Abstract:Objective To identify three Bifidobacterium strains using different methods and analysis of acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants and their transferability combined with antimicrobial susceptibility testing results and whole genome sequencing （WGS） data.Methods Three Bifidobacterium strains were isolated from three probiotic products， respectively， and identified using biochemical tests， matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS）， and WGS. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to eight antibiotics， including ampicillin， was tested using the broth microdilution method. The WGS data were used to analyze the acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants carried by the strains and assess their transferability using online databases.Results The results showed that biochemical methods could provide reliable genus-level identification， MALDI-TOF MS could provide reliable species-level identification， and WGS-based average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization values could provide reliable species and subspecies-level identification. Combined with wgSNP and wgMLST analysis， all three strains were identified as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. The three strains showed decreased susceptibility to tetracycline and gentamicin. The decreased susceptibility to gentamicin was associated with the lack of transport system in the anaerobes and was an intrinsic phenotype. All three strains carried tet（W） on their chromosomes， and there were IS5 sequences downstream of tet（W）， suggesting that this resistance gene may be a mobile element. A comparison of tet（W） sequences from 58 bacteria of different species and genera in GenBank showed that tet（W） sequences in B. animalis subsp. lactis have a certain degree of conservation.Conclusion The identification and genetic analysis of Bifidobacterium should be comprehensively carried out by combining biochemical tests， MALDI-TOF MS， antimicrobial susceptibility and WGS. WGS technology can not only perform precise identification of Bifidobacterium at the subspecies level but also conduct in-depth analysis of resistance determinants and transferability. It provides strong technical support for the research， supervision and healthy development of related probiotic products and the food industry.

Abstract:Objective To analyze an outbreak of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella typhimurium， and to study the molecular characteristics of the pathogen through laboratory detection and similarity analysis， so as to provide scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment， incident traceability， prevention and control.Methods The collected samples were screened and detected by the FilmArray multiplex PCR system， and the pathogens were identified by mass spectrometry and serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibility tests， pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）， and whole genome sequencing were performed on the isolated strains. Sequence type （ST）， cgMLST， and rMLST were obtained by comparing the MLST of Salmonella and performing cluster analysis. The isolates were studied for genes that are related to drug resistance and virulence.Results A total of 15 Salmonella strains were isolated， including 3 from suspected food sources and 12 from the patient’s feces， and all of them were Salmonella typhimurium. The PFGE pattern showed two patterns， 12 strains from stool and 2 strains from suspected food had the same pattern， the similarity was 100%， and the similarity of the other one strain from suspected food was 88.89%. The 15 isolates were categorized into either ST19 or rST-138396 （new） type. The cgMLST and wgMLST core genome loci varied from 1 to 15 and 1 to 395， respectively. The drug resistance spectrum of 15 isolates was as follows： Ampicillin-Ampicillin/Sulbactam-Cefazolin-Cefotetan-Amikacin-Gentamicin-Tobramycin-Levofloxacin-Furatoin-Streptomycin-Nalidixic ?Acid-Tetracycline-Chloramphenicol； The genome of the strains contained 13 related drug resistance genes and 271 known virulence genes.Conclusion This foodborne disease outbreak was caused by Salmonella typhimurium from the same source and with the same molecular typing characteristics. The isolated Salmonella typhimurium was capable of producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and was resistant to 13 antimicrobials， indicating that it was a severe multi-drug resistant strain.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the contamination， drug resistance and genetic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from aquatic products in Jiangxi Province in 2023.Methods A total of 212 aquatic products sold in Jiangxi Province in 2023 were collected， and the contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in different seasons and different kinds was analyzed. The STs， virulence gene， resistance gene and antibiotic sensitivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were also detected.Results A total of 45 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were detected from 212 samples with a detection rate of 21.23%. The detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in marine products and freshwater products were 26.67% and 15.89%， respectively， while there was no significant difference in detection rate （χ²=3.682， P>0.05）. The detection rate in the third quarter was highest （22.62%）. The detection rate in crustacea and shellfish were highest，both of which were 25.00%. The 45 isolates presented highly resistant to cefazolin （100.00%） and polymyxin E （51.11%）. A total of 5 multiple drug-resistant strains were found， and 3 of which were isolated from marine fish. A total of 40 STs were found in 45 isolates， of which 17 were newly discovered STs， and no dominant STs were found.The phylogenetic analysis of cgMLST showed that the 45 isolates were distantly related. All 45 isolates carried tlh and T3SS1 genes， only 2 isolates carried trh gene， and tdh and T3SS2 genes were not detected.All 5 multiple drug-resistant strains carried tlh and T3SS1 genes， and tdh， trh and T3SS2 genes were not detected.A total of 13 drug resistance genes were detected， including CARB-20， tet（35）， sul1， sul2， dfrA6， CRP， QnrS2， ANT（2"）-Ia， ACC（6'）-Ia and tet（E）. The carrying of resistance genes is not completely consistent with the resistance phenotype.Conclusion The aquatic products sold in Jiangxi province were polluted by Vibrio parahaemolyticus at a certain degree. TheVibrio parahaemolyticus strains has rich genetic diversity and presented a distantly related. The carrying rate of virulence gene was low. The multiple drug-resistant strains were found， and the drug resistance mechanism needed to further studied because of its complexity.

