Abstract:Objective This study aimed to analyze the serotype and phenotype of human and non-human sourced Salmonella from 1975 to 2021 in Fujian Province retrospectively.Methods Salmonella isolates were collected from clinical hospitals， public service employee health， circulating fresh food， and the environment from 1975 to 2021 in Fujian Province， and serotypes and variants were distinguished using WHO-recommended Salmonella serotyping methods. Two prediction software were used based on whole genome sequencing， while the same antigen but different isolates or phenotypic variants were identified using biochemical combinations and MALDI-TOF-MS flight mass spectrometry.Results There were 4 693 human- and non-human-sourced Salmonella isolates that contained 21 serogroups of four subspecies （18 from patients， 9 from healthy employees， 17 from food， and 8 from the environment）. Salmonella paratyphoid A， S. typhoid， S. enteritis， S. cholerae， S. typhimurium， S. rosen， and S. stanley were dominant isolates in the 30 total extraintestinal invasive serotypes. There were 96 Salmonella serotypes other than S. typhoid， S. paratyphoid A， and S. paratyphoid B （63 from patients， 51 from healthy employees， 60 from food， and 20 from the environment）， and the top 10 clinical serotypes were S. typhimurium， S. typhoid， S. enteritis， S. derby， S. stanley， S. paratyphoid A， S. anatum， S. wetavreden， S. rosen， and S. london， while the top 10 from food were S. anatum， S. derby， S. typhimurium， S. stanley， S. wetavreden， S. newport， S. enteritis， S. tompson， S. agona， and S. london. Fourteen serotypes （including 10 diphasic serotypes and 4 monophasic serotypes） had monophasic variants. Several serotypes had phenotypic variants such as hydrogen sulfide-negative， fermenter of lactose or sucrose， colony mucus type， and chromogenic type.Conclusion Salmonella are characterized by their biodiversity and multiple sources in Fujian Province. Invasive cases are gradually dominated by non-typhoid Salmonella. Laboratories should enhance their ability to diagnose monophasic variants and phenotypic variants of Salmonella， as well as pet and environmental traceability for scattered outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Abstract:Objective Applying the in vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Test， this study aimed to investigate the DNA damage caused by the food additive titanium dioxide and nano-titanium dioxide on rat liver cells.Methods According to the guideline “In vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay” （OECD TG489）， male SD rats were randomly divided into nine groups，five rats per group. Food additive titanium dioxide was administered to three groups at doses of 1000， 500 and 250 mg/kg·BW， while pure water served as the negative control. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle was administered in three different doses： 500， 150， and 50 mg/kg·BW. The negative control group received 0.8% Tween + 3% FBS. Test substances were administered by gavage once a day for 15 d. Simultaneously， a positive control group was established， and the positive substance ethyl methyl sulfonate （EMS） was administered once daily on the 14^th and 15^th days via gavage， at a dosage of 200 mg/kg·BW·d. Animals were anesthetized six hours after the last administration，and the livers were harvested to prepare single-cell suspension smears. The sections were subsequently subjected to lysis，unwinding， electrophoresis， staining to acquire the comet images for analyzing.Results There were no statistical differences （P>0. 