Abstract:Objective This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the prevalence， virulence characteristics， and molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes （L. monocytogenes） isolated from various food sources in Guangxi. By investigating the genetic attributes and potential transmission mechanisms of L. monocytogenes， this research contributes to our understanding of this pathogen.Methods A total of 210 L. monocytogenes strains collected from 2002 to 2020 in Guangxi were subjected to whole genome sequencing （WGS） analysis. The study included the determination of sequence types （STs）， clonal complexes （CC）， and the presence of L. monocytogenes pathogenicity islands （LIPIs）.Results Of the L. monocytogenes isolates， 53.8% were traced back to meat and meat products from 2002 to 2020 in Guangxi. Among these isolates， 59.0% belonged to lineage Ⅱ. The predominant STs were ST8 and ST9. Virulence gene analysis revealed that 79.4% of isolates carried LIPI-1 genes （hly， prfA， plcA， plcB， mpl， and actA）， while 83.7% carried LIPI-2 genes （inlC， inlF， inlJ， and inlK）. Furthermore， 17.6% of isolates carried LIPI-3 genes （llsA， llsB， llsD， llsG， llsH， llsP， llsX， and llsY）.Conclusion Meat and meat products in Guangxi showed the highest prevalence of L. monocytogenes. Molecular typing results demonstrated a high genetic diversity among L. monocytogenes strains. The discriminatory power of WGS makes it a valuable tool for monitoring foodborne listeriosis outbreaks. The distribution of virulence genes indicated that L. monocytogenes of Guangxi had different degree of deletion of virulence genes， underscoring the importance of vigilance regarding highly pathogenic strains that could potentially cause foodborne outbreaks.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to develop ready-to-use standard strains of Salmonella typhimurium （S. typhimurium） TA97， TA98， TA100， and TA102 for mutagenicity testing.Methods Freeze-dried strains of S. typhimurium TA97， TA98， TA100， and TA102 at both high and low concentrations were quantified. The spontaneous reversion rate of the freeze-dried strains after 3， 5， 7， and 18 h was measured. Homogeneity， storage and transportation stability， spontaneous revertant frequency， and mutagenic agent mutation rate of the ready-to-use standard strains were evaluated following the CNAS-GL003 2018 “Guidelines for the Evaluation of Homogeneity and Stability of Proficiency Testing Samples” and GB 15193.4—2014 “National Food Safety Standard - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test.” Standard deviations of spontaneous revertant frequency and mutagenic agent mutation rate test results between 20 ready-to-use standard strains and fresh strains were compared.Results High-concentration lyophilized samples had concentrations ranging from 10⁷-10⁸ CFU/sample， while low-concentration samples had concentrations ranging from 10⁵-10⁶ CFU/sample. The spontaneous reversion rate results after 18 h of incubation met the requirements of GB 15193.4—2014. Homogeneity results for the four ready-to-use standard strains showed F-values of 1.12， 1.05， 1.68， and 1.38， with F < F_0.05 （19，20）， meeting CNAS-GL003 requirements. The detection results for the four freeze-dried strains stored at 25 ℃ for 5 d， 4 ℃ for 14 d， and -20 ℃ for 6 months met storage and transportation stability requirements. The standard deviation of spontaneous revertant frequency in the 20 ready-to-use freeze-dried standard strains was smaller than that of fresh strains.Conclusion The ready-to-use standard strains developed in this study exhibit excellent homogeneity， storage， and transportation stability. Moreover， the stability of spontaneous revertant frequency in the ready-to-use freeze-dried standard strains surpasses that of fresh strains.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to analyze the relevance ratio and molecular biological characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes （L. monocytogenes） in raw meat sold in Xuzhou city in both 2018 and 2020.Methods Retail fresh and frozen raw poultry， as well as prepared meat， were randomly sampled from urban areas， and L. monocytogenes were isolated and identified following the guidelines of GB 4789.30-2016. The study analyzed serotypes， drug resistance patterns， virulence genotypes， and molecular typing through pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）.Results Out of 142 raw meat samples collected from the market， 40 tested positive for L. monocytogenes， resulting in a prevalence rate of 28.2% （40/142）. The predominant serotype was 1/2a， accounting for 47.5% （19/40） of the isolates. Molecular typing using PFGE revealed 15 distinct PFGE types among the 40 L. monocytogenes strains. Additionally， 4 strains exhibited resistance to ampicillin， and 2 strains were resistant to penicillin. All strains carried multiple virulence genes.Conclusion This study highlighted the relatively high contamination of L. monocytogenes in raw meat sold in urban Xuzhou. The presence of small-scale homologous strains emphasizes the importance of enhanced monitoring and management to prevent foodborne diseases.