Abstract:Objective Through the rapid detection and analysis of a case of gelsemine poisoning caused by honey， to bring inspiration for similar incident handling.Methods The appropriate amount of samples and specimen were weighed or aspirated， adding borax-NaOH buffer solution（pH=9.6）， shake well， extracted with ethyl acetate， and the organic layer was used for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection and analysis.Results The gelsemine content in the honeycomb was 28.6 mg/kg， and the gelsemine contents in brewing honey tool 1 and tool 2 wash solution were 5.85 and 5.04 μg. The gelsemine content in honey water was 44.0 mg/L， and only the blood of patients 1-3 detected gelsemine content of 22.3-402 μg/L. The urine of all patients were detected gelsemine content of 20.6-299 μg/L， and the urine gelsemine content of patient 2-6 was higher than that of blood.Conclusion This food poisoning was caused by honey containing gelsemine， with low poisoning dosage and which can be detected from brewing tools.The kidney is one of the metabolic pathways of gelsemine. After 2 h 45 min of consumption， most patients had higher urine gelsemine content than blood， indicating that urine specimen collection should be emphasized.

Abstract:Objective A new method for the separation and enrichment of pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables was developed by combining QuEChERS with disposable polyethylene pipet assisted dispersed liquid-liquid micro-extraction （DPP-DLLME）.Methods Firstly， acetonitrile was used as extraction agent for separation of pyrethroid pesticides from vegetable samples， and the collected acetonitrile extract was purified， then used as the dispersant of DPP-DLLME. A disposable dropper was used as the extraction vessel for DPP-DLLME， and n-octanol was used as the extractant. After phase separation， the extractant was floating on the aqueous solution and concentrated in the narrow neck of the pipet， which can be directly withdrawn by a microsyringe for instrument analysis.Results Under the optimized extraction conditions， the linearity range was 0.5-200 ng/g with correlation coefficient r² higher than 0.995 for seven pyrethroid pesticides. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.04-0.1 ng/g， and the limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.1-0.5 ng/g. The recoveries at three spiking levels of 1， 10 and 100 ng/g were in the range of 94.5%-110.5% with the RSDs less than 9.0% （intra-day） and 8.2% （inter-day）.Conclusion The method was simple and effective， which provided a new choice for the detection of pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for the determination of bromonitrile residue in crops.Methods Acetonitrile was used as extraction solvent， and the extraction solution was purified by dispersed solid phase extraction. The bromonitrile in the sample was reduced with metal zinc in acetic acid ethanol solution to form 2-methylene-glutaronitrile. The residual bromonitrile in the sample was obtained by measuring the content of 2-methylene-glutaronitrile. It was separated by DB-608 column， determined by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry multi-reaction monitoring mode， and quantified by external standard method. Spinach， brown rice and tea were selected as the representative substrates.Results There was a good linear relationship between the peak area of brominonitrile transformation products and the mass concentration in the range of 0.01-1 mg/L. The lowest detected concentrations of brominonitrile in spinach， brown rice and tea were 0.01， 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg， respectively.Conclusion The method has the advantages of easy availability of raw materials， mild conditions， simple operation， accurate quantification and good reproducibility， and can be used for the determination of bromonitrile residue in spinach， brown rice and tea.