05） in the percentages of tail DNA content between the treated and negative control rats. However， the percentage of tail DNA content of rat liver cells in the EMS group showed a significant difference compared to the negative control group （P<0.01）.Conclusion Under the circumstances of our test， neither the food additive titanium dioxide nor nano-titanium dioxide caused the DNA damage in rat liver cells.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to analyze the medication rules of health food with Cassiae Semen as the main raw material.Methods A database of health food containing Cassiae Semen was established. The functional ingredients of the health food were counted， of which the nature， taste， meridian tropism， and categories were described. The Apriori algorithm， Kulc， and IR were used to analyze the association rules.Results A total of 316 health foods were accounted for， including 102 items for weight loss， 81 items for laxatives， 76 items for assisting in lowering blood lipid， and 22 items for relieving visual fatigue， comprising 89% （281/316）. Among the health foods for weight loss， the most widely used raw materials were Cassiae Semen， followed by Nelumbinis Folium and Crataegi Fructus. The representative drug combinations were Cassiae Semen- Poria - Alismatis Rhizoma and Cassiae Semen- Alismatis Rhizoma - Nelumbinis Folium. In laxative health food， the most widely used raw materials were Cassiae Semen， followed by Crataegi Fructus， Aloe， and green tea. The representative drug combinations included Cassiae Semen-Green Tea-Sennae Folium. Among the auxiliary hypolipidemic health foods， the most widely used raw materials were Cassiae Semen， Crataegi Fructus， and Nelumbinis Folium. The representative drug combinations were Cassiae Semen - Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma - Salvia Miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma and Cassiae Semen- Nelumbinis Folium - Crataegi Fructus. Among the health foods for relieving visual fatigue， the most widely used raw materials were Cassiae Semen， Lycii Fructus， and Chrysanthemi Flos. The representative drug combinations included Cassiae Semen- Lycii Fructus - Chrysanthemi Flos.Conclusion The main functions of Cassiae Semen used in health food were weight loss， laxative， auxiliary blood lipid-lowering， and relief of visual fatigue. The medication rules were consistent with the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to understand the epidemic characteristics of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli （DEC） in domestic meat products.Methods The molecular characteristics of 86 strains of DEC were analyzed by whole genome sequencing technology， and the dominant pathological types， STs， and serotypes were identified. The phylogenetic relationship between DEC strains derived from meat products in China was determined through whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism.Results The results showed that the pathological types of DEC in meat products were mainly EAEC. Eighty-six DEC strains were divided into eight virulence genotypes， including 48 ST types （including six new ST types）， and 55 O：H serotypes. ST11 and CC10 were the predominant ST and clonal complex， respectively. O157， O15， and O6 were the predominant serogroups. DEC strains exhibited high genetic heterogeneity， the same pathological type had low homology， and they were in different evolutionary branches.Conclusion There is no correspondence between DEC pathological types and ST types and serotypes. The pathological types cannot be directly judged by monitoring ST types and serotypes， but the most numerous ST types and serotypes reveal the main hazard characteristics and prevention of DEC. The determination method of DEC can be supplemented and optimized according to the results of whole genome sequencing， which can provide data support for the traceability and epidemiological investigation of DEC in the future.