Abstract:Objective To explore the absorption， distribution， accumulation， and excretion after oral exposure to lanthanum and the effects of lanthanum on the blood element spectrum of rats.Methods 48 female SPF-grade rats were randomly divided into 8 groups with a one-time gavage of 700 mg/kg·BW lanthanum nitrate solution using single oral exposure experiment. And the blood， heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidneys， brain， femur， and fecal of rats were collected and measured by ICP-MS after gavage for 1， 2， 4， 8， 16， 32， 64， and 128 h. Another 48 SPF-grade rats were randomly divided into 4 groups （half male and female）， each group with a control and an experimental group was observed in experimental time-point in repeat oral exposure experiment. The experimental group repeatedly gavage lanthanum nitrate solution containing lanthanum 66 mg/kg·BW， and the control group gavage an equal amount of physiological saline. Then， on the 7^th， 14^th， 21^st and 28^th days， the rats （including the control group and the experimental group） were taken to determine the contents of 44 elements in blood and the contents of lanthanum in liver， kidney， femur， feces and urine by ICP-MS.Results After single oral exposure to lanthanum， lanthanum peaked in blood for 2 h， the elimination half-life was 69.315 h， and the overall clearance rate was 1.733 L/h/kg. Lanthanum was widely distributed in the heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidneys， brain， and femur with blood， and the level in the femur was the highest （P<0.05）. The levels of lanthanum in the liver and femur increased compared with kidneys after repeated oral exposure to lanthanum for 14， 21， and 28 d （P<0.05）， and the level of lanthanum in fecal of rats was higher than that of urine （P < 0.001）. Compared to the control group， the level of lanthanum increased in the blood of rats （P<0.05）， while there was no statistically significant difference between the control group and the experimental group in calcium， sodium， potassium， magnesium， iron， copper， zinc， selenium， cobalt， molybdenum， lead and arsenic in the blood of rats （P>0.05）.Conclusion In this experiment， lanthanum can be rapidly absorbed into the blood after oral exposure and is widely distributed in the heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidneys， brain， and femur. After repeat oral exposure to lanthanum， lanthanum is easily deposited in the liver and femur， feces excretion is the main route of elimination， and no effect of lanthanum on the blood element spectrum of rats has been observed.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide scientific evidence for precise prevention measures by utilizing a frequency matching model to identify the primary food sources contributing to sporadic cases of nontyphoidal Salmonella （NTS） in a Chinese province from 2016 to 2020.Methods Data on NTS serotypes from both patients and food sources were collected and analyzed through the Foodborne Disease Surveillance Report System and the Food Contaminant Risk Surveillance System. Source attribution was determined using the Hald model， considering serotypes common to human cases and food sources.Results The analysis revealed that livestock meat was responsible for 35.67% of NTS sporadic cases， with pork contributing significantly at 22.37%. Eggs and egg products accounted for 33.83% of NTS sporadic cases， while poultry and aquatic animals contributed 19.28% and 11.22%， respectively. According to the source attribution analysis， monophasic Salmonella typhimurium appeared to be the dominant serotype causing NTS cases in the province.Conclusion This study concluded that pork plays a crucial role as an etiological food source for sporadic NTS cases in the province， as determined by the Hald model. These findings provide valuable insights into the prevention and control of NTS-related contamination. Moreover， the application of frequency matching models to address source attribution in sporadic cases can be extended to other provinces for similar investigations.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide evidence for early warning， prevention， and monitoring strategies relating to the spatial distribution and clustering characteristics of diarrhetic shellfish poison （DSP） contamination and dietary exposure of commercially available shellfish in coastal areas in China.Methods Classical substitution and the inverse normal imputation method were used to indicate undetected DSP values and calculate dietary exposure. Based on the provincial spatial scale， the global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses of food contamination and exposure in the DSP in coastal China were explored.Results From 2016 to 2021， a total of 6 355 shellfish samples were collected from 10 coastal provinces in China. The detection rate of DSP was 6.34%. Yessotoxins （YTX） reported the highest detection rate at 5.41%. The main contaminated areas include Fujian， Guangxi， Hebei， and Guangdong. The global Moran’s I value of contamination of pectenotoxins was 0.55 （P = 0.02） and of YTX was 0.27 （P = 0.01）， this demonstrated a spatial clustering effect on the contamination and dietary exposure of DSP. