Abstract:Objective To explore the association of human pesticide and veterinary chemical pollutant residues on hypercholesterolemia based on the principal component analysis （PCA）-Logistic regression model.Methods The data were collected from a survey done in a 2018 to 2019 study on the appropriate physical activity to reduce the risk of nutrition-related chronic disease in overweight adults. A total of 496 adult residents with demographic information， physical measurements， serum pesticides and veterinary chemical pollutants， and blood lipid testing data were selected as the research subjects. Logistic and PCA-Logistic regression analyses were used to establish the models separately to explore the risk factors of hypercholesterolemia. The discrimination ability of the models was evaluated by the area of under curve （AUC）.Results PCA-Logistic regression analysis revealed that pesticide and veterinary chemical pollutant residues， including furaltadone， 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate（EHDPP）， perflurohexane sulfonate（PFHxS）， and 4-chlorophenoxyacetate（4-CPA）， had significant impacts on hypercholesterolemia. The PCA-Logistic regression model showed better distinguishing performance than the ordinary Logistic model （AUC 0.736 vs 0.695）.Conclusion Pesticide and veterinary chemical pollutant residues that include furaltadone， EHDPP， PFHxS， 4-CPA are important risk factors for hypercholesterolemia. PCA-Logistic regression analysis can be effective to explore the association between human pesticide and veterinary chemical pollutant residues and hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract:Objective To identify the risk factors of developing hyperuricemia （HUA）， especially due to exposure to chemical contaminants， common pesticides， and veterinary drugs in humans. Subsequently， the effect of machine learning techniques on exposure data of agricultural and veterinary drugs and chemical pollutants was explored.Methods According to the “Study on Appropriate Physical Activity to Reduce the Risk of Nutrition-related Chronic Diseases in Overweight Adults” program conducted in Shijiazhuang and Hangzhou， China， from 2018 to 2019， traditional logistic regression and random forest （RF） were used to establish prediction models using demographic indicators and exposure to pesticides， veterinary drugs， and chemical contaminantsas covariates on the development of HUA. The discrimination of the models were assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve （AUC）.Results RF analysis revealed that the top five factors affecting the development of HUA were doxycycline，4-chlorophenoxyacetate （4-CPA）， furaltadone， prochloraz， and perfluorodecanoic acid （PFDA）. The RF model showed better discriminant ability than the logistic regression model （AUC 0.934 vs. 0.735）.Conclusion Exposure to doxycycline， 4-CPA， furaltadone， prochloraz and PFDA， alcohol drinking history， living in Hangzhou， and a level of triglycerides ≥ 2.26 mmol/L may be risk factors for developing HUA. The RF model was suitable to analyze associations of chemical contaminants， pesticides， and veterinary drugs data， and ehibited a significantly improved discriminatory ability for identifying HUA patients compared with the conventional logistic regression model.

Abstract:Objective To explore the association between pesticide and veterinary drug exposure and the incidence of diabetes mellitus based on Lasso feature selection and the XGBoost model.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shijiazhuang and Hangzhou， China， between 2018 and 2019， enrolling 80 participants with diabetes and 410 healthy controls. The basic personal information， physical measurements， blood biochemical data， and serum exposure concentration data concerning agricultural or veterinary drugs and chemical pollutants were extracted using a questionnaire. Lasso was used for screening variables. Logical regression and XGBoost models were introduced for data fitting. The area under the curve （AUC） was compared to evaluate the fitting effect， and the variables were ranked by importance.Results Three features from pesticide and veterinary drug exposure， namely PFOA， PFUdA and EHDPP， were selected as related to diabetes， ranking PFOA> EHDPP> PFUdA. The XGBoost model （AUC = 0.83） performed significantly better than the logistic regression model （AUC = 0.64） in this dataset （P<0.05）.Conclusion Lasso is suitable for screening the factors influencing diabetes. The XGBoost model still had a strong ability to fit complex relationships between various influencing factors. PFOA， PFUdA and EHDPP are significant risk factors for diabetes.