Abstract:Objective To establish a detection method for the detachment of polyethylene microplastics during the use of disposable paper cups with polyethylene inner coating.Methods The method employed hydrogen peroxide digestion， sodium bicarbonate solution ultrasonic removal of residual hydrogen peroxide， ethanol dispersion， and then silver membrane filtration to collect polyethylene microplastics from paper cup water samples. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was applied to detect the microplastics on the filter membrane. And scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and micro-Raman Spectroscopy were introduced to study the pre-treatment processes.Results After optimization， the concentration of 23% （v/v） hydrogen peroxide could eliminate the interference of matrix in samples. The addition of 5.0 g/L sodium bicarbonate， combined with ultrasound， couldtotallydecompose the residual hydrogen peroxide in the digestion solution. Adding 25% （v/v） ethanol to the digestion solution could effectively disperse microplastics in the system， so that microplastics were then uniformly dispersed on the surface of the silver film during filtration. Further， the detachment of polyethylene microplastics from disposable paper cups was quantitatively detected. The detection limit was calculatedas 1 877.7 p/L， the relative standard deviation was 9.7%-27.5%， and the recovery rate was 98%-111%. Results indicated that disposable paper cups coated with polyethylene could release 2 500-20 000 p/L （>2 μm） microplastics in water.Conclusion Compared with traditional pre-treatment processes， our method could solve the problems of silver film corrosion and uneven dispersion of microplastics. The results of real samples detection suggested that disposable paper cups coated with polyethylene can bring health risks by microplastics during use.

Abstract:Objective To understand the mold and mycotoxin contamination status of spices sold in Guizhou Province， and to provide scientific basis for formulating pollution control measures. Mthods A total of 260 samples of sold spice were collected from 2022 to 2023 in Guizhou Province. Mold counting of these samples were detected according to the national food safety standard （GB 4789.15—2016）， and isolated molds were identified using morphology and mass spectrometry methods. Fifty-two mold positive samples were randomly selected to detecte aflatoxin B₁， B₂， G₁， G₂ and ochratoxin.Results 72.31% （188/260） of the samples were contaminated with mold， with an average contamination level of 5.1×10³ CFU/g. Molds were detected in all types and different packaging types of spice samples. There was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of samples collected in different quarters （P<0.05）. The samples mainly contaminated mold of genera Aspergillus， Rhizopus， Mucor and Penicillium， of which 34.14% （155/454） were toxin producing mold. The total detection rate of mycotoxins was 48.08% （25/52）， mainly including AFTB₂ and OTA. Two or more mycotoxins were detected simultaneously in 13.46% （7/52） of the samples. The detection rate of AFTG₁ in prepackaged samples was significantly higher than that in bulk samples. The exceeding rate of AFTB₁ was 5.77% （3/52）.Conclusion There was mold and mycotoxin contamination in spices sold in Guizhou Province. It is recommended to strengthen the monitoring and management of spices to provide scientific basis for risk assessment and developing relevant standards.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in snails in public greenbelts of Fuzhou， so as to provide the scientific basis for the formulation of the angiostrongyliasis control.Methods A.fulica and P.canaliculata were randomly collected from a public green land in public parks，residential areas， urban roads and other public green areas during May to November of 2021 and 2023. The A. cantonensis stage Ⅲ larvae were collected by homogenizing method and identified by morphology. A. cantonensis rRNA gene was amplified by PCR and the sequence was compared by BLAST analysis.Results A total of 213 A. fulica were collected， 20.2% （43/213） A. fulica were infected with A. cantonensis. The average infection degree was 235.8（10 139/43）/ snail. A total of 507 P.canaliculata were collected， 16.0% （81/507） P.canaliculata were infected with A. cantonensis. The average infection degree was 43.2（3 501/81）/ snail. The BLAST results showed that the consistency between the PCR product sequencing results and the reference sequences of A. cantonensis in the GenBank （Accession number： AB684364.1） was 98.2%.The median body weight of 213 A. fulica was 36g， and the infection rates of A. fulica with body weight below 36g and above were 11.2% （12/107） and 29.2% （31/106），and there was significant difference in infection rate （χ²=10.74， P<0.05） .The infection rate of P.canaliculata with larger body mass is higher than that of larger body mass with smaller body mass， and there was a significant difference among snails with different body masses（χ²=181.03， P<0.05）.Conclusion The results suggested that there are A.fulica and P.canaliculata infected with A. cantonensis in public greenbelts of Fuzhou city， This will be provide a infection risk upon eating the raw or partially cooked or touching the objects contaminated with A.fulica secretions.