Abstract:Objective To provide a basis for the tracing and early warning of foodborne diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus （VP） in Liaoning Province， the distribution and epidemic trend of VP in Liaoning Province combined with serotype analysis were elucidated.Methods One hundred and fifty-one VP isolates from Liaoning Province in 2019 were serotyped， and PFGE， REP-PCR， and ERIC-PCR molecular typing and cluster analysis were performed to evaluate the correlation between the three methods and explore the kinship between the strains.Results One hundred and twenty-four isolates were divided into 18 serotypes and 27 isolates could not be classified. The main serotypes were the O3， O1， and O2 groups. The resolutions （DI） of PFGE， REP-PCR， and ERIC-PCR were 0.97， 0.95， and 0.93， respectively. There was a higher similarity in the molecular type between the serotype O3 group strain and the O1 group strain.Conclusion The epidemic serogroup of clinical VP isolates in Liaoning Province is still O3：K6， and the epidemic serogroup of food VP isolates is still O2. The cluster analysis results of PFGE， REP-PCR， and ERIC-PCR are consistent， and the resolution and reproducibility of PFGE are better than those of the other two methods. These results can provide novel technical means for the traceability of foodborne diseases caused by VP.

Abstract:Objective A method involving derivatization combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of vitamin D in infant formula food.Methods The samples were treated with enzymolysis， saponification， liquid-liquid extraction， and 4-phenyl-1，2，4-triazoline-3，5-dion derivatization. Chromatographic separation was performed using an Atlantis^? T3 column， and gradient elution was performed using the methanol-5 mmol/L ammonium format solution as the mobile phase. The method applied positive electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode and was quantified with the isotope internal standard method.Results A good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient above 0.99. The average recovery levels from three different ranged from 92.3% to 94.2%， and the relative standard deviations were between 3.03% and 5.34% （n=6）. The limit of quantification was 1 μg/kg.Conclusion This method is simple， accurate with high sensitivity and high selectivity， and suitable for the determination of vitamin D in infant formula food.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for the determination of chloramphenicol drugs in hen eggs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with Captiva EMR-Lipid pretreatment.Methods Samples were extracted with ammoniated acetonitrile，then purified with Captiva EMR-Lipid，and finally detected by UPLC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode via positive and negative ions scanning. Compounds were quantified by internal standard method.Results There were good linear relationships for 3 compounds in the range of 0.03-6.0 μg/L with correlation coefficients （r） not less than 0.995. The limits of detection of chloramphenicol （CAP）， florfenicol （FF） and florfenicol amine （FFA） were 0.02， 0.01， 0.04 μg/kg， respectively. And the limits of quantitation were 0.06， 0.03， 0.12 μg/kg， respectively. The method recoveries were between 92.3%-109.6%，with relative standard deviations（n=6） between 1.4%-8.2%.Conclusion With simple operation and high accuracy， the method was suitable for the determination of CAP， FF and FFA in hen eggs.