Abstract:Objective The association between chemical pollutant exposure， such as pesticides and chemical pollutants， and hypertension in adult residents of Shijiazhuang and Hangzhou was assessed using various machine learning methods.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shijiazhuang and Hangzhou， China from 2018 to 2019. A total of 496 participants were selected based on their individual characteristics， including， body measurements and routine blood tests， as well as pesticide and chemical pollutant exposure. Lasso was used to select features， which were fitted with logistic regression models and other machine learning methods to study the factors influencing hypertension. The effects of the different models were compared based on the area under the curve （AUC）.Results The Lasso feature selection results showed that pesticides and chemical pollutants， specifically， 4-CPA， PFOA， PFHxS and PFOS were significantly associated with hypertension. Among the machine learning models tested， the support vector machine model had the best performance （AUC=0.71）， which was better than the traditional logistic regression model （AUC=0.57）.Conclusion Exposure to the pesticide chemicals， 4-CPA， PFOA， PFHxS and PFOS， are important risk factors for hypertension. Additionally， machine learning models can be used to study epidemiological influencing factors and have an advantage in fitting non-linear relationships.

Abstract:Objective The factors affecting the establishment of the neonatal gut microbiota during puerperium were studied.Methods Metagenomic technology was used to study the formation of the gut microbial ecosystem of four neonates in confinement during the puerperium， using different feeding methods， birth methods and genders.Results The diversity of neonatal gut microbiota increased significantly from birth to 30 d， and the classes with significant differences in neonatal gut microbiota in the first month were Bacteroides and Actinomyces. The proportion of lactobacilli in the gut of mixed-fed neonates， who were fed breastmilk and infant formula at intervals， was significantly lower than that of neonates who were breastfed. Breastfed neonates had lower gut flora diversity compared to mixed-fed neonates.Mixed-fed neonates had higher gut flora diversity compared to breastfed neonates，the abundance of Bacteroides， Enterobacter and Clostridium was higher than that of breastfed newborns. The order of bacteria with significant differences in the intestinal flora of the breastfeeding and mixed-feeding groups was Bacillus. Additionally， the intestinal flora composition of female infants in the first month was more abundant and evenly distributed than that of male infants.Conclusion Feeding mode， delivery mode， and gender can affect the composition of intestinal microorganisms in newborns during puerperium in varying degrees.

Abstract:Objective To reveal the therapeutic effect and mechanism of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract （GSPE） on sports joint injury （SJI） in rats.Methods After the establishment of the SJI rat model， rats in each group were orally administered different doses of GSPE （0， 50， 100， and 200 mg/kg） for 4 weeks， and a normal control group was established. After the administration of the test substance， the pain condition of the model rats in each group was assessed using the paw withdrawal threshold （PWT） assay. Tail vein blood was collected to detect serum superoxide dismutase （SOD）， glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） content. After the rats were sacrificed， the knee joints were harvested and stained with safranin O-fast green for pathological examination. The protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator alpha （PGC-1α）， phosphorylated-AMP-dependent protein kinase alpha （p-AMPKα）， AMPKα， nuclear respiratory factor 1 （NRF1）， and mitochondrial transcription factor A （TFAM） in knee joint tissue were determined using Western blot.Results With increasing GSPE dose， the PWT of rats with SJI increased （P<0.05）， the shape of knee joint lesions improved， serum SOD and GSH-Px contents increased， and MDA content decreased （P<0.05）. The protein expression levels of PGC-1α， p-AMPKα/AMPKα， NRF-1， and TFAM in knee joint tissues of rats with SJI increased with increasing GSPE dose （P<0.05）.Conclusion GSPE intake effectively alleviated pain and knee joint injury in rats with SJI， and the mechanism was related to the activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α mitochondrial pathway， which inhibits oxidative stress in vivo.