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that two high-high clustering were detected in Liaoning and Shandong for DSP contamination. For dietary exposure to DSP， there was a high-low clustering phenomenon in Hebei， Guangxi， and Liaoning.Conclusion There are regional differences in DSP contamination and dietary exposure in coastal China， demonstrating localized regionalization. To improve shellfish food safety， government agencies should formulate regionalized precision monitoring and dietary interventions based on the spatial distribution of DSP contamination and dietary exposure.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to analyze the contamination characteristics of heavy metals in soil and tea leaves in the Jiaodong hilly tea-producing areas.Methods A total of 340 soil samples and 173 tea samples from 2015 to 2021 were collected from Haiyang， Shandong Province. The contents of Pb， Cd， total Hg， and total As were detected. The single-factor contamination index method， the Nemerow comprehensive contamination index method， and the Target Hazard Quotient were used to evaluate the contamination level according to the grading standard of agriculture product quality. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the relationship between heavy metals and their sources in soil and tea.Results The average contents of Pb， Cd， As， and Hg were 29.00， 0.107， 8.852， and 0.023 mg/kg， respectively， and Pb content was the highest in the study area soil. The average value of all heavy metal elements did not exceed the limit value in GB 15618—2018 ［the standard for the control of soil pollution risk of agricultural land （Trial）］， while the maximum values of Pb and Cd exceeded the national standard. The average values of As and Pb exceeded or reached the background values for soil in the eastern Shandong Province. The average and maximum values of heavy metal elements in tea did not exceed GB 2762—2017 （National standard for food safety-limit of pollutants in food and limit of Cr， Cd， Hg， As， and fluoride in tea）. The average contents of Pb， Cd， Hg， and As in tea were 0.286， 0.041， 0.001， and 0.037 mg/kg， respectively. The detection rates of Pb， Cd， Hg， and As were 95.95%， 96.53%， 13.87%， and 30.64% in tea， respectively. The mean value of heavy metals in tea decreased in the order of Pb > Cd > As > Hg. The single factor pollution index of the four elements was less than 0.6， P_Pb （0.057 2） > P_Cd （0.041 7） > P_As （0.018 7） > P_Hg （0.005 3）， and all values were at the safe level. The comprehensive pollution index of tea was 0.045 9， and the pollution level was classified as safe. Black tea had higher pollution levels than green tea. Pb and Cd had higher pollutant sharing rates.Conclusion The sources of Cd， Pb， Hg， and As in the soil may have a common origin. As and Pb in soil exhibited mixed sources， while Cd and Hg originate from industrial “three wastes” and agricultural production. The sources of Pb， Cd， Hg， and As in tea have little correlation with heavy metals in the soil. Dietary exposure to heavy metals in tea leaves in the Jiaodong hilly tea-producing areas is at a safe level.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the virulence and resistance of Bacillus cereus SCY isolates.Methods B. cereus was isolated from fish dishes in a restaurant in Yinchuan using a selective medium and was named the SCY strain. After identification using PCR sequencing of the 23S rRNA gene， the genetic characteristics were analyzed by adopting second-generation whole genome sequencing technology. Next， the toxicity and drug resistance of the SCY isolate were studied using mouse studies and drug-sensitive paper experiments， respectively.Results The genome size of the SCY isolate was 5.82 Mb， the number of coding genes was 5 767， and the total length of the coding region accounted for 85.50% of the whole genome. The genome of the SCY isolates contained 11 gene islands， 16 CRISPR， and five prephages； among them， 14 and 62 virulence genes were annotated in the PHI and VFDB virulence factor databases （Identity>80， Evalue<0.05）， respectively， and 215 resistance genes were annotated in the CARD resistance databases for SCY-encoded genes （Best Hit evalue<0.05）. The immunohistochemical results of the mouse intestinal tissue sections showed that the expression levels of the inflammatory factors IL-1β， CASP1， and Nlrp3 were differentially and significantly upregulated. The results of 22 bacteria antibiotic sensitivity paper tests showed that the SCY isolate was highly sensitive to chloramphenicol and clindamycin， showed an intermediary to tetracycline， cephalexin， and ampicillin， and showed resistance to 10 antibiotics， including penicillin， benzocillin， piperacillin， bacitracin， and cephalexin， and its multidrug resistance was more serious.Conclusion SCY isolates are enterotoxigenic strains， yet they carry multiple enterotoxin virulence genes and have typical multiple drug resistance characteristics. These findings provide clues for revealing the pathogenic mechanism of B. cereus isolates.