Abstract:Genetically modified microorganism （GMM）， also known as recombinant DNA microorganism， means a micro-organism in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. Given the fact that the safety management requirements for GMM and related products used in food industry differ among countries， different countries adopt different regulations. Chinese government attaches great importance to the management of GMM and related products used in food industry， and has successively issued a series of administrative regulations， departmental rules， announcements， and standards. This study systematically reviews the safety management requirements from international organizations and Western countries for GMM and related products used in food industry， and provides reference and experience for the management of relevant risks in China.

Abstract:Objective To propose targeted prevention and control measures， improve product quality， and ensure food safety， Salmonella contamination in the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork in a large food processing factory was analyzed.Methods A total of 103 meat samples were collected during the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork， and 165 environmental samples were collected before processing. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Salmonella were performed. Finally， serological typing， multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， and pulsed filed gel electrophoresis （PFGE） typing of the isolated Salmonella strains were evaluated.Results The isolation rate of Salmonella from meat samples was 47.6% （49/103）. The isolation rate of Salmonella from environmental samples was 1.2% （2/165）. Fifty-one Salmonella strains were divided into 9 serotypes and 9 STs. Among them， Salmonella enteritidis ST11 was dominant in the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork， and was detected in the environment. Twenty-two strains of Salmonella enteritidis were divided into 7 PFGE bands， with a similarity of over 92.9%.Conclusion A high overall contamination rate of Salmonella was found in meat samples. Therefore， controlling Salmonella contamination of raw meat is key to improving product quality. The amount of Salmonella contamination in fried products can be effectively controlled. Furthermore， strict separation of processing and storage areas for poultry and stored products is necessary to prevent cross-contamination of microorganisms in food.

Abstract:Objective To determine the effects of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. on the regulation of lipid metabolism based on metabolomics.Methods Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into the normal control and D. nobile treatment （0.25 g/kg） groups. Rats were intragastrically administered their assigned treatment once every 6 h for 5 d. After the last treatment， the plasma and liver of the animals were collected. Metabolomics were evaluated using UPLC-MS. Principal component analysis （PCA）， cluster analysis， and KEGG pathway analysis were performed to assess the metabolomics data. Compared with the normal control group， different metabolites were identified in the D. nobile treatment group. The expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes were validated using quantitative real-time PCR.Results Obvious differences were found between the normal control group and D. nobile treatment group， with significant differences obtained for 1 448 metabolites （P<0.05） and a fold change greater than 2 recorded for 641 metabolites. Based on KEGG pathway analysis， metabolic pathways， biosynthesis of antibiotics， ABC transporters， biosynthesis of amino acids， protein digestion and absorption were among the top five pathways. D. nobile could significantly upregulate the gene expression levels of Cyp27a1 and Cyp3a1 （P<0.05） and significantly downregulate the gene expression of Lpin1 （P<0.05）.Conclusion Overall， D. nobile could regulate lipid metabolism. Such findings provide a scientific basis for the further development and utilization of D. nobile.

Abstract:Objective To determine the effects of flaxseed on lipid metabolism， fatigue， and inflammation in overweight children.Methods Eighty overweight children ［average age： 11.50 ± 2.11 years； sex： 40 males and 40 females］ were randomly divided into the control （group C， n = 40） and experimental （group W， n = 40） group. A pre-test was carried out after completion of study-related assessments （blood collection； evaluation of the indexes of fatigue， inflammation， stress， and fat metabolism； and completing mental state-related questionnaires and body composition tests）. Participants in group C ate 20 g of expanded wheat （approximately 347 kcal） while those in group W ate 20 g of flaxseed （approximately 420 kcal） every day. Blood samples and body composition tests were carried out on Sunday in weeks 4， 8， 12， and 16 of the intervention. The mental stress questionnaire was completed on Sunday in week 16 of the intervention.Results During the 16-week diet， no significant changes in body mass index （BMI）， body fat rate， triglyceride （TG）， total Cholesterol （TC）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） were found in group C （P>0.05）. The BMI， body fat rate， TG， TC， and LDL-C of participants tended to trend downward in group W. After week 16， the values of these indexes were significantly lower than those in the pretest and group C at the corresponding time point （P<0.05）. After week 16， the levels of interleukin 6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor α （TNF-α） in group C were higher than those at baseline （P<0.05）. In group W， the levels of IL-6 and TNF- α increased in the first 4 weeks， but decreased continuously thereafter， and were significantly lower than those in the pretest and group C at week 16 （P<0.05）. After 16 weeks of intervention， comprehensive fatigue， physiological fatigue， psychological fatigue， stress， and anxiety in group W were significantly lower than those in group C and the pretest （P<0.05）.Conclusion Long-term consumption of flaxseed by overweight children can reduce the level of inflammatory factors， relieve physical and mental fatigue， regulate lipid metabolism， and improve body composition.

