Abstract:Objective To explore the characteristics of resistance， virulence factor and sequence typing of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus （S. aureus） in China in 2020.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility test for S. aureus was performed using the broth microdilution method. Multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， the important antibiotic resistance gene mecA， and virulence genes were analyzed using whole genome sequencing.Results The overall resistance rate of the 224 foodborne S. aureus isolates to 12 classes of antimicrobials was 87.9% （197/224）， with the highest resistance rate of 82.6% （185/224） to penicillin. The multi-drug resistance rate was 23.2% （52/224）， with ST398 accounting for the highest percentage （26.9%， 14/52） of multi-drug resistant bacteria. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus detection rate was 8.0% （18/224）. The overall carriage rate of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was 52.2% （117/224）， with sea having the highest carriage rate of 24.6% （55/224）. The ST type of S. aureus carrying the most types of enterotoxin genes was ST1. A total of 31 ST types were detected in this study， among which ST7 （12.9%， 29/224） was the predominant ST of isolates， followed by ST398 （10.7%， 24/224）. In addition， the carriage rates of toxic shock syndrome toxin coding gene （tsst-1） and leukocytocin encoding genes （lukF-PV and lukS-PV） were 6.3% （14/224） and 4.5% （10/224）， respectively.Conclusion The high rate of antimicrobial resistance and enterotoxin genes carriage of foodborne S. aureus in China and the detection of virulence genes that play an important role in clinical infection suggest that the potential hazards of S. aureus in food should not be ignored. There is a high correlation between ST type and food type， antimicrobial susceptibility， and pathogenicity， which provides scientific data for further analysis of the epidemiological characteristics and risk prevention and control of foodborne S. aureus in China.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the co-occurrence characteristics of mycotoxins in wheat， a classification model based on climatic regions of China was built.Methods A total of 887 wheat samples collected from 12 provinces/autonomous regions were analyzed for the concentrations of eight mycotoxins， including deoxynivalenol， nivalenol， aflatoxins， ochratoxin A， fumonisins， zearalenone， T-2 and HT-2. All the samples were divided into three groups， temperate continental climate， temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate， according to the climate types of their sampling sites. The borderline-SMOTE method was used for sample augment to balance the data set. Principal component analysis （PCA） was applied for data dimension reduction， and the first two dimensions with a cumulative contribution rate of 97% were chosen as the characteristics of the original data. The classification of the data feature was implemented using the k-nearest neighbor （KNN） nonlinear classifier， and the parameters of the KNN model were optimized using GridSearchCV. Confusion Matrix， accuracy， recall rate and F1 score were used as the indexes for model evaluation， and the performance of this model was compared with three other common models， including support vector machine， random forest and artificial neural network.Results The classification accuracy of eight mycotoxins in wheat using the combination of borderline-SMOTE， PCA and KNN model reached 98.31%， and the performance of this approach was superior to other frequently used methods.Conclusion The classification model established in this paper can effectively categorize the wheat samples into three climate regions based on the co-occurrence characteristics of mycotoxins， which provides a basis for region-specific cumulative risk assessment of combined mycotoxin exposure and puts forward a food classification method based on multiple food safety indicators.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the hepatotoxicity induced by the combined exposure of eight types of PAHs （PAH8） in rats， the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of benchmark dose （BMDL） of PAH8-induced hepatotoxicity was determined using the benchmark dose （BMD） method.Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups （10 rats in each group） and were exposed to PAH8 at doses of 0， 10， 50， 250， and 1 000 μg/kg·BW， respectively. Rats were sacrificed after 30 d， and organ coefficients were calculated. Liver pathological examination and oil-red O staining were performed. Serum alanine aminotransferase， aspartate aminotransferase， malondialdehyde， glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）， triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC） levels， and liver TG and TC levels were measured. Hepatotoxicity data with statistical significance， toxicological significance， and dose-effect trend were selected. BMD analysis was performed using the BMDS 3.2 software. BMDL values of PAH8-induced hepatotoxicity in rats were obtained by choosing the optimal fitting model.Results The liver coefficient of the 1 000 μg/kg·BW group was significantly higher than that in the control group （P<0.05）. After PAH8 exposure， some rats showed pathological changes， such as cell edema， inflammatory infiltration， and liver steatosis. Serum GSH-Px in the 10-250 μg/kg·BW group was significantly higher than that in the control group （P<0.01） but significantly decreased in the 1 000 μg/kg·BW group （P<0.001）. The TC content in the liver showed a dose-dependent trend and increased significantly in the 1 000 μg/kg·BW group （P<0.001）. No significant changes in other indexes were observed compared with the control group （P>0.05）. Liver TC content was used for BMD analysis， and the BMDL and BMD of PAH8 based on the Hill model were 47.61 and 213.52 μg/kg·BW， respectively. The non-observed adverse effect level and lowest observed adverse effect level of PAH8 were 250 and 1 000 μg/kg·BW， respectively.Conclusion Combined exposure to PAH8 caused abnormal lipid accumulation in the liver， and the BMDL value of liver toxicity in PAH8 rats was 47.61 μg/kg·BW， which was lower than the NOAEL/LOAEL.