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to prepare proficiency testing samples that are closer to the actual samples and have good homogeneity and stability， and the ability of national laboratories to detect procymidone， carbofuran， and parathion in vegetables was analyzed through proficiency testing.Methods The proficiency testing samples were prepared by adding the target standard solution to the vegetable juice that was sold in the market， and the uniformity and stability were tested. The assigned value and standard deviation of proficiency testing were obtained by robust statistics， and the z value was applied to evaluate the results submitted by the participating laboratories.Results The prepared samples were tested for homogeneity and stability， and met the proficiency testing requirements. The samples were applied to proficiency testing， and 94 laboratories participated nationwide， of which the laboratory satisfaction rate in the procymidone project was 84.5%； the laboratory satisfaction rate in the carbofuran project was 83.3%； the laboratory satisfaction rate in the parathion project was 89.6%.Conclusion The sample prepared by the preparation method in this study has favorable homogeneity and stability and can meet the requirements of the sample for proficiency testing. The statistical results of proficiency testing showed that the detection ability of procymidone， carbofuran， and parathion in vegetables used in participating laboratories was generally favorable. Through this capability verification activity， we gained an understanding of the testing level of laboratories in this field and achieved the expected results.

Abstract:Objective To explore the relationship between environmental selenium content and myopia among junior high school students.Methods A total of 600 junior high school students from selenium-rich， selenium-sufficient， and selenium-deficient areas from Enshi（200 from each area） were randomly selected. The prevalence of myopia， serum selenium， and hair selenium， as well as the glutathioneperoxidase （GSH-Px） and selenoprotein P （SEPP-1） and the selenium distributions of staple crops and drinking water， were determined. The z-test was used to compare continuous data between two groups， a one-way analysis of variance was used to compare continuous data between multiple groups， a chi-square test was used to compare the rates， and the Pearson correlation test was performed to investigate the correlation between selenium and myopia.Results All of the junior school students were divided into myopic （n=244， 40.67%） and non-myopic （n=356， 59.33%） groups. The levels of serum selenium， hair selenium， GSH-Px， and SEPP-1 in the selenium-deficient areas were significantly lower than those in the selenium-adequate areas and the selenium-rich areas ［（71.25 ± 10.31）μg/L vs.（86.74 ± 11.25）μg/L vs.（102.31 ± 10.26）μg/L，（0.56 ± 0.20）μg/g vs.（0.72 ± 0.11 ）μg/g vs.（0.81 ± 0.12）μg/g，（85.26 ± 15.16）μ/L vs.（95.34 ± 13.20）μ/L vs.（114.65 ± 12.12）μ/L，（7.41 ± 1.65）mg/L vs.（10.25 ± 2.47）mg/L vs.（12.36 ± 3.25）mg/L］ （F=9.65， 12.24， 10.32， 9.41， P<0.01）. Compared with the students in the selenium-deficient and selenium-adequate areas， myopic incidence of students in the selenium-rich areas was significantly reduced （χ²=28.29， P<0.01）. The selenium levels of drinking water and staple crops in the selenium-rich areas were significantly higher than those in the selenium-adequate and selenium-deficient areas （F=12.35， 5.36， P<0.01）. A negative correlation was observed between serum selenium and hair selenium and the myopic incidence （r=-0.542， -0.621， P<0.05）.Conclusion The higher the environmental selenium content in different areas of Enshi， the lower was the incidence of myopia in junior middle school students. A certain correlation was observed between selenium and myopia in junior middle school students.