Abstract:Objective To investigated drug resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant food after biofilms formation， and provided suggestion for drug resistance monitoring.Methods In this study， 58 strains of Cronobacter sakazakii， which were isolated from infant formula in Liaoning Province from 2018 to 2021， were tested to determine drug sensitivity， biofilm forming ability， and drug resistance under different biological states with 15 antibiotics.Results Cronobacterium sakazaki detected in infant food had different degrees of resistance to cefazolin， cefotaxime， compound sulfonamide， chloramphenicol， cefoxitin， naphthalic acid， and ampicillus. In fact， 88% of the tested strains exhibited resistance to polymyxin， with multiple resistant bacteria identified. The resistance of Cronobacterium sakazaki was higher in infant milk powder source than in infant and young children. The film forming rate of the biofilm was 100%， and most medium adhesion strains accounted for 61.02% of the rate. Based on the susceptibility test results of the biofilm state corresponding to the subjects， resistance to cefazolin， cefotaxime， imipenem， tetracycline， and ampicillin increased， while that to SXT disappeared.Conclusion Cronobacter sakazakii detected in infant food in Liaoning Province was resistant to cefazolin， cefotaxime， compound sulfonamide， chloramphenicol， cefoxitin， naphdidixic acid， and ampicillin. Notably， 88% of the test strains exhibited intermediate resistance to polymyxin， and multidrug-resistant bacteria were identified. Owing to the resistance to different antibiotics in infant food in Liaoning Province， monitoring the resistance to Cronobacter sakazakii in infant food sources should be strengthened.

Abstract:Objective To discover the appropriate temperature and time conditions for takeout containers using the specific migration test.Methods The time from ordering food to food delivery and finally food consumption was acquired from consumers through field surveys. Thereafter， the duration of the testing condition was assessed using the acquired data. Real foods were used to simulate the actual use of takeout containers， and temperature changes were recorded using an automatic recorder.Results Based on information from the field survey， the 2 h of food contact in takeout containers was simulated. The temperature recordings revealed that the average temperature in takeout containers ranged from 71-79 ℃.Conclusion To analyze the specific migration volume of takeout containers， a specific migration test temperature of 100 ℃ or reflux temperature （95% ethanol） can be employed for 2 h.

Abstract:Objective A method was developed to simultaneously determine chlorate and perchlorate in vegetables and fruits using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry （UPLC-Qtrap MS）.Methods The chlorate and perchlorate residues in samples were extracted using acetonitrile and water， and the supernatant was purified using GCB and PSA. The analytes were separated on a Waters Anionic Polar Pesticide （100 mm×2.1 mm， 5 μm） column using a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 20 mmol/L ammonium formate solution and detected using UPLC-Qtrap MS. The internal standard method was used for quantification.Results The linear relationship of chlorate and perchlorate ranged from 2.0-200 and 0.5-100 μg/L， with correlation coefficients >0.999. The limits of detection were 0.006 and 0.001 mg/kg. The recoveries in spiked samples ranged from 83.3%-105.5%， and the relative standard deviations ranged from 0.97%-3.80%.Conclusion A rapid， simple， accurate， and precise method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of chlorate and perchlorate in vegetables and fruits.

Abstract:Objective To apply high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （HPLC-ICP/MS） to the analysis of five forms of selenium ［Se（Ⅵ）， Se（Ⅳ）， SeCys， MeSeCys， and SeMet］ in livestock meat.Methods The selenium species were extracted using the ultrasonic-assisted enzyme method， with C18 reversed-phase column （250 mm×4.6 mm， 5 μm） as the analytical column， 10 mmol/L citric acid and 5 mmol/L sodium hexane sulfonate （pH=4.0， containing 1% methanol） as the mobile phase， and an injection volume of 20 μL.Results Four selenium forms were separated in 7 min， with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999， indicating good linearity. The detection limits of Se（Ⅵ）， SeCys， MeSeCys， and SeMet ranged from 0.000 3-0.002 mg/kg. The spiked recoveries of selenium-enriched pork at three concentrations （low， medium， and high） ranged from 80.0% to 103.3%， with a relative standard deviation of less than 6.8%. Certified Reference Material ERM^? BC210 revealed values within the standard range.Conclusion The developed method was suitable for determining Se（Ⅵ） SeCys， MeSeCys， and SeMet in livestock meat. The meat was found to mainly contain SeMet and small amounts of MeSeCys and SeCys.

