Abstract:Objective To study the relationship and molecular characteristics of a non-toxic ogawa serotype Vibrio cholerae food isolate with food and clinical isolates at home and abroad.Methods Quantitative polymerase chain reaction （qPCR） and high-throughput sequencing was applied to obtain virulent genes distribution and genome sequence. Bioinformatic methods were used to identify their multi-locus sequencing typing （MLST） types. One hundred and one isolates genomes were mapped to reference genome Vibrio cholerae N16961 to obtain the single nucletiode variant （SNV）. All alignment was applied to construct the evolutionary tree after removing recombination. Comparative genome analysis was applied to the genes presence and absence in food isolates and close strains.Results The food isolate was a cholera toxin negative and toxin-coregulated pilus positive （CNTP） strain of Vibrio cholerae. The MLST type was ST1480 which belonged to the same clonal complex of the ST75 CNTP strain prevalent in Hangzhou. It was in the branch of L3b.1 in the phylogenic tree， and highly homologous to clinical isolates in 2011 （HZ11-1， HZ11-2）. After removing the recombination， there were only 26 different SNVs.Conclusion The food isolate was highly close to the clones of the CNTP Vibrio cholerae L3b.1 branch in Hangzhou. The source of infection in the sporadic cases in Hangzhou may be related to the contamination of reptile so that the disinfection of its breeding sites and sales sites should be strengthen.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the pathogenic characteristics of Salmonella senftenberg isolate causing food poisoning in Xinxiang in 2021.Methods Epidemiological investigation of food poisoning event was performed. Pathogenic bacteria were separated and identified from 11 samples. Ten Salmonella isolates were subjected to serotyping， drug susceptibility testing， detection of characteristic gene fragments （mogA， sseL， mgtC， bcfA， araB） of 5 virulence island （SPIs） and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） typing analysis.Results Serum antigenic formulas of all Salmonella isolates were 1，3，19；g，s，t Salmonella senftenberg. All Salmonella isolates were resistant to cefazolin， kanamycin， gentamicin and amikacin. Among them， two isolates from the patient feces were also resistant to ampicillin， tetracycline，doxycycline，chloramphenicol，trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. PFGE clustering analysis showed that there was no difference in the bands among the 10 strains （2 cases strains， 5 food strains， and 3 environmental strains）， suggesting that they were highly homologous. Five Salmonella pathogenicity island characteristic gene fragments were detected among 10 isolates.Conclusion Salmonella senftenberg caused the food poisoning event. The isolates carried 5 Salmonella pathogenicity island characteristic gene fragments and 2 isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance. Relevant departments should pay more attention to this issue.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the serotype， cholera toxin encoding gene （ctxAB） carying rate， antibiotic resistance and molecular typing of Vibrio cholerae in Shaoxing from 2020 to 2021.Methods Sixty-eight strains were isolated from aquatic products and feces of patients with diarrhea from 2020 to 2021， and serologically classified by glass agglutination method. The ctxAB gene was detected by real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction. Microbroth dilution method and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） were used for antibiotic sensitivity test and molecular typing of strains， respectively.Results Only three of the 68 strains were O1 serotype Ogawa， and the other 65 strains were non-O1/O139 serogroup. All strains did not detected ctxAB gene. The antibiotic resistance rates to ceftazidime， ceftazidime/avibactam and cotrimoxazole were 45.6%， 38.2% and 36.8%， respectively. All strains were sensitive to tetracycline， tigecycline， azithromycin and amikacin， and 17 strains were resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. PFGE molecular typing of strains digested by Not I showed diversity， and there was a great difference between the aquatic product isolates and the case isolates.Conclusion The main serogroup of Vibrio cholerae was non-O1/O139 in Shaoxing from 2020 to 2021. The strains did not carry ctxAB gene and were resistant to multiple antibiotics. The molecular characteristics of strains were complex and diverse.