Abstract:Objective To understand the pollution level of perchlorate and chlorate in infant formula milk powder in Inner Mongolia evaluate the dietary intake risk of perchlorate and chlorate in infants， and provide a scientific basis for guiding the healthy diet of infants in Inner Mongolia.Methods A total of 539 infant formula milk powder sold in each segment in Inner Mongolia were collected， and 254 milk powder flushing water （drinking water that may be used in the flushing and mixing of milk powder） were collected. The contents of perchlorate and chlorate in infant formula milk powder and milk powder washing and mixing water were detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. Based on the consumption data of infants and young children in Inner Mongolia in the 2015 China Infant Food Consumption survey data， the risk of dietary intake of perchlorate and chlorate in infant formula milk powder in Inner Mongolia was calculated by simple distribution assessment and cumulative exposure assessment.Results The overall detection rate of perchlorate in infant formula milk powder was 92.39% （498/539）. The detection value was not detected up to 89.30 μg/kg， with an average of 14.45 μg/kg and a median of 9.00 μg/kg. The overall detection rate of chlorate was 73.10% （394/539）， and the detection value was not detected up to 1 061.00 μg/kg， with an average of 93.25 μg/kg and a median of 45.50 μg/kg. The overall detection rate of perchlorate in milk powder was 67.32% （171/254）， and the detection value was not detected up to 26.59 μg/L， with an average value of 1.25 μg/L. The overall detection rate of chlorate was 30.71% （78/254）， and the detection value was not detected up to 927.66 μg/L， with an average value of 24.03 μg/L. The health risk of perchlorate and chlorate intake through milk powder was assessed as low for infants aged 0 to 36 months. Furthermore， the exposure of the high consumer population （P95） did not exceed the health guidance value.Conclusion There is perchlorate and chlorate contamination in infant formula powder in Inner Mongolia. However， under the current pollution level， the health risk of perchlorate and chlorate ingestion through milk powder is low for infants under the age of 0-36 months. In addition， the exposure level of the high consumption group （P95） did not exceed the health guidance value， and the health risk was low. The exposure level of P95 in infants aged zero to six months is higher， and further attention should be paid to their health risks.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide basic data for the regulatory authorities to formulate regulatory policies or for the preparation and revision of national standards by investigating the content level of furfural pollutants in coffee and its products.Methods Furfural pollutants in coffee and its products were detected by gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The results were analyzed and counted using Excel and SAS.Results Three furfural pollutants were detected in 52 samples， the content level of furfural pollutants was 5-hydroxymethylfurfural > furfural > 5-methylfurfural， and the highest content of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was 2 587 mg/kg. By category analysis， it was found that the change trend was pure instant coffee > two-in-one instant coffee > coffee bean （powder） > coffee beverage. According to the proportion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in the total amount of furfural pollutants， it was found that the change trend was pure instant coffee / two-in-one instant coffee > coffee bean （powder） / coffee beverage.Conclusion The survey results show that all coffee types and their products contain furfural pollutants and their content levels are consistent with foreign literature reports.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate the molecular types and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from food contamination risk monitoring in Quanzhou City from 2017 to 2021.Methods Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated and identified in food samples from various counties. The virulence genes （tdh， trh， and tlh） were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and the micro broth dilution method was used for drug-resistance analysis. The molecular typing was analyzed using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） method. Bionumeries 6.6 software was used to analyze the similarity between strains.Results A total of 65 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from 210 specimens. The drug susceptibility results showed that 65 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus showed eight kinds of drug resistance spectra. The resistance rate to polymyxin E was the highest（27.70%，18/65）. All the strains were not resistant to meropenem， ciprofloxacin， ceftazidime/avibactam， tigecycline， azithromycin， nalidixic acid， streptomycin， cotrimoxazole， and amikacin. The 65 strains were divided into 63 PFGE patterns. The similarity between each pattern was 34.67%~100%.Conclusion Vibrio parahaemolyticus exists in food in Quanzhou City. The isolated Vibrio parahaemolyticus have high sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics， the distribution of the strains is polymorphic， and the relationships between them were scattered and distant.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to evaluate the health risks of cadmium exposure in the local rice of Wenzhou residents by analyzing the pollution level and spatial distribution of cadmium in locally produced Wenzhou rice.Methods The monitoring data of local rice in Wenzhou from 2016 to 2021 were collected， and the spatial distribution of the cadmium concentration of local rice was displayed visually by ARCGIS 10.2. The Ordinary Kriging interpolation analysis was used to analyze spatial interpolation. The cadmium exposure was estimated by combining the concentration of cadmium in local rice with food consumption data. The health risk was assessed using a simple distribution model.Results The median of cadmium in 740 local rice samples was 0.069 mg/kg. The detection rate and over-limit rate were 95.68% and 11.49%， respectively. The areas with high cadmium concentrations in local rice were mainly distributed in the northwest of Lucheng City and the central area of Rui’an City. The average exposure and the exposure of high-consumption groups （P95） to cadmium through eating local rice in Wenzhou adult residents were 12.04 and 21.08 μg/kg·BW， respectively. The average and high-consumption group exposure to cadmium in children were 17.02 and 32.04 μg/kg·BW， respectively. The average exposure and the exposure of high-consumption groups to cadmium by eating local rice in Lucheng were greater than the provisional tolerable monthly intake （PTMI）.Conclusion The cadmium exposure levels of 1.16% of all adult residents in Wenzhou by eating local rice were higher than the PTMI. Children with high rice consumption had a higher cadmium exposure level from local rice， and residents had a higher health risk of cadmium exposure by eating local rice in Lucheng.

