat weight and DNA content and between the bovine -derived DNA content and DNA copy number. Using the DNA content as an intermediate value， we established the following formulae for calculating the weight of the original raw beef meat from the specific DNA copy number： M_beef=0.020 9C+0.676. The mixed samples of known bovine quality were tested， and the results showed that the method can accurately quantify bovine-derive dingredients， which has litter interference by foreign species. Using this method to test 10 samples of the bovine-derived products on the market， by using the ratio of universal and specific amplified copy number， it could determine whether other animal-derived components were present in the beef meat product. it was found that the content of some samples was not up to standard.Conclusion This method can realize the quantitative detection of bovine origin components， which can be used as a basis to distinguish intentional addition from unintentional pollution and provide a strong technical guarantee for law enforcement and supervision departments.

Abstract:Objective To develop a rapid and quantitative method for the detection of enrofloxacin in chicken and pork using magnetic solid phase extraction （MSPE） combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS）.Methods Magnetic Fe₃O₄@ covalent organic framework （COF） nanocomposites were synthesized and applied as absorbent to separate and enrich enrofloxacin. The SERS spectra of enrofloxacin were collected by a portable Raman spectrometer with Ag nanoparticles as enhancing substrate. The characteristic SERS signals of enrofloxacin were used to realize its quantification.Results Intensities of SERS signals at 745.77 cm^-1 and the logarithmic values of the concentrations of enrofloxacin in the range of 5.0×10^-7 to 1.0×10^-5 mol/L displayed a good linear relationship with a coefficient of determination of 0.962. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.07 and 0.23 μg/g respectively. The recoveries of enrofloxacin in chicken and pork were 80.97%~100.98% with relative standard deviations of 1.6%~4.6%.Conclusion The developed method has the advantages of simple in operate， short in time， high in sensitivity and stability， which provides a new method for the rapid detection and on-site detection of enrofloxacin.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the internal exposure levels of urinary five food additives among primary and secondary school students in Beijing.Methods In September 2016， 900 urine samples were collected from children and adolescents in primary and secondary schools in two districts of Beijing. The concentrations of five food additives were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy， including benzoic acid， acesulfame， cyclamate， saccharin， and 4-hexylresorcinol. The estimated daily intake （EDI） values were calculated to assess the health risks according to age groups.Results Cyclamate and saccharin were detected in all urine samples and the detection frequency of acesulfame was 96.3%. The median concentration （4 788.5 ng/mL） of cyclamate was significantly higher than that of the other four food additives （84.1 ng/mL for saccharin， 92.6 ng/mL for acesulfame， 235.9 ng/mL for benzoic acid， and 7.6 ng/mL for 4-hexylresorcinol）. Urinary concentration of benzoic acid was higher in students aged from 7 to 12 than in the students aged from 13 to 17 （P<0.001）. The urinary concentrations of acesulfame， saccharin and 4-hexylresorcinol in students aged from 13 to 17 were significantly higher than those in students aged from 7 to 12 （P<0.001）. Girls had a significantly higher urinary saccharin concentration than boys in the 13-17 age group （P<0.001）. The median estimated daily intake （EDI） of the five food additives were 3.48 μg/kg·BW/d for benzoic acid， 1.36 μg/kg·BW/d for acesulfame， 69.01 μg/kg·BW/d for cyclamate， 1.22 μg/kg·BW/d for saccharin， and 0.11 μg/kg·BW/d for 4-hexylresorcinol， respectively.Conclusion Primary and secondary school students in Beijing were widely exposed to five food additives. Some children were expsed to cyclamate at levels higher than the acceptable daily intake （ADI）， posing health risk. The exposure levels of the other four additives were far below the ADI and were generally at safe levels.