Abstract:Objective To assess the effects of three consecutive days of beetroot juice （BRJ） consumption on the explosive power， repeated sprint ability， and cognitive performance of soccer players with fatigue.Methods A total of 24 male university soccer players were recruited for this randomized， double-blind， placebo-controlled experiment. They were divided into three groups： control， low-dose （300 mL/d with 0.53% NO₃^-）， and high-dose （300 mL/d with 4% NO₃^-） BRJ supplementation. Baseline measurements including countermovement jumps （CMJ）， Yo-Yo intermittent recovery （YY1R）， and Stroop color-word tests were recorded. The participants consumed BRJ or a placebo for 3 d while maintaining their normal training and lifestyle routines. The final measurements were recorded 2 h after the last BRJ supplementation.Results Following short-term BRJ supplementation， individuals in both the low- and high-dose groups achieved significantly higher running distances than those in the control group （P<0.05）. Moreover， individuals in the high-dose group achieved a significantly greater running distance than those in the low-dose group （P<0.05）. There were no significant differences in ratings of perceived exertion （RPE） among the groups during the first 12 sprints （P>0.05）. However， during sprints 13-20， individuals in the control group achieved significantly higher RPE values than those in the low- and high-dose groups （P<0.05）. In terms of CMJ， compared to individuals in the control group， those in the low- and high-dose groups showed significant improvements in jump height and power （P<0.05）， with those in the high-dose group showing greater improvements than those in the low-dose group （P<0.05）. In the Stroop color-word test， compared to individuals in the control group， those in the low- and high-dose groups exhibited significant improvements in accuracy and reduced reaction times （P<0.05）.Conclusion We demonstrated that short-term BRJ supplementation significantly enhanced explosive power and repeated sprint ability in soccer players. It also alleviated the discomfort associated with repeated sprints and mitigated the decline in cognitive performance following high-intensity exercise.

Abstract:Objective To apply microfluidic technology to the human hepatoma （HepG2） cell model construction and potential in vitro safety assessment of aurantio-obtusin.Methods A simulated human microenvironment was constructed with rat tail collagen type Ⅰ （1.3 mg/mL） + gelatin （7.5%）， and acetaminophen （APAP） was used as a positive control. The proliferation activity， live/dead cell staining， and functional biochemical indicators of HepG2 cells were assessed for cell safety using different concentrations of aurantio-obtusin in vitro.Results The stable culture and application of HepG2 cells were achieved with the platform； after 72 h of culture， HepG2 cells proliferated in clusters. After 48 h of continuous treatment with aurantio-obtusin and an increase in the concentration of 0， 50， 100， and 200 μmol/L， the cell viability was 100.0%， 95.3%， 90.3%， and 81.6%， respectively. Compared with the blank control group， the cell inhibitory effect was especially significant at 200 μmol/L （P<0.05）； the number of red-marked dead cells gradually increased with the increase in concentration， and the green-marked number of cells gradually decreased. The content of blood urea nitrogen （BUN） decreased significantly with the increase in concentration. Compared with the blank control group， the difference was significant in the 50-200 μmol/L group （P<0.05）， and the content in the 200 μmol/L group was close to that in the APAP group. No significant difference was observed in the activities of alanine transaminase， aspartate transaminase， and lactate dehydrogenase at different concentrations.Conclusion The microfluidic platform HepG2 cell model has good applicability provides a new approach for combining microfluidic technology and the safety assessment of medicine and food homology substances， and has complementary feasibility in toxicological research methods in vitro.

Abstract:Objective An analytical method was established to determine seven organophosphate esters （OPEs） flame retardant residues in milk by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry.Methods Samples were extracted， cleaned up， and enriched using an acetonitrile-water cold-induced liquid-liquid extraction （CI-LLE） technique. The chromatographic separation of OPEs was performed on an HSS T3 column （2.1 mm × 100 mm， 1.8 μm） by gradient elution using methanol-water as mobile phases. The analytes were detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry using targeted single-ion monitoring mode， and the internal standard method was used for quantitative analysis.Results The determination of seven OPEs showed a good linear relationship ranging from 0.2 to 20 μg/L （R² >0.99）. The limits of detection and quantitation were in the ranges of 0.01-0.21 μg/L and 0.04-1.72 μg/L， respectively. At three different spiked levels， the recoveries for pesticides in blank samples ranged from 88.4% to 118%， with relative standard deviation of 1.15-7.15%.Conclusion This method is simple， reproducible， and sensitive and can be applied to determine trace OPEs in milk.