Abstract:Objective A co-enrichment medium SSV which can simultaneously enrich Salmonella， Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was developed for the simultaneous detection of the above three foodborne pathogens in foods.Methods According to the nutritional needs of the three strains， the medium components were selected by single factor experiments， and the formula of selective co-enrichment medium was developed. The SSV medium was verified through bacterial number change， injured bacteria recovery， multiple polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and medium selectivity.Results The components of enrichment medium were determined as followed： Peptone 10.0 g， KH₂PO₄ 1.5 g， NaCl 15.0 g， LiCl 1.0 g， Na₂S₂O₃ 5.0 g， sodium deoxycholate 0.05 g， mannitol 1.0 g， sodium pyruvate 5.0 g and distilled water 1 000 mL. The above three strains could be enriched in SSV medium at the same time. After cultured at 37 ℃ for 16 h， the cell concentrations of the three strains reached 10⁷ CFU/mL at least. SSV medium had a good resuscitation effect on the damaged target bacteria， and the OD_{600 nm} tripled after resuscitatio. At the same time， the function was well verified by multiplex PCR and medium selectivity.Conclusion The co-enrichment medium SSV can be used to simultaneously culture Salmonella， Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The preparation of the medium is simple and cost-effective. It can be combined with multiplex PCR to improve the detection rate and accuracy.

Abstract:Objective To establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of two typical advanced glycation end products （AGEs） in bread.Methods Protein-bound carboxymethyl lysine （CML） and carboxyethyl lysine （CEL） were used as the detection objects. Bread sample was subjected to reduction incubation， protein precipitation， addition of isotope internal standard， acid hydrolysis， nitrogen blowing， reconstitution with nonafluorovaleric acid aqueous solution， and then underwent multi-reaction monitoring to quantitative analysis.Results The detection limit and quantification limit of the method were 4.5 ng/g and 20 ng/g for CML， and 0.5 ng/g and 2 ng/g for CEL. The spike recovery rates of CML and CEL were 89.62%-95.65% and 86.38%-97.17%. The linear range were 2.5-800 ng/mL and 0.25-80 ng/mL， and the coefficients of determination were both above 0.999.Conclusion The method was accurate and sensitive， and could meet the detection requirements of AGEs in bread.

Abstract:Objective A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of 7 kinds of fishery anesthetics and 2 kinds of sedatives in freshwater fish was developed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）.Methods The fish sample was adsorbed with C₁₈ and PSA after extracted with acetonitrile， then centrifuged and diluted with water， detected in the positive / negative ion mode. Quantitative analysis was carried out by isotope internal standard method with matrix calibration curve.Results Under the optimized conditions， good linearities for 7 kinds of fishery anesthetics and 2 kinds of sedatives were obtained in the range of 0.5-50 μg/L （MS-222 was 0.05-5.0 μg/L） with the correlation coefficients（r） higher than 0.999. The limits of detection were 0.02-0.4 μg/kg （S/N=3）. Recoveries at three spiked levels ranged from 87.0% to 117.3%. And the relative standard deviations was 2.5%-8.2%.Conclusion This method was simple， sensitive and selective， which could be applied to the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of the 7 kinds of fishery anesthetics and 2 kinds of sedatives in freshwater fish.

Abstract:Objective To develop a determination method for streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in cheese using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Methods The samples were extracted with 20 mmol/L Na₂HPO₄ solution （pH 7.4， adjusted by 6 mol/L HCl） through sonication. The purification and enrichment were carried out by a WCX mixed-mode weak cation-exchange SPE column. The samples were separated by UPLC， ionized by electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and detected under selected reaction monitoring mode.Results The linear range was 1-200 ng/mL with correlation coefficients （r） higher than 0.996. The spiked recoveries ranged from 82.2% to 116.2% with relative standard deviations of 2.67%-7.2%. The limits of detection of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin were both 5 μg/kg and the limits of quantitation were both 10 μg/kg.Conclusion This method is rapid， simple， highly sensitive and suitable for the detection of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in cheese.