Abstract:Objective To explore the serotypes， drug-resistance phenotypes， molecular characteristics， and relevance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus （Vp） from aquatic and clinical isolates procured in 2020 from Shaoxing.Methods A total of 66 aquatic isolates （mainly soft-shelled turtles and spiral shells） and 67 clinical isolates of Vp were collected in 2020 from Shaoxing. Serotype detection was performed using slide agglutination. Drug susceptibility of nine kinds of antibiotics was acquired using the broth microdilution method. Clustering analysis was performed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）.Results The 66 aquatic isolates were divided into 9 serogroups and 35 serotypes. Moreover， O2：K28 was the dominant serotype， accounting for 18.18% （12/66）. The 67 clinical isolates were divided into 4 serogroups and 10 serotypes， and O3：K6 was the dominant serotype， accounting for 47.76% （32/67）. The aquatic isolates were resistant to nine kinds of antibiotics at different degrees， while the clinical isolates were only resistant to ampicillin. The resistance rate of aquatic isolates to ampicillin was 19.70% （13/66）， which was marginally higher than that of clinical isolates （11.94%， 8/67）， with two multidrug-resistant strains. A total of 52 aquatic isolates were divided into 51 band types and 50 band clusters. Moreover， 63 clinical isolates were divided into 32 band types and 17 band clusters. The 115 strains isolated from aquatic and clinical isolates were divided into 83 band types and 67 band clusters.Conclusion The Vp serogroups in aquatic isolates from soft-shelled turtles and spiral shells in Shaoxing are complex and diverse. The drug resistance of clinical isolates was lower than that of aquatic isolates. The similarity of molecular typing between aquatic isolates and clinical isolates was low， and there was no cross-aggregation. Therefore， the monitoring scope of aquatic products should be further expanded， the source of pollution more accurately determined， and the occurrence of foodborne diseases of Vp caused by aquatic products reduced.

Abstract:Objective To establish a high choline diet mouse model and investigate the effect of high choline diet on serum amino acid metabolism in mice.Methods Twenty SPF-grade 4-week-old mice were randomly divided into two groups， the control group was given ordinary mouse food and laboratory drinking water， and the high-choline diet group were given 3% choline aqueous solution instead of daily drinking water. Serum was collected after 8 weeks of feeding， and serum amino acids levels were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were used to determine the similarity of amino acid composition between the high choline diet group and the control group.Results Compared with the control group， the levels of cystine， serine， alanine， glutamic acid， phenylalanine， asparagine， threonine， proline， trans-4-hydroxyproline and branched-chain amino acids were significantly higher and the levels of lysine were significantly lower in the high-choline diet group， with isoleucine levels of 34.20±2.71 and 72.59±10.42 μmol/L； the levels of leucine were 68.59±4.06 and 113.04±14.64 μmol/L； the levels of valine were 129.86±10.54 and 161.95±16.54 μmol/L， respectively， and the differences between groups were statistically significant （P<0.05）.Conclusion The high choline diet cause significant changes in serum amino acid metabolism in mice.

Abstract:Objective To establish a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （PCR） method for rapid and accurate identification of Cronobacter spp. in food samples and artificially contaminated samples.Methods Primers and probes were designed based on the conserved region of gyrB of Cronobacter spp. DNA. The method was verified using a specificity test， absolute sensitivity test， relative sensitivity test， and anti-interference test. Detection sensitivity was determined using artificially contaminated samples.Results The method established in this study could specifically amplify seven kinds of Cronobacter spp.， but not the other Enterobacter species closely related to it and other pathogens common in food， suggesting that this method has good anti-interference ability. The absolute sensitivity was 1-10 pg and the relative sensitivity was 10³ CFU/mL using Cronobacter sakazakii. It had good anti-interference ability at the genome and culture level. The sensitivity of artificially contaminated samples could reach 10⁰ CFU/mL after incubation at 36 ℃ for 24 h.Conclusion The real-time PCR method developed in this study is rapid， specific， sensitive， and stable for the detection of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula food samples and can provide technical reference for the detection of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula food.