Abstract:Objective Conduct special follow-up evaluation on the situation after the inplementation of GB 4806.1—2016， understand the opinions and suggestions of the standard by users and consumers， and provide reference and basis for standard revision.Methods Collect opinions through online questionnaire surveys， and use Excel 2016 to organize and conduct descriptive statistical analysis on the collected data.Results 96.5%（218/226） of the respondents thought that GB 4806.1—2016 was in line with current laws and regulations There were non-standard labeling contents for food contact materials and products. Consumers had insufficient understanding of food contact materials and products and their labeling. 42.8%（142/332） of consumers could accept food contact materials products from recycled materials.Conclusion Relevant regulations on the labeling of food contact materials should be improved. It is suggested to strengthen the promotion and implementation of this standards among standard users and consumers and to explore a suitable management model for recycled materials used in food contact in China.

Abstract:Objective In order to promote the understanding of health function evaluation and the transformation and application of scientific research results， explore how to enhance the scientificity and preciseness of health function evaluation， and provide certain suggestions for health food development and evaluation system improvement.Methods Current status of health function management was introduced， relevant on health function regulations in China were sorted out， the role and requirements of scientific literature and functional experiments in health function evaluation were explained， common problems， misunderstandings， and typical cases in health function evaluation practice were collected and analyzed.Results In view of existing problems in literature types and forms， material comparability， indicator correspondence， dosage calculation， target population extrapolation， and compatibility necessity， strategies for function evaluation and research were brought forward， key points for scientific research evidence collection， screening， analysis and evaluation were proposed， future trends of health function evaluation were also proposed for discussion.Conclusion Development and evaluation of health functions require accurate understanding of regulatory requirements and focus on the quality of scientific evidence， which should be used as the basis for health function and product development and design.

Abstract:Objective To understand the situation of fruit consumption and its trends among Chinese adult residents aged 18 and above， and to evaluate the level of fruit consumption among adult residents， so as to provide a scientific basis for guiding the rational consumption of fruit among Chinese adult residents and formulating nutritional and health policies.Methods Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS）， a long-term follow-up cohort of 37 060 adult residents aged 18 years and older with complete 3-day， 24-hour dietary survey data from the 1991， 2000， 2011 and 2018 waves were enrolled in the study. Descriptive analyses and trend tests were used to analyze the fruit consumption rate， average daily fruit consumption and the trend of fruit consumption in the consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary review surveys， and to compare them with the recommended fruit intake of 200 g/d in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents.Results The fruit consumption rate of adult residents in China generally showed an upward trend， increasing from 11.0% in 1991 to 47.8% in 2018 （P<0.001）. The median consumption of the fruit-consuming population increased from 66.7 g/d in 1991 to 88.8 g/d in 2018.The per capita daily fruit consumption of overall adult residents increased from 10.4 g in 1991 to 54.0 g in 2018. Fruit consumption has urban-rural differences， the average fruit consumption of urban and rural residents in 2018 was 71.6 and 41.8 g， respectively， and the proportion of urban residents reaching the recommended amount of fruit was higher than twice that of rural residents.Conclusion Overall trend of fruit consumption rate among Chinese adult residents showed an upward trend during 1991 to 2018. Fruit consumption has increased， but it is still far below the recommended intake with obvious urban-rural differences. Effective interventions should be further targeted at different populations to increase fruit consumption， establish the health concept of a balanced diet， and improve the nutritional status of the population.