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate and analyze the key factors that influence the nutritional composition of catering food， providing a foundation for the application of nutrition labeling in catering establishments. Additionally， it contributes to the development of environmentally sustainable nutrition and health-oriented canteens and restaurants.Methods Panel interviews were conducted in Beijing and Zhoushan， representing cities with distinct North-South culinary characteristics. These interviews engaged local nutrition specialists and catering industry professionals. The outcomes of these interviews were thoroughly examined and analyzed.Results The interviewees unanimously identified several key factors affecting the nutritional composition of catering food in China. These factors primarily included the quality of raw ingredients， food preparation methods， cooking techniques， and cooking conditions.Conclusion Understanding the influential factors that shape the nutritional composition of catering food is crucial for conducting targeted research and enhancing the overall nutritional quality of dishes served in the catering industry. These efforts contribute to elevating the dietary standards and health status of the population， aligning with national nutrition and health improvement goals， and fostering a healthier China.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between eating out frequency and taste preferences among urban Chinese adults.Methods A convenient sampling method was employed to select 1 957 adult residents aged 18 to 65 from four urban areas with complete survey data on eating out frequency and taste preferences. The study analyzed the current patterns of eating out and taste preferences and used a multifactor logistic regression model to assess the correlation between eating out frequency and taste preferences.Results The study found that 35.8% of participants ate out less than once a week， 33.5% ate out 1-3 times a week， 18.3% ate out 4-6 times a week， and 12.4% ate out seven or more times a week. Gender differences were observed in taste preferences， with men having significantly higher rates of salty and oily taste preferences compared to women， while women had a higher preference rate of sweet taste. After controlling for relevant confounding factors， urban female residents who ate out 1-3 times a week had a 59% increased risk of salty taste preference （OR = 1.59） compared to those who ate out less than once a week. Similarly， urban female residents who ate out 1-3 times a week， 4-6 times a week， and seven or more times a week had an increased risk of sweet taste preference by 51% （OR = 1.51）， 71% （OR = 1.71）， and 77% （OR = 1.77）， respectively. Moreover， urban female residents who ate out 1-3 times a week and seven or more times a week had an increased risk of spicy taste preference by 54% （OR = 1.54） and 78% （OR = 1.78）， respectively. Compared with urban male residents who ate out less than one time a week， urban male residents who ate out 4-6 times a week have an increased risk of oily and spicy tastes by 61% （OR=1.61） and 85% （OR=1.85）， respectively.Conclusion The study suggests that the frequency of eating out among urban residents may be associated with their taste preferences. Therefore， there is a need to enhance nutrition education and awareness to encourage the development of healthier eating habits.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide evidence for the consumption of vegetable oil to promote a healthy lifestyle. The consumption status of different types of vegetable oil and the influencing factors were investigated through a survey of edible vegetable oil consumption among residents over 3 years old in Beijing， China， in 2020.Methods Using the data from the Trans-Fatty Acid Food Consumption Survey of the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment in 2020， 2 289 Beijing permanent residents aged over 3 years old were selected. Dietary data were collected by 3-day 24 h recalls combined with food frequency and weighting methods. Non-parametric tests and χ² tests were used to analyze the consumption and influence factors of vegetable oil consumption.Results The median vegetable oil consumption for consumers was 32.7 g/d. Overall， 43.3% of the residents’ vegetable oil intake exceeded the recommended edible oil intake standards （25-30 g） according to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese （2022）， including 24.8， 1.7， and 1.8 g/d for peanut， sunflower， and corn oils， respectively. Non-parametric tests showed that there were no significant influencing factors for the consumption of various vegetable oils among residents based on sex， age， educational level， and monthly household incomes. The consumption rate of peanut oil among residents in Beijing was the highest （68.9%）， followed by that of sunflower seed oil and corn oil （6.1% and 5.7%， respectively）.Conclusion The average vegetable oil consumption by Beijing residents exceeds the recommended dietary consumption， and there is a high degree of concentration in the type of vegetable oil consumed. Therefore， relevant scientific nutrition guidance should be established to promote a healthy lifestyle.