Abstract:Objective To explore the maximum allowable concentration of six chemical reagents and three enzyme lysates in a polymerase chain reaction （PCR） amplification system and the differences of IGEPAL CA-630 cleaving different species.Methods Prepare different kinds of working solutions， including six chemical reagents （IGEPAL CA-630， CTAB， SDS， EDTA， guanidine isothiocyanate， and NaOH） and three enzymes （lysozyme， lysostaphin， and protease K） with different concentrations. Add the working solutions to the fluorescent quantitative PCR system and then analyze the differences in Ct values. Streptococcus thermophilus， Staphylococcus aureus， and Escherichia coli were lysed with IGEPAL CA-630 solutions （1% and 0.1% with TE buffer）， TE buffer and deionized water， respectively， and the differences in PCR results were analyzed.Results In the PCR system， the maximum allowable final concentrations of IGEPAL CA-630， CTAB， SDS， EDTA， guanidine isothiocyanate， and NaOH were 0.800‰， 0.256‰， 0.012 8‰， 0.8 mmol/L， 0.012 8 mol/L， and 0.64 mmol/L respectively. The maximum allowable concentrations of lysozyme， lysostaphin， and protease K were 0.512， 1.28， and 0.512 μg/mL. In the lysing of S. thermophilus and S. aureus with IGEPAL CA-630， the Ct values of TE solution， 0.1% and 1% IGEPAL CA-630 decreased successively， with no significant difference between the TE solution and deionized water. There was no significant difference in Ct values of E. coli treated with deionized water， TE solution， 0.1% and 1% IGEPAL CA-630.Conclusion This study established the maximum allowable concentration of the above nine components in the PCR amplification solution. Additionally， it was found that increasing the concentration of IGEPAL CA-630 could enhance DNA extraction from gram-positive bacteria.

Abstract:Objective To understand the residue status of banned and restricted pesticides in vegetables sold in Inner Mongolia， and to provide scientific basis for relevant departments to formulate targeted and effective supervision and control countermeasures for banned and restricted pesticides.Methods From 2015 to 2021， vegetables were collected and sold in 12 league cities in Inner Mongolia， and pesticide residues in vegetables were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The test results are determined according to the Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food of National Food Safety Standard （GB 2763—2021）.Results A total of 1 721 vegetable samples were collected， and 20 prohibited pesticides were monitored， including carbamate， organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides. The total detection rate of 20 prohibited pesticides was 9.24% （159/1 721）， and the total overstandard rate was 5.35% （92/1 721）. Among the 20 prohibited pesticides， the other 16 pesticides were detected except carbosulfan， methomyl， aldicarb and chlorazophos. The highest detection rate was monophosphorus， which was 4.64% （21/453）. The over-standard rate was the highest for Diguo， 2.50% （24/959）. The detection rate and overstandard rate of forbidden pesticides in leaf vegetables were 12.11% （77/636） and 8.18% （52/636）， respectively.Conclusion Several banned and restricted pesticides were detected in vegetables sold in Inner Mongolia. It is suggested that relevant departments strengthen the supervision of banned andrestricted pesticides to ensure the safety of the people’s tongue.