Abstract:Objective Epidemiological investigation of a foodborne disease outbreak triggered by Clostridium perfringens in a school in Guiyang， traceability analysis of etiologic foods and pathogens， and exploration of the application of the new technology of whole genome sequencing in the traceability of foodborne disease outbreaks.Methods On-site epidemiological analysis was used to collect samples of suspected organisms， food samples and samples from the external environment for Salmonella， diarrhea-causing Escherichia coli， Staphylococcus aureus， Bacillus cereus， and Clostridium perfringens for routine laboratory pathogen isolation and identification， and isolates of pathogens for toxin gene detection and whole-genome sequencing traceability analyses.Results Symptoms in 22 cases were dominated by abdominal pain （95.45%， 21/22）， diarrhea （95.45%， 21/22）； the epidemiological profile was point source exposure pattern with an incubation period of 6 h to 15 h. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 5 anal swabs， 3 stool specimens and 1 retained sample of breakfast meat froth food， and the enterotoxin cpe gene was detected in all of them； Salmonella， diarrhea-causing Escherichia coli， Staphylococcus aureus， and Bacillus cereus were not detected in any of the samples. Among them， Clostridium perfringens was 3.5×10⁵ CFU/g in the breakfast meat froth food， which was analyzed by whole genome sequencing to compare the molecular typing of Clostridium perfringens originating from the breakfast meat froth food and the anal swabs， which was ST139 type， and the strains all carried cpe virulence gene.Conclusion Through on-site investigation and traceability analysis， it was determined that Clostridium perfringens-contaminated breakfast meat froth was the cause of the foodborne illness outbreak， and that the new technology of whole genome sequencing could play an accurate traceability role in the foodborne illness outbreak.

Abstract:Objective This study aims to conducting a survey on the consumption of nine pilot edible and medicinal substances including Codonopsis pilosula and etc.， and provides a basis for supplementing the database of food safety assessment.Methods Nineteen cities in Guangdong Province were selected as sample sites from 2019 to 2021. Healthy individuals aged 18 years and above who had the habit of eating traditional local food such as soup ingredients were selected as candidate subjects. A food frequency questionnaire was applied for collecting information on the consumption of the nine pilot edible and medicinal substances over the past 12 months.Results This study enrolled a total of 6 233 participants， with 49.2% male and 50.8% female. Among the study population， the consumption rates of the nine pilot edible and and medicinal substances ranged from 0.8% to 55.3%， The consumption rates from high to low are as follows： Codonopsis pilosula（Franch.）Nannf.（55.3%）， Astragalus membranaceus （Fisch.） Bge.var.mongholicus （Bge.） Hsiao （47.4%）， Panax quinquefolium L. （41.5%）， Ganoderma lucidum （Leyss. Ex Fr.）Karst. （dry） （30%）， Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo （24.1%）， Gastrodia elata B1. （16%）， Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo （wet） （4.8%）， Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma （2.6%）， Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. （1.3%）， Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc. （0.8%）. Among the consumer population， the primary mode of consumption for the nine pilot edible and medicinal substances is indirect， accounting for 82.6% to 95.1%. The average monthly consumption frequency ranges from 0.8 to 2.2 times per month. The mean consumption quantity per occasion for the selected dried food-medicinal substances ranges from 7.4 to 11.9 grams， However， the mean consumption quantity per occasion for Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo （wet） is 41.9 grams.Conclusion There are significant differences in the consumption rates of the nine pilot edible and medicinal substances among adults in the 19 municipalities of Guangdong province. The consumption quantity per occasion is high in some substances such as Codonopsis pilosula（Franch.）Nannf.， Astragalus membranaceus （Fisch.） Bge.var.mongholicus （Bge.） Hsiao. It is recommended to further scientifically evaluate the usage and dosage of these food-medicinal substances and make public education on the correct consumption of food for residents.

Abstract:Objective To analyze Salmonella， Listeria monocytogenes and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in vegetables in Yunnan Province， the antibiotic susceptibilities and whole genome sequencing （WGS） were determined to characterize the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genotypes of these isolates.Methods Salmonella， Listeria monocytogenes and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli of 180 samples of vegetables that can be eaten raw were isolated and identified by National food safety standard Food GB 4789.4—2016， GB 4789.30—2016， GB 4789.6—2016. The susceptibilities of isolates were determined by broth microdilution. The whole genome of isolates was then sequenced. The corresponding genomes were assembled and further analysis was carried out using appropriate bioinformatics pipelines.Results Twelve of 180 samples of vegetables that can be eaten raw had isolates of pathogenic bacteria from Lactuca sativa， cilantro and Houttuynia cordata Thunb and so on. A total of 13 isolates were detected， including 7 strains of Salmonella which contain 7 serotypes， 4 strains of multi-drug resistance （drug resistance phenotype and drug resistance genes were well correlated）， 5 strains carrying IncHI and IncF plasmids related to multi-drug resistance， 4 strains of Listeria monocytogenes which contain 1 strain of multi-drug resistance and 2 strains carrying the virulence island LIPI-3. 2 strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in which 1 strain of multi-drug resistance.Conclusion More attention should be paid to vegetables that can be eaten raw with regional characteristics， such as Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Some strains of Listeria monocytogenes can be a potential public health risk due to high harboring rate of virulence genes. It is serious that of multidrug resistance of Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from raw vegetables.