Abstract:Objective To understand the pollution status of cadmium in wheat in 16 cities of Shandong Province and evaluate its dietary exposure and health risks.Methods Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was performed to detect the cadmium content in wheat in 16 cities in Shandong Province from 2020 to 2021， and the dietary exposure to cadmium was calculated based on the wheat consumption of Shandong residents. The health risks caused by cadmium were evaluated using the margin of safety（MOS） and the health risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.Results The median of cadmium in wheat was 0.020 2 mg/kg， and the detection rate was 97.5%. The cadmium pollution in wheat was higher in southern Shandong Province and Jiaodong Peninsula， and lower in northwestern Shandong Province. The average monthly intake of cadmium from wheat by Shandong residents was 1.80 μg/kg·BW， which was less than the reference value of PTMI（25 μg/kg·BW）. The MOS of cadmium in wheat was 13.9 and the risk was acceptable. The average annual personal cancer risk was 0.46 × 10^-5 per year， which was less than the standard of the international commission on radiation protection.Conclusion There are regional differences in wheat pollution in Shandong Province， and the health risk of residents ingesting cadmium through wheat is at an acceptable level.

Abstract:Objective To provide a scientific basis for the risk assessment of the dietary exposure of local characteristic dairy products and veterinary drug residues in dairy products in Inner Mongolia and the formulation and revision of local food safety standards， the current situation regarding this matter was studied.Methods A total of 951 samples of seven types of local characteristic dairy products and dairy-containing products in Inner Mongolia were collected in 12 league cities， including milk skins， milk tea powder， and chewable milk products. Among them， 370 samples were in bulk and 581 samples were in standardized packaging. The samples were analyzed for quinolones， tetracyclines， macrolides， and β-sulfonamides.Results The detection rate of veterinary drug residues was 0.83%-3.62% in five types of local characteristic dairy products， including milk skin， milk tea powder， chew， chula， and milk-containing solid molding products. The detected veterinary drugs were naphthyric acid， norfloxacin， pefloxacin， sulfamethoxazole， sulfamethoxazole， sulfamethoxazole， and tylosin， with the detection rate ranging from 0.11% to 1.37%. According to the statistical test， there was no statistical difference between the detection rate of veterinary drug residues in bulk samples and that of veterinary drug residues in stereotyped packaging samples （χ²=0.484， P>0.05）.Conclusion Although the overall qualification rate of tetracycline， sulfonamide， and macrolide residues in local characteristic dairy products in Inner Mongolia is relatively high （>99%）， there are still cases of veterinary drug detection. It is recommended that relevant departments further strengthen the promotion and supervision of veterinary drug use.

Abstract:Objective The market regulation administration completes the supervision of food production license enterprises through the system inspection of food production enterprise.Methods This article analyzes the internal problems of modern dairy product production enterprises through the system inspection of 26 dairy product production enterprises in Guangdong Province and finds the causes through the trend of problem risk discovery.Results Through problem rectification，strengthen the implementation of corporate responsibility and strengthen quality and safety management by regulatory administration.Conclusion The system inspection of food production enterprises is an effective measure to strengthen process monitoring，problem discovery and risk control.

Abstract:Based on the characteristics of the current new type of illegal addition in terms of substances， forms， carriers， and sales modes， the multiple ways of mining new unconventional illegal addition clues and hidden rules of the industry， the development status， integration， and application of corresponding reconnaissance technical means were discussed in this study. Targeted suggestions from the aspects of source control， inspection， and detection technology， information source channel， supervision mode， and network environment were put forward.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide a reference for preventing the occurrence of events similar to the mushroom poisoning case by Russula subnigricans that caused the death of individuals in Jiangxi Province in September 2020 by investigation and tracing.Methods Epidemiological descriptive analysis was used to make a primary judgment. Then， morphological and molecular biological identification were carried out on the collected mushroom samples.Results The epidemiological information indicated that all the patients ate the wild mushroom， while those who did not eat the mushroom did not get sick. The average incubation period was 19 min， which suggested that the disease progressed rapidly. Symptoms such as gastrointestinal discomfort and vomiting were observed. The liver， kidney， and heart functions were damaged， and the mortality rate was high. The morphological and molecular studies identified the samples as Russula subnigricans.Conclusion This incident is a reported poisoning death event in Jiangxi Province caused by eating Russula subnigricans by mistake， which indicates that the poisoning situation of poisonous mushrooms in Jiangxi Province is relatively serious， and relevant departments need to strengthen prevention and control efforts to prevent similar incidents.

Abstract:Objective Analysis of the epidemiological and spatio-temporal clustering of aconite poisoning incidents in China from 2010 to 2020 was performed to provide a reference for the development of precise prevention and control measures and the construction of an early warning system.Methods Collection of reports of aconite poisoning incidents in surveillance data from 2010 to 2020 with descriptive analysis and spatio-temporal scan analysis was performed.Results From 2010 to 2020， a total of 380 outbreaks of aconite poisoning with 1 889 illnesses and 75 deaths were reported in China， with a case fatality rate of 3.97% （75/1 889）. The highest number of outbreaks occurred from October to December with 787 cumulative illnesses， accounting for 41.66% （787/1 889） of all cases. More than 86.84% （330/380） of the outbreaks occurred in Yunnan Province and households accounted for 90.26% （343/380） of all outbreak locations. Improper processing resulting in 171 outbreaks， accounting for 45.00% （171/380）. The results of the spatio-temporal scan showed a total of five agglomerative regions， including a category one agglomeration centered in Kunming， Yunnan Province， with an agglomeration period from June 2015 to November 2020， as well as four second-class aggregation areas， including 20 municipalities.Conclusion We should focus on prevention and control in areas with clusters of aconite poisoning， and publicize and popularize high-risk consumption methods to raise awareness on protection and reduce the occurrence of poisoning incidents before the arrival of the high months.