Abstract:Objective To understand the residues of tetracycline antibiotics （TCs） in drinking water in He’nan Province， and conduct health risk assessment.Methods Tap water samples were collected from He’nan Province， and the residues of TCs in the water samples were examined by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography. A risk calculation model was used to assess the health risks， and the total carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of various antibiotics were obtained by simply adding up the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of each contaminant separately， without considering the effects of contaminant interactions.Results Differential hygromycin and chlortetracycline were not detected in any of the different water source types， while the remaining nine TCs were detected， with detection rates ranging from 6.0% to 100.0% and concentrations ranging from ND to 3.23 ng/L.Oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were not detected in different water sources； Doxycycline and Chlortetracycline are detected in source water， factory water and terminal water， while Demeclocycline and methylenenenenebc oxytetracycline are only detected in the reservoir and groundwater in factory water， but are detected in other water sources； Tetracycline and Oxytetracycline were not detected only in the reservoir water of source water， factory water and terminal water， but were detected in other water sources. Minocycline was detected only in the river water of source water and terminal water； Chlortetracycline， doxycycline and methylenenenenebb oxytetracycline were detected during the normal water period in Henan Province， and the main pollutants were doxycycline； However， in the dry season， it was found that epidoxycycline， tetracycline， doxycycline， Oxytetracycline， Minocycline， methylene Oxytetracycline， and chlorotetracycline were the main pollutants of epidoxycycline， Oxytetracycline， and Oxytetracycline； The concentration of TCs in source water of He’nan Province ranges from ND to 3.21 ng/L， factory water ND to 1.66 ng/L， and peripheral water ND to 1.16 ng/L； Non carcinogenic risk of TCs in drinking water sources， factory and peripheral water samples during dry and normal water periods 3.40×10^-7-3.28×10^-6， far less than 1； the total carcinogenic risk was 1.30×10^-7-1.43×10^-6， much less than 10^-4， within the acceptable range， and the health risk of drinking water is higher in adults than in children.Conclusion There is a problem of TCs pollution in drinking water in He’nan Province. The main pollutants are doxycycline， epidoxycycline and Oxytetracycline， and the health risk is at an acceptable level.

Abstract:Objective To investigate beverage consumption and influence factors of primary and secondary school students， and provide a scientific basis for guiding the reasonable consumption of beverages for middle and elementary school students in Hebei Province.Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was applied to sample participants， and 3 259 primary and secondary school students were enrolled. Food Frequency Questionnaire was employed to collect beverage consumption situation in the last month.Results The beverage consumption rate of primary and secondary school students in Hebei Province was 66.62% （2 171/3 259）. And the most common beverages were： vegetable protein beverages （28.60%）， carbonated beverages （24.70%）， non-100% fruit and vegetable juices （24.09%）. The consumption rates of plant protein beverages， non-100% fruit and vegetable juice beverages， carbonated beverages， and milk-containing beverages among primary school students were higher than those among middle school students （P<0.05）； and the consumption rate of tea beverages among middle school students was higher than that of primary school students （P<0.05）. Logistic regression analysis showed that gender， region， school stage and mother’s degree of education had an impact on the beverage consumption rate of primary and secondary school students （P<0.05）.Conclusion The beverage consumption of primary and secondary school students in Hebei Province is common ， and targeted education should be adopted to promote their scientific consumption.

Abstract:Risk assessment of non-intentionally added substances， including oligomers， in food contact materials is of great importance for ensuring food safety. Research articles and risk assessment reports at home and abroad were collected to analyze the sources and risk assessment methods of oligomers in food contact materials systematically. The steps and methods of risk assessment of oligomers were introduced， using 1，2，3，4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2，6-dicarboxylic acid， dimethyl ester and Cyclo-di-BADGE as case studies， so as to provide methodological support for the risk assessment and risk management of oligomers in food contact materials in China.

Abstract:Objective To establish the risk assessment method of food disinfectant with the peroxyacetic acid disinfectant for poultry slaughtering and processing as the model disinfectant.Methods Referring to the risk assessment methods of food disinfectants from international organizations， the risk assessment method of food disinfectants suitable for China was established by considering the health effects， efficacy， and antimicrobial resistance. The safety of peroxyacetic acid disinfectant used for carcass disinfection during poultry slaughtering was assessed using the established method.Results Under the setting condition， the health risk of the ingredients of the peroxyacetic acid disinfectant （peroxyacetic acid， acetic acid， hydrogen peroxide， and 1-hydroxyethylidine-1，1-diphosphonic acid） and the disinfection byproducts and reaction products after the treatment did not need priority attention. Based on the literature search results， the use of peroxyacetic acid disinfectants may not lead to decreased efficacy of fungicides and/or be associated with antimicrobial resistance.Conclusion The risk assessment method for food disinfectants in China was established， which can be used as a methodological reference for the safety assessment of the new food disinfectant products in the future.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the content of copper in food in He’nan Province， and to evaluate the dietary intake of copper from food and its potential health risks in He’nan population.Methods Based on the data of copper in foods in He’nan Province in 2014—2021 and the data of Chinese food consumption surveillance in 2012， the dietary intake of copper in He’nan population was evaluated by simple distribution model method.Results The mean and high level （P97.5） daily intake of copper from food by the total survey population were 1.75 mg/d， and 3.51 mg/d， respectively. Of the total survey population， the percentage of people with a dietary intake of copper < estimated average requirement （EAR）， EAR - recommended nutrient intake （RNI）， RNI - tolerable upper intake level （UL）， ≥ UL were 0.21%， 1.16%， 98.10%， and 0.53%， respectively. Cereal （24.51%-40.50%）， vegetables （15.88%-30.98%）， fruits （4.14%-7.72%）， and drinking water （4.70%-6.91%） were the main sources of the dietary intake of copper.Conclusion The copper intake from food in He’nan population was generally acceptable， and its health risk was small. The proportions of children in 2-3 years old group with an intake of copper less than EAR and exceeding UL were comparatively high， which need to be concerned.