Abstract:Objective The concentration of enniatins （ENNs） in wheat flour from Gansu Province in 2022 was investigated.Methods Totally 80 wheat flour samples were collected from 15 cities in the Gansu Province. The samples were statistic with national handbook for monitoring food contamination and hazardous factors. The data were analyzed by correlation analysis.Results The detection rates of four toxins in wheat flour sold in Gansu Province were ENNB13.75% （11/80，13.75%），ENNB1 （9/80，11.25%）， ENNA and ENNA1（6/80，7.50%）. Non of ENNs was detected in the wheat flour samples from Wuwei， Baiyin and Dingxi in Gansu Province， and at least one ENNs was detected in the other 12 regions.Conclusion Four kinds of ENNs were detected in wheat flour in Gansu Province， but the contents were lower than that reported all of the world， which proved that the pollution degree of ENNs in wheat flour sold in Gansu Province was low.

Abstract:Objective To summarize typical situations of illegal addition， the illegal drug addition to ordinary food sold online that claimed to reduce weight was investigated， and its typical external characteristics analyzed.Methods High throughput screening method and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method that could detect multiple types of compounds simultaneously and quantification accurately were developed. The packaging information， typical ingredients， gifts， production enterprises， and other external typical characteristics of the product were sorted out， and the correlation between detection results and external typical characteristics was analyzed.Results 22.09% （19/86） of the weight loss claiming samples purchased online added drugs， and the drug addition behavior showed characteristics such as escape addition， combination addition， and main and auxiliary addition. There were certain correlations between drug addition and external typical features. Typical ingredients， gifts， trial products， products involving OEM， and products labeled with liability insurance had a higher probability of drug addition.Conclusion Typical situations analysis and summarization that are prone to illegal addition ， and we expected to give consumers moderate consumption advices and provide precise guidance for the regulation of illegal added products.

Abstract:Objective To understand the contamination status of Campylobacter in meat products of Baotou， the pathogenic characteristics such as drug resistance genes， antibiotic sensitivities， molecular typing were analyzed.Methods Three hundred meat products were collected from 2019 to 2022， which were cultured for Campylobacter isolation. Sensitivities to antibiotics， drug resistance genes and mutation sites of isolated Campylobacter were detected and genetic characteristics were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） method as well.Results A total of 142 Campylobacter were isolated from 300 meat products， of which the isolation rate of raw poultry was 65.71% （138/210）. The detection rate of Campylobacter coli was significantly higher than that of Campylobacter jejuni （χ²=12.48， P<0.01）. Only 3 strains were sensitive to all 11 antibiotics， and drug resistance were mainly manifested in quinolones （naphthalenic acid， ciprofloxacin） and tetracycline. 26 strains were resistant to all 11 antibiotics and 130 strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Mutations in C-257-T site of gyrA gene had occyred in quinolone-resistant campylobacter. And tetO gene was detected in 91.09% of tetracycline-resistant strains. All Campylobacter could be divided into 105 PFGE types. The similarity coefficients of different PFGE types ranged from 35.1% to 100% and there was no a dominant PFGE type.Conclusion Campylobacter pollution in meat products in Baotou have been detected， and the pollution is particularly serious in raw poultry products. Campylobacter has a high degree of resistance to quinolones and tetracycline antibiotics， and the PFGE types are polymorphic.