Abstract:Objective The genomic characteristics， toxicity， drug resistance and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes （Lm） isolated from food and patients based on whole genome sequencing （WGS） in Liaocheng City from 2019 to 2022 were investigated.Methods The Lm strains isolated from food and patients were detected by the drug sensitivity test and WGS. The whole genome sequencing data was spliced and assembled by MGAP to carry out gene prediction and functional annotation on the assembled genome， MLST， production of cg MLST minimum spanning tree. The genetic evolution of 18 domestic and foreign foodborne Lm isolated strains obtained from NCBI were analyzed by wg-SNP method.Results The genome size of 33 Lm isolates was 2.89-3.41 Mb， and the CG content ranged from 37.81% to 37.97%. The strains could be divided into 6 ST types （ST9， ST121， ST8， ST87， ST155， ST101）， corresponding to 6 clonal complex groups （CC9， CC121， CC8， CC87， CC155， CC101）. The strains carried fosX and mprF resistance gene， 18 other virulence genes such as lplA1 and prsA2， with varying degrees of deletion of virulence genes. 2 strains were resistant to tetracycline and 1 strain was resistant to lincomycin. The stains carried virulence islands LIPI-1 and LIPI-2 without virulence islands LIPI-3 and LIPI-4. The genetic evolution analysis of wg-SNPs， cgMLST and phylogenetic tree based on single-copy core protein sequence showed that the molecular typing of 33 Lm strains was with high diversity in molecular typing. Patient derived strains were closely related to food isolates， and food isolates were closely related to foreign outbreak isolates in evolutionary relationships.Conclusion The strains of Lm isolated from food and patients both carry virulence genes with certain potential pathogenic ability. The drug resistance of the isolated strains is not serious. Molecular types exhibit diversity. The close genetic relationship between strains from food sources and patient isolates suggests that the potential risks of foodborne infections in commercially available food.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the internal exposure level of antibiotics in children and analyze its influencing factors.Methods Questionnaires were disseminated and urine samples were collected in June 2022 from kindergarteners and children enrolled in primary schools in a city in Jiangsu Province. The presence of 41 antibiotics was detected in urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Chi-square tests and rank-sum tests were performed to test the detection frequencies and concentrations of urinary antibiotics. Logistic regression models were established to identify the independent variables associated with the detection frequencies and concentrations of urinary antibiotics.Results A total of 295 children aged 3-8 from Jiangsu Province were included in this study. The detection frequencies of the antibiotics ranged from 0 to 48.1%， with sulfameter （48.1%） having the highest frequency， followed by sulfadiazine （38.3%） and erythromycin （38.3%）. The 95^th percentile concentrations of the antibiotics ranged from 0 to 23.7 ng/mL， with amoxicillin （23.7 ng/mL） having the highest concentration， followed by azithromycin （6.3 ng/mL） and sulfadiazine （3.5 ng/mL）. The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that age， residence， source of drinking water， and freshwater fish and shrimp consumption frequency were identified as independent influencing factors for specific antibiotic exposure.Conclusion Different antibiotics were detected in the urine of children in Jiangsu Province. Intervention measures should be adopted to reduce the exposure of children to antibiotics associated with high detection frequencies and concentrations.

Abstract:Objective To understand the public’s cognition， trust and negative emotions towards food safety supervision and sampling inspection. Analyze the relationship between the three. To provide scientific basis for improving the ability of food safety supervision.Methods Using the method of Quota sampling， a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among the public in seven major regions of China. The structural equation model was used to explore the relationship among the public’s cognition， trust and negative emotions in food safety supervision and sampling inspection.Results The structural equation model showed that trust in food safety supervision and sampling ability had a direct positive impact on the cognition of food safety supervision and sampling （β= 0.253）. It had a direct negative effect on negative emotion， which was -0.115. The trust in food safety supervision and sampling had a direct positive effect on the cognition of food safety supervision and sampling， which was 0.732. It had a direct negative effect on negative emotions， which was -0.503. The cognition of food safety supervision and sampling had a direct negative effect on negative emotion， which was -0.335.Conclusion By improving the public’s trust in food safety supervision and sampling inspection， especially the motivation trust， the public’s cognition of food safety supervision and sampling inspection can be improved， so as to improve the public’s negative emotions.