Abstract:Objective Statistical analysis of the domestic health food that has been filed from July 2017 to April 2022 was carried out to provide reference about the research and filing of health food for manufacturers ， and to provide data support for regulatory authorities to formulate relevant regulations.Methods A total of 9 835 health food records were collected from the special food information inquiry platform of the State Administration for Market Regulation and administration for market regulation of all provinces， autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The number of records， filing regions， dosage forms， product types， health functions and raw material compatibility were analyzed.Results The number of health food records in China had been increasing overall since 2017， but the regional distribution of health food records was uneven. Among them， tablets accounted for more than 50% and capsule products for about 30% in shape； of 8 950 nutrient supplements， the largest number of products supplemented with single nutrient supplements was 43.7%. A total of 885 functional health food products had been recorded. The number of products with spirulina as raw material was less， while the number of other four raw materials were all over 150.Conclusion Since the beginning of domestic health food recording， the number of recorded products has reached up to nearly 10 000. We recommend that he relevant regulatory departments should continuously improve the existing regulations to ensure the steady and rapid development of health food filing in China. Manufacturers shall， in accordance with people’s health needs and relevant regulations， carry out formulation research and product filing， which will not only bring economic benefits to manufacturers themselves， but also help promote the construction of “Healthy China”.

Abstract:Objective To provide a reference for strengthening the construction of food safety and nutrition talents， the construction of full- and part-time technical personnel in food safety and nutrition from the perspective of the health system was analyzed.Methods Literature analysis， statistical description， questionnaire survey， expert consultation and other methods were comprehensively used to analyze the current situation and problems affecting food safety and nutrition talent team construction while proposing strategic suggestions to strengthen talent construction.Results China’s food safety and nutrition sector is faced with challenges such as insufficient quantity， unreasonable structure， weak technical abilities， a shortage of high-level leading talents， and a lack of an extensive talent management system and mechanism. Possible solutions involve taking disciplines as the starting point to build a talent stronghold in the field of food safety and nutrition. This includes improving the food safety and nutrition personnel training system， continuously improving capabilities， innovating and improving the talent management system and mechanism， stimulating vitality， and mobilizing enthusiasm.Conclusion The construction of food safety and nutrition talent should be given more attention by constantly improving the technical level and service capacity and providing talent guarantee for food safety.

Abstract:Objective This paper analyzes the key concerns of the European union （EU） in the field of food and summarizes the problems of food quality and safety in China and the measures to be taken based on the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed （RASFF） notifications to the public on food safety in China from 2019 to 2021.Methods Summarizing the situation of the EU RASFF notification to China in 2019—2021， Classification statistical analysis was carried out from five analysis dimensions， including notification type， notification country， product type， hazard type， notification type and hazard type correlation analysis.Results In 2021， the EU RASFF notified 158 cases of food to China， accounting for 50.16% of notifications to China. The three types of products notified accounted for a higher percentage： fruits and vegetables （29 cases）， fish and its products （16 cases）， herbs and spices （16 cases）. Four types of hazards， such as pesticide residues， food additives and flavorings， industrial pollutants， and mycotoxins， accounted for a relatively high proportion. The problem of ethylene oxide exceeding the standard exists in some food categories in China， but China’s relevant studies on the exposure of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in food were less， and the national standards for detection methods and limits in food had not yet been established. Among the border rejection types of notification， pesticide residues （20 cases）， mycotoxins （5 cases）， pathogenic microorganisms （4 cases） and other hazard factors accounted for a relatively high percentage.Conclusion This paper summarizes the EU RASFF notification of China’s food safety situation exported to Europe， in order to reduce the occurrence of similar situations， and provide reference for China’s market supervision departments and export food enterprises.