Abstract:Objective To analyze meat consumption situation and related factors of Chinese adult residents.Methods The 2018 survey data of the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" project was used. Eleven thousand one hundred and ninety adult residents aged 18 and above with complete 3-day 24-hour dietary data and demographic and economic characteristics data for three consecutive days were selected as research subjects. Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank- the sum non-parametric test were used to test the differences between groups in the meat consumption of research subjects with different characteristics. The χ² test was used to compare the meat consumption rates of research subjects with different characteristics. The influencing factors of meat consumption of the research subjects was analyzed by multi-factor logistic regression model， The meat consumption lower or higher than the recommended meat intake （40-75 g/d） was judged as low or high meat consumption.Results The meat consumption P₅₀ （P₂₅， P₇₅） of the study population was 78.4 g/d （30.0 g/d， 141.7 g/d）. The consumption of pork rate was the highest （81.0%）， followed by poultry （28.3%） and other meat （23.8%）. The lowest consumption rate was animal offal （6.0%）. Age， gender and income level were significantly related to abnormal meat consumption in study population. Compared with the low-income group， adult residents at the middle and high income levels are significantly less likely to consume high or low meat consumption by 13% and 17%， respectively， with OR of 0.87 （95%CI： 0.77-0.98） and 0.83 （95%CI： 0.73-0.95）.Conclusion The main meat consumed by Chinese adults is pork， and the problem of unreasonable meat consumption is relatively prominent. Precise guidance should be carried out based on the meat consumption situation of different groups of people to guide adult residents in developing good meat consumption concepts to improve their health.

Abstract:The definition of dietary fiber （DF） includes multiple meanings involving material structure，physiological and biological effects. So， to accurate evaluate DF level in foods，it’s necessary to grasp scientific concepts and rigorous measurement techniques. Now， the new version of the National Food Safety Standard Determination of Dietary Fiber in Foods （GB 5009.88—2023） has been implemented in China. Compared to pre-version， high-performance liquid chromatography technique is added in enzymatic-gravimetric methods， making it possible to include insoluble and soluble dietary fiber， even that cannot be precipitated by 78% ethanol， in total dietary fiber results， and the detection scope is expanded. For better understanding the method to use， this article summaries the relation of determination methods to definition development， interprets in details about the principles， determination pathway and steps， and result expression. Simultaneously， the application scope of the method and its connection with other national standards has also been discussed.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the foodborne disease outbreaks surveillance data in 2023， and provide the basis for the government to formulate prevention and control strategies and regulatory measures for foodborne diseases.Methods A descriptive analysis was conducted on the foodborne disease outbreaks surveillance data collected through National Foodborne Outbreak Surveillance System.Results In 2023， 31 provinces， autonomous regions，municipalities and The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps reported a total of 6 960 outbreaks of foodborne diseases， with 30 237 cases and 90 deaths， mainly from June to September. The number of poisonous mushroom poisoning was the highest， accounting for 44.35% of the total outbreaks， an increase of 88.35% compared with 2022. Household poisonous mushroom poisoning accounted for 89.93%， an increase of 91.58% compared with 2022. The number of microbial outbreaks accounted for 10.40% of the total outbreaks， with an increase of 59.47% compared with 2022. Microbial outbreaks in catering service places accounted for 77.89% of the total outbreaks， with an increase of 43.51% compared with 2022. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella were the main etiologies， accounting for 27.90% and 24.17%， respectively. The top three pathogen food combinations were Vibrio parahaemolyticus—aquatic products， Salmonella—egg and egg products， and Salmonella—meat and meat products， accounting for 27.67%， 12.88% and 11.78% of the total cases， respectively.Conclusion Vibrio parahaemolyticus—aquatic products and their products， Salmonella—eggs and egg products， and Salmonella—meat and meat products are the combinations that need to be priority controlled.