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate the distribution of virulence genes， antibiotic resistance， and molecular types of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli （DEC） in Wuhan， Hubei Province， China.Methods DEC strains identified through biochemical means and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer were routinely collected from five medical institutions. Multiple polymerase chain reactions and drug sensitivity tests were carried out. The molecular characteristics of DEC strains were determined using pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） and multi-locus sequence typing. Homology analysis was carried out based on clustering analogy and the minimum spanning tree.Results A total of 59 DEC strains were collected， including 29 strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli （ETEC， 49.15%）， 15 strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli （EAEC， 25.42%）， and 15 strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli （EPEC， 25.42%）. The resistance rates of DECs to the 11 antibiotics （except polymyxin E） varied， and were especially high for the following： ampicillin （67.80%）， nalidixic acid （61.02%）， tetracycline （45.76%）， cotrimoxazole （37.29%）， cefotaxime （30.51%）， and chloramphenicol （13.56%）. As determined by PFGE， both EAEC and EPEC had 14 different bands， belonging to 11 different sequence types （STs）； whereas ETEC had 28 different bands belonging to 10 different STs. In addition， more than 50% of STs from ETEC were classified as clonal complexes （CC）-10.Conclusion The contamination of DECs persists in Wuhan， and antimicrobial resistance is at a critical level. The genotypes from EAEC and EPEC are relatively scattered based on molecular detection and typing of DECs. CC-10， the dominant clone complex of ETEC， is widely distributed in Wuhan.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to trace the source of a listeriosis case in a pregnant woman linked to the consumption of Chinese cold dishes in Jiangxi Province.Methods A descriptive epidemiological investigation was conducted to gather patient information. Listeria monocytogenes strains from both food and blood samples were isolated using the national standard GB 4789.30—2016 methods and clinical test methods. The isolated strains were identified using biochemical and mass spectrometry methods. Subtyping and source tracing of the strains were performed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and whole genome sequencing.Results The patient exhibited fever as the primary symptom of L. monocytogenes infection， while the fetus was not affected. The patient reported a weekly habit of consuming Chinese cold dishes. Blood culture from the patient yielded a strain of L. monocytogenes， whereas no L. monocytogenes strains were found in field samples collected from the patient’s home. However， the bacteria were detected and isolated from two Chinese cold dishes purchased from restaurants frequented by the patient. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing confirmed complete consistency between the patient-isolated strains and those isolated from the food. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the strains belonged to the ST1 type.Conclusion The risk of listeriosis in pregnant women associated with Chinese cold dishes persists. Enhanced monitoring measures are warranted， and relevant authorities should intensify their supervision of associated restaurants.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide suggestions for the prevention and control of bacterial food poisoning. The pattern of occurrence and epidemiological characteristics of bacterial food poisoning in China were determined， and its spatial aggregation was explored.Methods Descriptive epidemiology was conducted to analyze and compare national bacterial food poisoning events from 2010 to 2019， and ArcGIS 10.6 was used to analyze the data spatially and draw relevant maps.Results A total of 1 110 cases of bacterial food poisoning were reported in China from 2010 to 2019， involving 49 457 poisonings and 87 deaths. Most bacterial food poisoning incidents occurred in the third quarter and in September. The highest number of incidents with identified causes was attributed to the contamination of meat and meat products， accounting for 19.10% of the total incidents. Non-typhoid Salmonella， Vibrio parahaemolyticus， and Bacillus cereus were the main causative agents of bacterial food poisoning， accounting for 56.04% and 61.17% of the total number of incidents and