Abstract:Objective To assess the impact of reducing sodium content in instant noodles on sodium intake levels among instant noodle consumers under different scenarios， the dietary sodium intake level of instant noodle consumers in China was analyzed.Methods Data were collected from the special monitoring of sodium content in instant noodles and other foods. According to the consumption data of various foods from China Food Consumption Survey from 2017 to 2020， the simple distribution model was used to evaluate the daily dietary sodium intake and distribution of instant noodle consumers， and the contribution rate of different foods. Four scenarios were to reduce the sodium content of instant noodles by 10% or 20%， and 1/2 or 1/3 instant noodles seasoning bag.Results The average sodium content in instant noodle samples was 2 129.30 mg/100 g， and the average dietary sodium intake of instant noodle consumers was 5 462.68 mg/d. The average dietary sodium intake of all age groups was more than 2 000 mg/d （WHO）， and the average dietary sodium intake of 98.53% instant noodle consumers exceeded the proposed intakes for preventing non-communicable chronic diseases value of the corresponding age group. Condiments were the main source of dietary sodium intake of instant noodles consumers， and the contribution of instant noodles was about 12.69%. 1/3 instant noodles seasoning bags could reduce the total sodium intake of instant noodle consumers by 6.74%.Conclusion The sodium intake level of instant noodles consumers in China was still at a high level. By reducing the sodium content of instant noodles or reducing the amount of condiment package， the sodium intake level of the population could be reduced to a certain degree. This study provided scientific results reference for the domestic instant noodle industry to reduce salt （sodium）.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the status of cooking oil consumption among Chinese adults aged from 18 to 59 in 23 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities） during 2017 and 2020.Methods The data were obtained from the Chinese residents’ food consumption survey conducted by the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment in 2017 and 2020， using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method proportional to the population. In this study， adults aged from 18 to 59， who participated in the household condiments weighing survey， were selected. Household cooking oil data and individual total number of diners were obtained by weighing accounting method， allocated to individuals according to the ratio of energy intake of household members， and evaluated by the recommended consumption of 25-30 g/d for adults in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents. According to the fatty acid content in the Chinese Food Composition Table （6^th edition）， the fatty acid content in cooking oil was calculated by combining the consumption of different cooking oil.Results The average consumption of cooking oil by Chinese adults aged from 18 to 59 was 36.23 g/d， vegetable oil was 33.99 g/d， animal oil was 2.17 g/d， and mixed oil was 0.08 g/d （animal and plant mixed oil）. There were significant differences in the consumption of cooking oil among different age groups， genders， places of residence， household income levels， educational levels， and regions （P<0.05）. In China， 50.72% of adults aged from 18 to 59 consumed more cooking oil than the maximum recommended intake of 30 g/d. The highest consumption rate of cooking oils was for rapeseed oil， peanut oil， and sesame oil， and the highest consumption was for rapeseed oil， peanut oil， and soybean oil. Fatty acid intake through cooking oil was mainly unsaturated fatty acids.Conclusion The consumption of cooking oil by Chinese adults aged from 18 to 59 was still at a high level， and more than half consumed too much. Different measures should be taken to reduce the consumption of cooking oil in different groups.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rural banquet foodborne disease outbreaks in China from 2010 to 2020 and provide a reference for formulating rural banquet foodborne disease prevention and control measures.Methods Data on foodborne disease outbreaks in rural banquet reported in the China Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System from 2010 to 2020 were statistically analyzed.Results From 2010 to 2020， a total of 1 421 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in rural banquets， with 31 078 cases， 64 deaths， a fatality rate of 0.21%， and an average of 22 cases per outbreak. The overall incidence showed an upward trend. The top five provinces in China were Yunnan Province， Jiangsu Province， Hu’nan Province， Sichuan Province and Anhui Province， with 728 reports accounting for 51.23% （728/1 421）. The time distribution was mainly concentrated in the second and third quarters of the year. According to the analysis of pathogenic factors， pathogenic microorganisms， such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella， had the highest number of cases. The disease factor causing the highest number of deaths was methanol， followed by aconitine plants， toadstools， and toxic wild honey. Meat （livestock meat， poultry meat） and aquatic products such as crustaceans， mollusks and fish were the main causes of foodborne diseases.Conclusion Based on the high incidence areas， high incidence seasons， main pathogenic factors and causes of foodborne diseases in rural banquets in China， effective measures were implemented， focusing on monitoring and management to successfully prevent and control the occurrence of such diseases.