Abstract:Objective The study investigated the evolutionary associations of drug resistance in main serotype Salmonella enteritidis （S. enteritidis）in Jiamusi City， to provide a scientific basis for clinical treatment.Methods S. enteritidis was isolated from food and patients with diarrhea. Serological typing was performed. Resistance against 16 antibiotics was investigated using the microbroth dilution method. Genes associated with antimicrobial resistance were analyzed by PCR， and the evolutionary relationships between strains were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）.Results Of the 108 Salmonella strains identified， 55 （50.93%） were found to be S. enteritidis. Forty-nine （89.09%） of these strains showed antimicrobial resistance， with 33 strains （67.35%， 33/49） found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. The highest resistance was against nalidixic acid and ampicillin， with 81.82% and 60.00% resistance， respectively. Homologies between 37% and 100% were observed among the 55 S. enteritidis strains.Conclusion High levels of multi-antimicrobial resistance were found in S. enteritidis in Jiamusi. A close relationship was found between， pathogen strain and drug resistance. S. enteritidis in the diarrhea of infected patients can cross-infect food. As S. enteritidis shows significant drug resistance in this region， it is of great importance to develop targeted diagnostic and treatment programs， as well as prevention and control measures， to ensure the safety and maintenance of public health.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of toadstool poisoning in Guangdong Province from 2015 to 2020 and provide guidance for prevention and control strategies.Methods Toadstool cases reported between 2015 and 2020 in Guangdong Province were extracted from the Foodborne Disease Case Surveillance and Reporting System， and their epidemiological characteristics were analyzed. ArcGIS 10.8 software was used for spatial analysis.Results A total of 854 cases of mushroom poisoning were reported in Guangdong Province from 2015 to 2020， with an average annual incidence of 0.32 cases per 100 000 population. A total of 395 patients were hospitalized， with a hospitalization rate of 46.3% and mortality rate of 0%. The mean， median， minimum， and maximum incubation periods were 2.8 h， 2.0 h， 0 h， and 32 h， respectively. A total of 448 males and 406 females were identified， with a male-to-female ratio of 1.10∶1. Most patients were farmers （34.19%， 292/854）， and the onset age ranged from 31-59 years old. The highest number of cases was reported in 2018， and the incidence peak was from May to September， with Shaoguan serving as the high incidence area. Spatial analysis revealed that from 2015 to 2020， the hotspots of toadstool poisoning in Guangdong Province were Shaoguan and Qingyuan.Conclusion The incidence of toadstool poisoning in Guangdong Province displays a spatial aggregation pattern and is mainly concentrated in the northern area of Guangdong Province. Effects should be made to educate farmers， establish strategies for preventing and controlling toadstool poisoning， and promote scientific understanding to reduce its occurrence.

Abstract:Objective To provide a scientific basis to establish further prevention and control strategies， the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks from 2012 to 2021 in Jiangxi Province was analyzed.Methods Descriptive analysis was conducted using foodborne disease outbreak data obtained from the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Reporting System for Jiangxi Province from 2012 to 2021.Results From 2012 to 2021， a total of 1 285 cases， 7，222 illnesses， and 48 deaths due to foodborne disease outbreaks occurred in Jiangxi Province. The case fatality rate was 0.66% （48/7 222）. Further， the mortality rates were found to statistically significantly differ among the different years （P≤0.001）. The number of foodborne disease outbreaks tended to increase within the 10 years， and most incidents occurred from May to September. Among the 768 confirmed single etiologic agents， poisonous mushroom was the cause of most incidents （50.78%； 390/768） and deaths （93.75%； 45/48）. Microbiological agents were responsible for most illnesses （49.41%； 2 266/4 586）. Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were identified as the main pathogenic bacteria. Foodborne disease outbreaks mainly occurred among families and in catering services， with families having the largest number of incidents （64.75%； 832/285） and deaths （95.83%； 46/48）. Notably， the main pathogenic factor was poisonous mushrooms. Catering services were associated with the largest number of illnesses （51.77%； 3 739/7 222）， with microbiological agents as the main pathogenic factor.Conclusion Poisonous mushrooms caused the most deaths and mainly affected families. Microbial pathogenic factors were the main pathogenic factors in places offering catering services and schools. Rural families should be educated on the harm associated with the consumption of wild mushroom. Moreover， the supervision and management of food safety and health education should be promoted to reduce the incidence of foodborne disease and death.