Abstract:Objective To provide ideas on nutritional support for medical workers， the use and awareness of dietary supplements among medical workers for the normalization of COVID-19 epidemic prevention was explored.Methods From January to April 2021， questionnaires were distributed to a convenient sampling survey of medical workers of the Eastern Health Care Group that had participated in the fight against the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic. Data from 188 electronic questionnaires were collected and the SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results The overall dietary supplement consumption rate of medical workers was 22.34% （42/188）. Workers that were non-drinkers and had a high educational level were significantly more likely to consume dietary supplements than those who were drinkers and had a low educational level （P<0.05）. However， the difference in fatigue and self-assessed health statuses was not significant between individuals who consumed dietary supplements and those that did not （P>0.05）. In terms of awareness attitudes， individuals consuming dietary supplements agreed more with the three viewpoints of “dietary supplements are safe”， “dietary supplements have certain health effects” and “interaction with drugs” （P<0.05）. The three dietary supplements mainly consumed by medical workers were compound vitamin and mineral preparations （59.52%）， single vitamin preparations （57.14%）， and protein powders （40.48%）. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the factors influencing dietary supplement consumption by medical workers were mainly educational level （OR = 7.314） and belief that dietary supplements were safe （OR = 0.098）.Conclusion The consumption rate of dietary supplements among medical workers was low. The nutritional support of medical workers should receive attention to ensure the health status of medical workers under the normalization of epidemic prevention.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the concentration of perchlorate in rice and its products sold in Foshan and provide a theoretical basis for formulating food safety standards and risk management.Methods In March 2021， 233 samples of rice and its products sold in 25 communities from the five districts of Foshan were collected from farmers’ markets， supermarkets， restaurants， and maternal and child stores. An LC/MS-based method was utilized to evaluate the perchlorate concentration in the rice and rice products.Results Perchlorate was detected in 57.8% （52/90） of rice samples， 98.8% （79/80） of wet rice noodles samples， 90% （18/20） of glutinous rice products， 100% （12/12） of local rice products， and 87.1% （27/31） of baby complementary rice-based food samples. The average concentrations of perchlorate were 2.5 μg/kg in rice samples， 6.5 μg/kg in wet rice noodles samples， 3.7 μg/kg in glutinous rice products samples， 4.3 μg/kg in local rice products samples， and 5.5 μg/kg in baby complementary rice-based food samples. Among different types of rice， the average concentration of perchlorate was 2.9 μg/kg in indica rice， 0.5 μg/kg in japonica rice， and 4.2 μg/kg in glutinous rice.Conclusion Perchlorate pollution is prevalent in rice and rice products sold in the markets of Foshan. Lower levels are detected in rice compared with rice products and infant/young children’s complementary foods. Wet rice noodles have the highest level of perchlorate contamination among rice products； the second highest level of perchlorate contamination was detected in baby complementary rice-based foods.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method to derive the acceptable exposure levels of hazard from food contact materials， and assess the theoretical exposure levels and potential health risks of five metal elements released from stainless-steel products for food contact， so as to evaluate the suitability of the current National Standard of Food Safety in China.Methods The acceptable exposure levels of metal elements from stainless-steel products in China were determined in accordance with international allocation principles for acceptable exposure levels of chemical contaminants from drinking-water， metal elements from metal products， and contaminants from food contact materials， dietary exposure levels and toxicology data for the metal elements were also considered. The specific migration limits of lead， cadmium， arsenic， chromium， and nickel in the “National Standard of Food Safety： Metal Materials and Articles for Food Contact （GB 4806.9—2016）”， were used to theoretically estimate the exposure levels of the five metal elements， assuming that each person consumed 1 kg of food in stainless-steel products per day. The health risks of metal elements in stainless-steel products were assessed based on the derived acceptable exposure levels.Results Acceptable exposure levels for lead from stainless-steel products were 0.06 （children）， 0.13 μg/kg·BW （adults）， and those for cadmium， arsenic， chromium， and nickel were 0.08， 0.30， 60.00， and 2.40 μg/kg·BW， respectively. The theoretical exposure levels for lead from stainless-steel products for food contact were 2.50 （children） and 0.83 μg/kg·BW （adults） with margins of exposure of 0.02 （children） and 0.16 （adults）. Meanwhile for arsenic the theoretical exposure level was 0.67 μg/kg·BW， with an MOE of 0.45. Notably， for lead and arsenic the MOE were lower than 1. The theoretical exposure levels for cadmium， chromium， and nickel were 0.33， 33.33， and 8.33 μg/kg·BW， which were 400.12%， 55.56%， and 347.22% of the acceptable exposure levels， respectively.Conclusion Under the current standards in China， the health risk from the release of chromium was low， whereas the health risks from the release of cadmium， nickel， lead， and arsenic were relatively high. Notably， these standards are based on theoretical exposure rather than experimental data. Therefore， it is recommended that risk assessment be performed based on actual migration levels to provide a more accurate assessment of the health risks. This information could then be used to decide whether to revise the current standards （GB 4806.9—2016）.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the food safety of bamboo leaf powder.Methods The edible safety of bamboo leaf powder was evaluated through a literature review and the following aspects were considered： nutritional composition and active ingredient detection， hygiene indexes （heavy metals， pesticide residues， and microbial contamination） detection， toxicological safety evaluation （acute oral toxicity， three genotoxicity， and 90-day oral toxicity tests）.Results Bamboo leaves presented a long history of consumption and use at home and abroad， and no record of poisoning or adverse reactions was found. Bamboo leaf powder contained protein and other nutrients， and a relatively high phenol content. All the sanitary indicators did not exceed the limit requirements of similar foods. The toxicological safety evaluation test showed that bamboo leaf powder had no harmful effects and that its NOAEL was 4.0 g/kg·BW.Conclusion When the dosage of leaf powder is greater than 6 g/d， little adverse health effects may occur in the general adult population.