Abstract:Objective Laboratory pathogenic analysis of Salmonella that caused a foodborne outbreak in a university in Chongqing were carried out.Methods Biochemical characterization and serotyping of 11 strains of Salmonella were carried out based on national standard method （GB 4789.4—2016）；antibiotics sensitivity testingwere tested by micro-broth dilution method； the molecular typing， virulence and drug resistance genes were analyzed by pulsed-Field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）and whole genome sequencing （WGS）.Results A total of 11 strains of Salmonella were Salmonella typhimurium； among the 15 antibiotics tested， all strains were only resistant to tetracycline； The PFGE bands of all strains are consistent； WGS identification is consistent with the results of serological phenotype experiments， and all strains carry 2 tetracycline resistance genes and 10 virulence islands； The traceability analysis results showed that all strains had the same ST type， and the wgSNP evolutionary tree showed that all strains could cluster together in same branch.Conclusion The 11 strains of Salmonella typhimurium have highly homologous sequences， indicating that the source of the patient， environment， and food isolates are the same. Based on epidemiological investigation results， it is determined that the outbreak of foodborne diseases was caused by food contamination caused by food processors not distinguishing between raw and cooked food when using utensils.

Abstract:Objective To provide scientific basis for disease control and prevention， the regularity and epidemiological characteristic of foodborne disease outbreaks induced by the eggs and egg products was analyzed.Methods The epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks induced by the eggs and egg products from national foodborne disease outbreak reporting system during 2010—2020 was analyzed by descriptive method.Results During 2010 and 2020， 529 events， 3 609 cases and 3 deaths of foodborne disease outbreaks induced by the eggs and egg products were reported in China’s Mainland， and the annual average incidence was 2.4 per ten million population. It occurred mainly in the summer and autumn seasons， with July having the highest number of events， accounting for 20.6% （109/529）. The event was mainly distributed in the Southwest， east China， and central China regions， with the Southwest region having the highest number of events which accounted for 59.2% （313/529）. The number of events， morbidity and mortality caused by preserved eggs were the largest， accounting for 61.8% （327/529）， 41.2% （1 485/3 609） and 66.7% （2/3）， respectively. The pathogenic factors of preserved eggs were mainly Salmonella （60.9%， 199/327）， and the reason was mainly raw material pollution （20.5%， 67/327） and improper storage （11.0%， 36/327）. Among the events caused by preserved eggs， the number of families in southwest China was the largest， accounting for 42.5% （139/327）， followed by street stalls in southwest China， accounting for 18.7% （61/327）.Conclusion Preserved eggs are the high risk food， Salmonella is the main pathogenic factor， and raw material pollution and improper storage are the main pollution links. It is suggested that relevant regulatory departments should strengthen cooperation， strengthen the monitoring of preserved eggs and the management of street stalls， and implement health education on food safety in southwest China in high-risk seasons.

Abstract:Objective To explore the clinical infection characteristics and delivery status of Listeriosis monocytogenes in pregnant women in a certain region， and to investigate the risk factors of infection cases to identify high-risk foods and risk factors， providing information for clinical diagnosis and treatment and improving pregnancy outcomes.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 10 cases of Listeriosis monocytogenes confirmed in a certain region from May 2020 to January 2023. The study investigated Listeriosis monocytogenes and analyzed the clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of the cases.Results Ten pregnant women had consumed fruits stored in the refrigerator， overnight meals， and various cold dishes before the onset of illness. The results of environmental sample testing in the homes of the 10 pregnant women showed that a total of 18 strains of Listeriosis monocytogenes were detected in the smear samples， mainly from kitchen chopping boards and food in the refrigerator. The gestational weeks of the 10 pregnant women infected with Listeriosis monocytogenes ranged from 16 to 38 weeks， with an average of （27.10±7.09） weeks. Nine cases had fever symptoms， eight cases had decreased fetal movement， accompanied by abdominal pain， nausea， and other digestive symptoms. Among the 10 pregnant women with Listeriosis monocytogenes， one case of fetal death occurred in utero， two cases of miscarriage， three cases of premature delivery， four cases of full-term delivery， and 85.71% （6/7） of newborns had Listeriosis monocytogenes infection.Conclusion Listeriosis monocytogenes pregnant women often occurs in the middle and late pregnancy， and is related to maternal dietary habits， food， and environmental cross-infection. Maternal infection with listeria monocytogenes does not have characteristic clinical manifestations， and adverse pregnancy outcomes may still occur after anti-infection， which may also cause neonatal infection. Health education on listeriosis should be strengthened to raise maternal vigilance and attention to the disease， and to prevent and control listeriosis.