Abstract:Objective To use whole genome sequencing （WGS） to analysis the genomic characteristics， the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genotypes of 64 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from commercial food in Xianyang City.Methods Sixty four Listeria monocytogenes were isolated and the susceptibilities were determined by broth microdilution. After the whole genome sequencing， using bioinformatics software for genome annotation， phylogenetic tree construction， genome features and genetic components analysis.Results All isolates were found to be susceptible to ampicillin， Penicillin， meropenem， trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole， vancomycin. 2 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin at the same time. All isotates were categorized into three different lineages and 15 CCs， Lineage Ⅰ and Ⅱ were the predominant types. The genotypes of 2 resistant isolates correlated well with its resistant phenotype. Up and down stream analysis of the genetic context， in which these resistant genes were found， suggested that they may have been acquired from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae， Enterococcus and plasmid. All the isolates harboured the LIPI-1 and LIPI-2， subset of lineage Ⅰ isotates harboured LIPI-3 or LIPI-4 with potential pathogenicity. Lineage Ⅱ isotates harboured more plasmids and genes linked to stress adaptation . The premature stop codon （PMSC） mutation in inlA more frequently happened in lineage Ⅱ and may reduce virulence.Conclusion The genome of Listeria monocytogenes in commercial food in Xianyang City is stable. Acquires resistance existed in this bacterium， and can be a potential public health risk due to its high harboring rate of virulence genes. Lineage Ⅰ and Lineage Ⅱ isolates were differ in virulence genes， stress adaptation genes and plasmids harboring， indicating differences among subtypes. This findings would be helpful to the surveillance and control of this foodborne pathogen in Xianyang City.

Abstract:Foodborne diseases are major global public health issues. Among microbial hazards， foodborne diseases are the most serious problem caused by pathogenic bacteria. Under the risk-based food safety management system， identifying the priority hazards and their important food sources is the premise and key to the prevention and control foodborne diseases. Currently， Europe， the United States， and other countries have established two categories of source attribution methods based on microbial subtyping. The results of these methods were transformed on a scientific basis to formulate food safety risk control measures. China is in the preliminary exploration stage of source attribution method research of foodborne disease. This study aimed to systematically sort the methodological principles and models of source attribution methods widely used internationally， combine the basis and current situation of foodborne disease source attribution research in China， and suggest four work directions for constructing the next stage of foodborne disease source attribution system in China. These directions include developing methods， combining data， building platforms and strong exchanges， which involves the development of localized source attribution model based on microbial subtyping to solve the challenges associated with confirming control and preventing and controlling foodborne diseases in China， and achieving food safety and protecting the lives and health of individuals.

Abstract:The problem of food-borne illnesses due to microbial contamination of infant and young children foods is usually of international concern， and the unique character of the infant and young child population requires special and strict food safety requirements for their own foods. This article reviews the progress of contamination with Salmonella and Cronobacter （Enterobacter sakazakii） of Enterobacteriaceae family in foods for infants and young children and its diseases risk at home and abroad in recent years， and also provides technical support for the revision of national standards for infant and young children foods and its manufacturing processes in China through the comparative analysis of domestic and international microbiological limits for infant and young children foods.

Abstract:Okadaic acid （OA） is widely distributed in seafoods and is a remarkable threat to food safety. Owing to its high toxicity， small size， and low molecular weight， obtaining antibodies against OA is a complex and difficult task. The aptamer SELEX technology can be used to achieve high affinity and single aptamer sequences for small molecules. Accordingly， this technology has several advantages for the detection of shellfish biotoxins. This review highlights the applications of biosensors based on OA aptamers， such as colorimetric sensors， fluorescent sensors， electrochemical sensors， and so on， in the rapid detection of OA. A summary of the performance and application potential of these sensors is provided， and the development direction of aptamer sensors is discussed to better promote their development and application.

Abstract:Vibrio parahaemolyticus （VP） is one of the most common pathogens that cause food poisoning in coastal areas of China. In fact， the food safety incidents of VP have been increasing on a yearly basis. The current national standard method for quantitatively detecting VP in food is the most probable number method. This method is time-consuming and tedious， and cannot be used to achieve rapid quantitative detection. Owing to modern biotechnology， new quantitative methods have been generated. In fact， a series of rapid and sensitive methods have been developed to quantify VP. This review seeks to discuss recent research and application progress of rapid methods for quantifying VP using biotechnology methods， and highlight the characteristics of each rapid method to provide a theoretical reference and development direction for the rapid and accurate quantitation of VP in food.