Abstract:Objective To assess health food production risk evaluation indices and their weights and establish a risk evaluation index system for health food production enterprises in Shandong Province.Methods The “Delphi method”combined with “literature retrieval” “brainstorming” and “expert interview” were used to establish an evaluation index system for health food production in Shandong Province.Results The system consisted of dynamic and static risk evaluation systems. The dynamic risk evaluation system comprised 7 first-level and 32 second-level indicators. The static risk evaluation system comprised 6 first-level and 18 second-level indicators.Conclusion This scientific and reliable study shows that this system can be applied for the comprehensive risk evaluation of health food enterprises in Shandong Province. The system can improve supervision efficiency. Meanwhile， enterprises can be guided to standardize manufacturing behavior and improve risk awareness.

Abstract:Objective In this study， we aimed to investigate and analyze the adulteration of retail aquatic products （fish） via species identification.Methods We used DNA barcoding technology to identify the various sources of retail aquatic products （fish） in retail channels in Shenzhen with COⅠ as the target gene.Results The statistics of the results of BOLD system identification indicated that Lepidocybium flavobrunneum was listed as tuna in 120 retail aquatic products （fish） samples from Shenzhen market. Furthermore， the categorization of some aquatic products was unclear， and the classification of Oncorhynchus species such as rainbow trout as “salmon” was controversial.Conclusion Adulteration and label non-compliance of retail aquatic products （fish） is prevalent in Shenzhen market. Strengthening supervision and continuous standardization of the market order is therefore suggested.

Abstract:Objective To provide a basis for scientific decision-making in the prevention and control of family foodborne disease outbreaks in Hubei Province.Methods National Foodborne Disease Surveillance System data of family foodborne disease outbreaks in Hubei Province from 2011 to 2020 were collected. Epidemic characteristics， namely， onset time， region， food， pathogenic factors， and causes were analyzed.Results A total of 506 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in Hubei Province from 2011 to 2020. There were a cumulative number of 4 503 cases and 46 deaths， including 264 cases of family outbreaks， accounting for 52.17%； 997 cases of family outbreaks， accounting for 22.14%； 44 deaths and a case fatality rate of 4.41%. Outbreaks were most frequent in July， with 98 reported， representing 37.12% of the 264 total events. The main pathogenic factor of family outbreaks was poisonous mushrooms （178 cases， 67.42%）， followed by unknown reasons （37 cases， 14.02%） and chemical pollutants （22 cases， 8.33%）. These three factors accounted for 89.77% of the total reported events and 88.64% of the total deaths （39/44）.Conclusion The main pathogenic factor of family foodborne disease outbreaks in Hubei Province is the accidental consumption or misuse of poisonous mushrooms. Improved public awareness regarding poisonous mushrooms， including their health threats， requires to be promoted.