Abstract:Objective To provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases among the geriatrics in China’s Mainland， the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases was understood.Methods Information on acute gastroenteritis cases aged ≥65 years in China’s Foodborne Disease Case Surveillance System from 2018 to 2022 was collected and analyzed.Results The overall prevelance of foodborne disease monitoring pathogens among the geriatrics in China was 9.15% （7 218/78 904， 95%CI： 8.95%， 9.35%， with Salmonella spp. being the highest （4.90%， 3 860/78 699， 95%CI： 4.75%， 5.06%）， Norovirus （2.07%， 1 517/73 173， 95%CI： 1.97%， 2.18%）， Diarrheogenic E. coli （1.39%， 1 015/72 763， 95%CI： 1.31%， 1.48%）， Vibrio parahaemolyticus （1.00%， 782/78 386， 95%CI： 0.93%， 1.07%） and Shigella spp. （0.19%， 147/78 611， 95%CI： 0.16%， 0.22%）. The prevelance of Salmonella spp. in male elderly was higher than that in female， while the prevelance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in female was higher than that in male. The higher the age， the lower the prevelance was. Geriatrics with foodborne diseases had obvious seasonality. The prevelances of Salmonella spp.， Shigella spp.， Vibrio parahaemolyticus and diarrheogenic E. coli reach their peak in July and August， while Norovirus reaches its peak in February and March. The overall prevelance varies across different regions of the country， and the differences are statistically significant （χ2=546.85， P<0.001）. The categories of suspicious exposed foods mainly include meat and meat products， grains and its products， vegetables and its products， etc， with households being the main place of consumption.Conclusion Salmonella spp. has the highest prevelance in active surveillance of acute gastroenteritis among the geriatrics in China’s Mainland. The epidemiological characteristics of surveilled pathogens vary in different gender， age and regions， taking targeted measures should be formulated based on the corresponding distribution of characteristics to prevent foodborne diseases in geriatrics.

Abstract:Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in China’s Mainland in 2017.Methods The foodborne disease data collected by National Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System were analyzed.Results A total of 5 142 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in 30 provinces， which caused 34 981 illnesses and 158 deaths. Among these events， 60.40% （3 106/5 142） were attributed to identifiable pathogens， with mushroom poisoning causing the highest number of events and fatalities， accounting for 45.40% （1 410/3 106） and 68.24% （101/148） respectively. Microbial factors were responsible for the highest number of cases， accounting for 51.29% （11 597/22 609）. The majority of events occurred in catering service establishments， comprising 54.24% （2 789/5 142） of the total. Outbreaks in households accounted for 92.41% （146/158） of the reported deaths.Conclusion Catering service establishments are the primary sites for bacterial foodborne diseases such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella. The highest number of reported deaths from foodborne disease outbreaks in households was primarily due to the consumption of poisonous mushrooms.

Abstract:With the development of nanotechnology， nanomaterials are widely used in many fields， and their unique properties make an important position in the food processing field. In recent years， nanomaterials have been used as food additives or food ingredients as an emerging material， which can not only enhance food quality， strengthen nutritional properties and improve food processes， but also give new functional properties to food or act as a substitute for certain ingredients. The food field has brought new directions for nanomaterials， but the effects of some nanomaterials on human body still need to be explored. In order to broaden the application of nanomaterials in the food field， this paper introduces the progress of both organic and inorganic types of nanomaterials in food additives and food ingredients， and summarizes the advantages and shortcomings of nanomaterials in food， with the aim of exploring their future applications and developing new food additives and food ingredients.

Abstract:Poisonous mushroom poisoning is a type of acute disease with the highest mortality rate among foodborne diseases in China. It has become one of the most serious food safety problems in China. Currently， there are few reports on mushrooms that cause rhabdomyolysis. Therefore， this article reviews the relevant literature on rhabdomyolytic mushroom poisoning. And its poisoning mechanism and treatment status is analyzed to provide assistance for improving clinical diagnosis and treatment level.