Abstract:Objective To provide scientific evidence for disease prevention and control， the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease in Hangzhou City were studied.Methods Data on foodborne diseases in 60 surveillance hospitals in Hangzhou were collected from 2012 to 2020. Epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of these surveillance data were analyzed.Results A total of 54 479 cases of foodborne disease were reported in Hangzhou from 2012 to 2020， and most cases （67.83%，36 954/54 479） appeared from May to October. Adults 26 to 35 years old （21.78%，11 865/54 479） and children ≤5 years old （17.08%，9 307/54 479） were more vulnerable to foodborne disease. Among different occupational groups， the proportion of farmers was the highest， followed by official staff and nursery children. A total of 41 905 samples were collected， and 3 380 strains of pathogens were isolated. The positive rate of Norovirus was the highest （8.77%，734/8 370）， followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus （2.68%，1 097/40 914）， Diarrheogenic Escherichia.coli （2.39%，527/22 012）， Salmonella （2.38%，978/41 052）， and Shigella （0.11%，44/41 046）. The Norovirus positive rate peak was observed in March and November， whereas that of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was in August.Conclusion The incidence of foodborne diseases in Hangzhou City has noticeable seasonal and population distribution characteristics. The monitoring of foodborne pathogens and the suspicious food investigation of foodborne disease cases should be strengthened to provide technical support for effective prevention and control.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the incidence trends and epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by poisonous wild fruits in China from 2010 to 2020 and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases.Methods Descriptive epidemiological data of all foodborne disease outbreaks caused by poisonous wild fruits reported in China from 2010 to 2020， using data from the “National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System” was analyzed.Results From 2010 to 2020， a total of 399 cases of food poisoning outbreaks were reported， with 1 585 poisoning cases and 7 deaths； the case fatality rate was 0.44%. The most frequent reports were in the second quarter. The number of incident reports and cases in May was the highest， accounting for 50.63%（202/399）and 42.08% （667/1 585）， respectively. Southwest， South China and Central China had the highest number of incident reports and cases， 94.49% （377/399） and 94.26% （1 494/1 585）， respectively. Guizhou， Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces had the highest number of incident reports and cases， accounting for 72.18% （288/399） and 62.65% （993/1 585）， respectively. A total of 132 cases in the families were reported， with 439 cases of illness and 6 deaths， accounting for 33.08%， 27.70%， and 85.71%， respectively. The highest proportion of reported incidents was due to Coriaria massoniana， accounting for 59.15% （236/399）， followed by C. sibirica， and M. leprae. The primary cause of the incidents was fruit misuse， accounting for 98.75%（394/399）， and 99.25% （396/399） had less than 30 patients per incident.Conclusion The situation of outbreaks caused by poisonous wild fruits was serious in China. Therefore， it is necessary to improve the monitoring and rescue abilities of primary disease control and primary medical institutions. Health education should be reinforced in high-risk areas and key population groups during the high-risk season.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks on campus in Shandong Province as a reference basis for effective prevention and control of foodborne diseases on campus.Methods The surveillance data of foodborne disease outbreaks on campus in Shandong Province reported by the National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance Network from 2014 to 2021， were collected. The epidemiological characteristics， such as onset time， onset area， pathogenic factors， causative foods and initiating links， were analyzed.Results A total of 425 foodborne disease outbreaks on campus were reported in Shandong Province， with a total of 5 147 cases， with an average annual incidence of about 643 cases， 653 cases of hospitalization， and 0 cases of death. No pathogenic factors were identified in 83.1% （353/425） of the outbreaks， and no causative food was identified in 22.4% （95/425） of outbreaks. The number of outbreak events caused by microbial factors was the largest， accounting for 76.4% （55/72） of the outbreak events with known etiology. Bacillus cereus and Salmonella were the most common pathogens， accounting for 25.5% （14/55） and 21.8% （12/55） of microbial outbreak events， respectively. The most common reasons were mixed food （18.1%，77/425）， a variety of foods （15.3%，65/425）， meat and meat products （13.7%，58/425）， and grain products （8.9%，38/425）. September is the high month； the trigger factors were multiple， followed by improper processing， improper storage and misuse of food.Conclusion Schools and relevant departments of food safety management should conduct regular training for cafeteria staff and food safety education for students， strictly keep food samples for each meal， and strengthen collaboration among all departments to improve incident identification rates.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella infection in Wenzhou City from 2006 to 2021 and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Salmonella infection.Methods Salmonella was identified and serotyped， and the epidemiological and etiological characteristics were analyzed.Results From 2006 to 2021， 1 232 strains of Salmonella were isolated from 42 300 cases of diarrhea caused by foodborne diseases in Wenzhou City， with a total isolation rate of 2.91%， covering 90 serotypes （14 flora）， of which the floras were mainly O： 4（B）， O： 9（D1）， O： 3，10（E1）， O： 8（C2-C3）， and O： 7 （C1）； Salmonella typhimurium， Salmonella enteritidis， Salmonella London， and Salmonella derby were the main serotypes； 18-60 years old， over 61 years old and under 2 years old infants were the main infection group； Salmonella was susceptible mainly in spring， summer and autumn with obvious seasonality and the peak period of detection of foodborne Salmonella was from May to November.Conclusion Salmonella infection in Wenzhou City has obvious epidemiological characteristics in terms of seasonal and population distribution； therefore， we should continue to strengthen the surveillance of food-borne diseases， and further improve the ability of early identification， early warning， prevention， and control of hidden dangers in food safety.