Abstract:Objective To provide a scientific reference for improving the investigation methodology and the quality of survey reports by examining the reports on foodborne disease events in Sichuan Province from 2015 to 2021.Methods According to National Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System， reports on foodborne diseases （with more than or equal to 10 cases）， in Sichuan Province， from 2015 to 2021 were collected. The reports were evaluated using 39 key indicators following the relevant guidelines and references.Results This analysis included 259 reports. The quality score of the reports ranged from 9 to 34 （median = 23）. The average score of the reports from 2015 to 2021 showed an evident increasing trend （r = 0.964， P < 0.001）. However， there are some notable concerns. In particular， 53.67% of the reports did not calculate the incidence rate， 50.97% did not include clinical feature proportions， only 25.10% utilized the epidemic curve， and only 16 reports provided an analytical epidemiological investigation. Moreover， 66.02% of the reports did not investigate the suspected food processing process， while only 23.94% analyzed the causes of food contamination. The proportion of reports that took water samples， environmental samples， and biological samples from relevant employees was all less than 40.00%. Only 58.69% demonstrated accurate conclusions in their reports. Furthermore， 44.79% of the reports did not ascertain a pathogenic factor， and 60.62% did not identify the source of contamination. Additionally， 32.43% of the reports were logically confusing， and only 42.47% adhered to the correct reporting format.Conclusion Epidemiological investigations and the quality of the investigation reports on foodborne diseases from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province warrant further improvement across all levels.

Abstract:Objective A neuropsychosis poisoning caused by the ingestion of wild mushrooms in April 2021 in Lishui， Zhejiang Province， were investigated. The types of poisonous mushrooms were identified. Poisoning symptoms and treatment measures were reviewed.Methods Epidemiological investigation and clinical treatment analysis were performed. Field mushrooms were collected and speciated based on morphology and molecular biology.Results Epidemiological information revealed that six patients consumed mushrooms that were collected and used it for soup preparation. They developed poisoning symptoms approximately at 30 min to 2 h after consuming the soup. Mild symptoms included nausea， vomiting， and dizziness. Severe symptoms included diminished consciousness and involuntary limb twitching. Patients with mild symptoms recovered and were discharged from hospital on the same day following supportive treatment. Patients with severe symptoms recovered smoothly after hospitalization. Morphological and molecular analyses identified the mushrooms as Amanita pseudosychnopyramis.Conclusion Food poisoning caused by Amanita pseudosychnopyramis has not been previously reported.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination status of foodborne pathogens in meat products in He’nan Province and analyze the serotyping and drug resistance characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae.Methods A total of 1 934 samples of meat products were collected from 21 surveillance sites， including Zhengzhou City， He’nan Province， from 2017 to 2021. Seven foodborne pathogens， including Salmonella， Diarrheogenic Escherichia coli （DEC）， Yersinia enterocolitica， Clostridium perfringens， Listeria monocytogenes， Staphylococcus aureus， and Campylobacter jejuni were detected according to the National Food Contamination and Hazardous Factors Risk Monitoring Manual and the He’nan Food Safety Risk Monitoring Program. The drug susceptibility of DEC and Salmonella was tested using the broth microdilution method to analyze the drug resistance rate， spectrum， and other features.Results Four hundred and seventy eight strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in 1 934 samples， including 96 strains of Salmonella of 26 serotypes， mainly Salmonella enteritidis； 82 strains of DEC， with a predominant pathotype of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli （EAEC）； 68 strains of Clostridium perfringens； 38 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica； 33 strains of Campylobacter jejuni； 140 strains of Listeria monocytogenes； and 21 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The total detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was 24.72%； for prepared meat products， it was 89.00%， followed by raw poultry meat at 36.79% and raw livestock meat at 22.35%. The highest antibiotic resistance rates of the 96 strains of Salmonella were for ampicillin （71.88%）， nalidixic acid （63.54%）， and tetracycline （58.33%）. Eighty-two DEC strains were resistant to tetracycline （84.38%）， ampicillin （67.19%）， and chloramphenicol （64.06%）， with widespread multiple drug resistance.Conclusion The meat products of He’nan Province were contaminated by pathogenic bacteria to varying degrees， especially in prepared meat products. The most common Enterobacteriaceae were DEC and Salmonella， which were mostly resistant to ampicillin and showed multiple drug resistance. The supervision and management of meat products should be strengthened to reduce the incidence rate of foodborne diseases and ensure public food safety.