Abstract:Molds and yeasts are common fungi that cause food contamination， and are also used as indicators to evaluate the quality of food hygiene. China has been conducting contamination surveillance of molds and yeasts in food since 1984， and has greatly promoted the quality of food hygiene nationwide. However， the key technical aspects of Chinese standard GB 4789.15—2016 “National food safety standards of food microbiological examination - molds and yeasts enumeration” and foreign standards from other countries or international organizations are rather different. Therefore，to adapt to the needs of international trade and better promote Chinese standards in line with foreign or international standards， this article reviews the comparative analysis of foreign or international standards such as BAM Chapter 18—2001 from the US， AS 5013.29—2009 from Australia， and ISO 21527—2008 from the International Organization for Standardization， with the Chinese standard （GB 4789.15—2016） on mold and yeast enumeration to provide a theoretical basis and reference method for the subsequent revision of the Chinese standard on mold and yeast enumeration in food.

Abstract:Displaying calories and other nutritional information on restaurant menus is an effective measure to prevent obesity， which plays an essential role in innovating the food environment and promoting healthy eating. Nutrition labeling of catering food has not been widely developed in China. The main influencing factors are insufficient implementation， the willingness of the operator， incomplete basic data， and insufficient technical capabilities. This paper aims to provide the theoretical basis for promoting nutrition labeling of catering food.

Abstract:Healthy eating behavior is one of the leading lifestyle factors that influence people’s health status. Increasing incidents of noncommunicable diseases such as obesity， hypertension， cardiovascular diseases， and diabetes caused by unhealthy eating habits are among the major public health challenges in China. To deal with this challenge， the Healthy China 2030 committee proposed the “Promoting a balanced diet” action as one of the 15 specialized strategies for achieving this goal. However， how to put this initiative into practices reamins a big public health challenge in China. Recent research in behavioral sciences provides valuable insights for dealing with this challenge. Behavioral science-based nudge strategies can promote healthy eating by making healthy eating more convenient and preferrable， promoting healthy eating through social influences， and enhancing healthy eating at the right moment without constraining people's freedom of choosing what to eat. These strategies could inspire the development of culturally appropriate and context-sensitive behavioral nudges to promote healthy eating in China.

Abstract:Intestinal microecology is the most complex and dominant microecological system in human and animals. Bifidobacterium is a probiotic that exists in the intestinal microecology and presents potential applications in several disease areas， such as prevention and control of obesity and metabolic syndrome. It has become a hot spot of research in many fields， such as food supplements and health food. Bifidobacterium can regulate rat Gut microbiota and protect intestinal mucosal barrier by regulating diet structure and energy intake， Gut microbiota microenvironment， microorganism gut brain axis and intestinal immunity， it can also regulate lipid metabolism through carbohydrate utilization pathway， anti inflammatory stress pathway， regulation of fat decomposition pathway， gene pathway， Bile acid salt coprecipitation and bacteria assimilation cholesterol pathway， and there is a two-way regulation between Gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. However， the effect of Bifidobacterium on intestinal flora and lipid metabolism varies depending on the application area， formulation and addition quantity. More in-depth control studies and clinical validation still need to establish the formulation and addition quantity. When it is applied to the food field， it may lead to the transfer of intestinal drug resistance genes or the spread of drug resistant pathogens through the way of exchanging Genetic material with the host's own Gut microbiota. In this paper， the multiple pathways and mechanisms of Bifidobacterium regulates Gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in rats were reviewed， and the related issues were prospected， in order to provide ideas for research in Bifidobacterium regulates fields.