Abstract:Objective To provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies， the epidemic characteristics of mushroom poisoning in Guizhou Province from 2011 to 2021 were analyzed.Methods A descriptive analysis of mushroom poisoning incidents reported to the surveillance system of foodborne disease outbreaks was conducted in the Guizhou Province from 2011 to 2021.Results A total of 1 527 cases of mushroom poisoning were reported in Guizhou province from 2011 to 2021， including 5 312 cases and 95 deaths， with a fatality rate of 1.79%. The largest number of reports was published in 2020. A high incidence was observed in the second and third quarters. The poisoning place mainly occurred in the family. Fifty-five deaths incidents were reported.Conclusion Mushroom poisoning is one of the most reported and fatal foodborne diseases in Guizhou Province， with the highest incidence in rural families. Effective publicity and education should be provided for rural families to reduce mushroom poisoning incidences in Guizhou Province.

Abstract:Group B Streptococcus （GBS） is an important opportunistic pathogen that exists in a variety of animals and can infect humans， mainly causing a variety of invasive diseases in pregnant women and newborns. ST283 is a sequence type of GBS that has been found from freshwater fish cultured in Southeast Asia in recent years， and has attracted widespread attention because this type of GBS is suggested to cause food-related invasive diseases in human. As a major country in freshwater fish farming and consumption， China still needs to pay attention although no relevant cases have been reported in the inland. This paper elaborates on the available information on GBS ST283 in various countries to provide reference for the development of GBS monitoring and evaluation criteria in China.

Abstract:Promoting big data， artificial intelligence and other digital technologies to empower smart supervision is the only way to achieve the informatization of supervision in the new era， and to promote the modernization of national governance systems and capabilities. This article explores the development process and construction ideas of the market supervision informatization project （part of the National Health Commission）； analyzes the economic and social benefits of the project； some countermeasures and suggestions for reference are put forward for the problems exposed in network and data security， business collaboration and data sharing， and digital technology empowerment supervision services. The goal of the research is to point out the right and scientific guidance for the project， and make the project really useful and helpful for the market supervision. The final target is to improve the level of supervision informatization and promote the capacity building of supervision modernization， strengthen the modernization level of the governance system and capabilities， and improve the level of services for improving and guaranteeing people’s livelihood.

Abstract:Sterilization is an indispensable part of food processing. This paper discusses the theories and applications of four currently widely used non-thermal sterilization technologies， including dense phase carbon dioxide， electron beam irradiation， pulsed light， and sonodynamic sterilization. Compared with traditional sterilization methods， these four technologies offer advantages in color maintenance， preservation of food flavor and nutrients， economy of energy， enhanced safety， and expense savings. Therefore， the development of new technologies will provide a frame of reference for choosing the most suitable sterilization technique to best maintain the quality of each kind of food.

Abstract:Mycotoxins have proven to be harmful substances to human health. Edible vegetable oils contain a variety of mycotoxins that are carcinogenic， mutagenic， and genotoxic to the human body. This paper comprehensively discusses the research progress on mycotoxins in edible vegetable oils， covering aspects such as their sources， harmful effects， detection methods， limit standards， pollution status， and pollution control.