Abstract:Objective To provide a scientific basis for improving the food safety guarantee system in Guangzhou， an investigation was conducted into the safety risks of online takeaway food in Baiyun district.Methods From 2018 to 2021， 174 online takeaway food samples were collected in Baiyun district， Guangzhou. The microbial contamination of the samples， including the total bacterial count， Escherichia coli， Salmonella， Staphylococcus aureus， Listeria monocytogenes， Bacillus cerus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were cultured and identified.Results Of the 174 online takeaway food samples collected in Baiyun district， Guangzhou from 2018 to 2021， 35 （20.1%） were contaminated with harmful microorganisms. Importantly， Escherichia coli was the most common contaminant. The unqualified rate of samples varied significantly by year and food type （P<0.05）. Univariate analysis showed that the qualified rate of samples varied significantly for samples with different food center temperatures and outdoor humidity conditions （P<0.05）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that a higher food center temperature was associated with a lower unqualified rate （OR=0.917， 95% CI： 0.876-0.960）. The unqualified rate of rice dishes was significantly higher than that of cold dishes （OR=0.010， 95% CI： 0.001-0.159） and sushi hand rolls （OR=0.041， 95% CI： 0.002-0.771） （P<0.05）.Conclusion The study’s findings suggest that a certain degree of bacterial contamination prevails in takeaway food in the Baiyun district of Guangzhou. The market supervision department should take steps to strengthen the supervision and management of food businesses. Importantly， the department should develop and implement more stringent food safety standards

Abstract:Objective Laboratory analyses were performed for a case of food poisoning.Methods The potential foods involved （homemade chili sauce， pickles， sesame sauce， and marinated pig feet） and fecal samples were prepared according to GB 4789.12—2016. Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin gene was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. The detection and confirmation of the toxin were performed by animal experiments. After inoculation on blister meat and TPGYT media， bacteria were cultured， isolated， purified， and identified using blood agar medium.Results The chili sauce tested positive for gene producing type A botulinum toxin in five samples by real-time PCR. Type A botulinum toxin was detected only in chili sauce in animal experiments. Clostridium botulinum type A was isolated from chili sauce and marinated pig feet.Conclusion The food poisoning was attributed to the consumption of home-made chili sauce contaminated with Clostridium botulinum．

Abstract:Objective To provide evidence for timely control measures， the pathogenic characteristics of Vibrio parahemolyticus isolated from a cluster diarrhea event in Nanxun District， Huzhou City， in 2021 were analyzed.Methods Fifty-nine suspected cases were identified by interviewing patients and checking hospitals. Twenty-nine anal swab samples were tested for etiology from cooks， waiters， and patients， and 18 food leftovers. Serotyping， molecular typing， tlh/tdh/trh virulence gene detection， and drug sensitivity testing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates were performed by serological identification， pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）， multiplex fluorescent polymerase chain reaction， and micro-broth dilution methods， respectively.Results Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from anal swab samples of 3 cooks and 6 cases， and the detection rate was 15.79%. The serotype of the isolates was O10：K4. All strains were positive for tlh and tdh and negative for trh. Nine isolates were only resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to the other 12 tested antibiotics. PFGE clustering analysis revealed a 100% similarity coefficient between isolates. The band type of isolates from cooks and patients was consistent.Conclusion The aggregation diarrhea was caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus O10：K4. All isolates harbored the tdh virulence gene. Homology among the isolates was high.