poisonings， respectively. The number of bacterial food poisoning incidents （39.37%） and morbidity incidents （34.76%） caused by collective canteens was the highest. The highest number of deaths （83.91%） from bacterial food poisoning occurred in households. Guangdong， Sichuan， Yunnan， Guangxi， and Shandong reported the highest number of incidents with the highest number of people poisoned in the country. The national bacterial food poisoning incidents exhibited a clustered spatial distribution， with “hot spots” mainly concentrated in parts of Yunnan， western and northern Guangxi， southern Sichuan， Chongqing， western and northern Hubei， western and southern Hu’nan， and central and northern Guangdong.Conclusion The number of bacterial food poisoning incidents ranks first among all kinds of food poisoning incidents in China， suggesting the need for relevant departments to strengthen supervision and training， particularly in crucial settings such as collective canteens and catering service units. Various food safety standards and requirements should be strictly implemented， and publicity and education should be strengthened for key populations. It is recommended that hotspot regions of bacterial food poisoning explore the underlying causes and mechanisms of their spatial aggregation and implement corresponding measures to reduce the occurrence of such incidents.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to assess control measures regarding the epidemiological characteristics of food-borne disease outbreaks to guide future prevention measures and treatment methods.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to retrospectively investigate poisoning events， and epidemiological characteristics were analyzed.Results A total of 55 incidents and three deaths were reported， of which 60% were in individuals aged over 50 years. The incidents were all caused by family meals， exhibiting distinct family clustering. The main clinical manifestations were abnormal liver function （54 cases， 98.2%）， nausea （36 cases， 65.5%）， fatigue （29 cases， 52.7%）， and partial numbness of the mouth and lip extremities （9 cases， 16.4%）. The food suspected to cause the disease was Bullacta exarata， of which paralytic shellfish poisoning was detected in six samples. After taking comprehensive prevention and control measures， the incident was brought under control.Conclusion This is a food poisoning case study caused by the consumption of paralytic shellfish-poisoned snails. The presence of other pathogenic factors cannot be ruled out. It is suggested that related departments should strengthen education and monitor early warning symptoms.

Abstract:Citrinin （CIT） is a mycotoxin produced by several species of the genera Aspergillus， Penicillium， and Monascus， and it often contaminates grains and grain products. CIT shows clear nephrotoxicity， while its carcinogenicity evidence is insufficient. Considering the ability of genotoxicity tests to screen chemicals for potential carcinogenicity， the genotoxicity of CIT was reviewed from the perspective of three genetic endpoints， including genetic mutation， chromosomal aberrations， and DNA damage. CIT is a genotoxic substance that induces chromosomal aberrations. The mechanism may be related to its influence on tubulin polymerization and spindle formation during cellular mitosis， thereby causing cell cycle blocking. This study provides basic data for follow-up risk assessments of CIT.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide valuable insights into the current state and research trends of clinical trials involving probiotics in infant foods. The analysis of Chinese and English articles sheds light on critical areas for the development of clinical trial guidelines for probiotic use in infant foods in China.Methods A comprehensive analysis was conducted on journal articles reporting clinical trials of probiotics in infant foods obtained from databases such as PubMed and CNKI. Co-word analysis and cluster analysis were employed to explore research themes and trends.Results Chinese publications in this field outnumbered English publications by a factor of 10. Italy， China， and the United States were the top three countries contributing to this research. Foreign research institutions were predominantly universities， while Chinese research institutions were primarily hospitals and maternal and child health hospitals. Foreign research hotspots included the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri strains in managing conditions like diarrhea， infantile colic， and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. In China， the primary research focus areas included the application of Peifeikang for necrotizing enterocolitis， Miya for diarrhea， and Siliankang in combination with phototherapy or traditional Chinese medicine for neonatal jaundice.Conclusion China should enhance supervision and approval procedures for clinical trials involving probiotics in infant foods and promptly establish corresponding clinical trial guidelines.