Abstract:Objective The disease burden of foodborne acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella in Heilongjiang Province was estimated to provide evidence for managing and surveilling foodborne diseases.Methods The visit rate for acute gastroenteritis was obtained through a disease burden survey of acute gastroenteritis cases in Heilongjiang Province. The sampling rate， detection rate， and reported cases of non-typhoid Salmonella were obtained from the foodborne disease surveillance data system for Heilongjiang Province. Using the above two datasets， a pyramid model was constructed to estimate the number and incidence of acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella in Heilongjiang Province. @Risk8.2 software was used for the probability estimation and uncertainty analysis of the incidence data for non-typhoid Salmonella-related acute gastroenteritis. The foodborne non-typhoid Salmonella acute gastroenteritis incidence was further estimated.Results An estimated 76 224 cases of acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella were reported in Heilongjiang Province （95 % CI： 60 203-96 626）， and the annual incidence was 202.0/100 000 （95 % CI： 159.6/100 000-256.1/100 000）.Conclusion Non-typhoid Salmonella has caused a large burden of foodborne diseases in Heilongjiang Province， especially in the elderly and infants.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate the factors that influence the consumption of meats among Beijing residents aged 3 years and above， providing a scientific basis for related food nutrition and safety risk assessment and promoting national health.Methods Using the data from the trans fatty acid food consumption survey of the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment in 2020， this study selected 2 394 Beijing residents aged 3 years and above. The food frequency method was employed to collect meat consumption data. χ² tests and multivariate logistic regression were applied to analyze meat consumption and influence factors.Results The percentage of meat consumption was 91.9% among Beijing residents aged 3 years old and above. The pork， beef， mutton， and poultry consumption percentages were 77.4%， 50.6%， 21.5%， and 23.0%， respectively. The meat consumption pattern was significantly influenced by age， ethnicity， education level， occupation， and income （family income of average month） among residents （P<0.05）. Results of multivariate logistic regression showed that ethnicity was an independent risk factor for pork consumption； ethnicity， occupation， and income were independent risk factors for beef consumption； age and income were independent risk factors for mutton consumption； income was an independent risk factor for poultry consumption.Conclusion Meat consumption is high among Beijing residents. Meat varieties are gradually enriched， and the dietary structure is gradually improved. However， pork is still the main meat product among residents. Hence， scientific nutrition guidance should be given to promote national health effectively.

Abstract:Fusarium graminearum （F. graminearum）is the main pathogenic fungus that infects wheat， corn， and other important food crops. Meanwhile， deoxynivalenol secreted by F. graminearum is hard to be removed from contaminated food， it seriously threats human and livestock health. The biosynthesis pathway and molecular regulation mechanisms of DON production in F. graminearum have long been global research priorities. This knowledge is also important for the safety control of DON mycotoxin. The genes， ecoding protein and biological functions of the TRI-cluster genes cluster involved in the biosynthesis of DON in F. graminearum are summarized. The latest research progress on the regulatory mechanism of DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum is outlined. This information will be a valuable reference data for studies addressing the prevention and management of mycotoxin pollution on relevant food crops.

Abstract:Electronic nose has played an active role in food safety because of its fast， nondestructive， and convenient features. This paper reviews the application of electronic nose technology in food safety control in the past five years， including freshness monitoring and shelf life prediction， pesticide residue detection， pathogenic microorganism and toxin detection， adulteration and counterfeiting detection， as well as allergen identification. The integration of other detection methods is compared， existing problems are analyzed， and the development trend is prospected.

Abstract:Nuts and seed foods are rich in protein， fatty acids， and other nutrients， which are popular among consumers. However， these foods were easily contaminated by mold and mycotoxins， posing potential safety risks to human health. In this paper， the prevention and control research progress of mold and it produced mycotoxin in nut and seed foods were reviewed， aiming to provide a scientific basis for the safe production and effective supervision of nut and seed foods.