Abstract:Objective To establish a rapid qualitative and quantitative method for the determination of 8 bufo toxins in toad skin residual from poisoned patients by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry （UPLC/Q-TOF-MS）.Methods After the toad skin samples were pretreated， the sample solution was separated on A Cquity UPLC^? HSS T3 column （100 mm×2.1 mm， 1.8 μm） with 0.1% formic acid solution as mobile phase A and methanol as mobile phase B. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min， the column temperature was 35 ℃， and the sample volume was 2 μL.Results The linear ranges were 10.0-1 000.0 μg/L with r²≥0.990. The limits of detection were 0.7-2.1 μg/kg， and the limits of quantification were 2.5-7.0 μg/kg. The average recoveries were ≥75.79% and RSDs were ≤9.84%. The contents of bufalin， desacetylcinobufagin， desacetylcinobufotalin， pseudobufarenogin and bufotaline were 123.8±3.1， 5 920.4±1.9， 680.7±3.2， 671.6±9.1 and 1 796.6±74.9 μg/kg， respectively， while gamabufotain， cinobufagin and cinobufotalin were not detected.Conclusion The method is practical， rapid and reliable for the determination of cinobufagin， bufalin， pseudobufarenogin， desacetylcinobufotalin and desacetylcinobufagin， bufotaline， gamabufotain and cinobufotalin in toad skin.

Abstract:Objective To systematically investigate the health food containing probiotics approved by the government in China， and analyze the application of strains， function claims， recommended intake and distribution of applicable population， and provide reference for the management reform of probiotics products.Methods The information of health food containing probiotics approved by the government in China from 1996 to 2022 were collected and investigated， including the kinds of probiotics， function claims， recommended intake and the information of applicable populations.Results A total of 168 health foods containing probiotics were approved in China from 1996 to 2022， 82.14% and 77.98% of the products used Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium respectively， 61.31% of the products used Lactobacillus acidophilus， but all products were not labeled with the level of strain. In terms of function claims， most products claimed “enhancing immunity”， “regulating intestinal flora” and “laxative”. The recommended intake of probiotics ranged from 0.12 to 3.63×10¹¹ CFU/d. Claims such as “immunocompromised people”， “people with intestinal flora imbalance” and “people with constipation” were the most common applicable populations for consumption. 42.86% of the products did not labeled with “the unsuitable population”， and more than 69.79% of the products labeled with “the unsuitable population” targeted at infants and young children.Conclusion There are some approved health food containing probiotics in China， none of which is clearly labeled to the strain level， which is not in line with the scientific definition of probiotics. The existing products are of a single function， product function claim depends on the results of high-quality population studies. The approval of products suitable for infants and young children should be scientific and prudent.

Abstract:Objective To provide experience for the prevention and control of outbreaks， the cause of a foodborne disease outbreak during a temple fair was analyzed， the hazard factors and its source was confirmed.Methods Field epidemiological investigation and descriptive analysis method were carried out to analyze the clinical characteristics， epidemiological characteristics and related risk factors. Case-control study was conducted to identify suspicious foods， and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） was used to evaluate strains homology.Results A total of 32 suspicious cases were collected according to the case definition. The main clinical manifestations were abdominal pain （87.50%）， diarrhea （78.13%）， fever （75.00%）， dizziness and nausea （71.88%）. It was showed that boiled peanuts with shells was the risk factor （OR=4.000， 95%CI： 1.409-11.354）. There were 7 samples detected with Salmonella in 28 samples， all of which were identified by serotyping as Salmonella abony， with highly homologous by PFGE analysis.Conclusion This incident was an outbreak of foodborne diseases caused by Salmonella abony， and the suspected food was boiled peanuts with shells. The supervision of bulk food sold by mobile stalls in non-urban area should be strengthened， and the monitoring and management of foodborne diseases should be strengthened.

Abstract:Objective To assess the quality and safety of tea substitutes sold in Hebei Province.Methods Sixty-three samples of tea substitutes were collected from the markets of three cities in Hebei Province. Each sample was tested for moulds， coliforms， cadmium， moisture and ash content according to national standard methods. The test results were assessed in terms of qualification according to local safety standard of Hebei Province for tea substitutes.Results Among the 63 samples， 16 samples had moulds counts exceeding the limit. The over-limit rate for moulds was 25.4%； the moulds contents varied from 140~18 000 CFU/g in over-limit samples with the median of 600 CFU/g. Four samples were found to exceed the limit of coliforms with a 6.3% （4/63） over-limit rate. The coliforms measurements of over-limit samples were between 7.5~110 MPN/g with the median of 110 MPN/g. One sample was over limit for cadmium with the content of 9.6 mg/kg. The test results for moisture and ash content of the 63 samples were all in accordance with the standard. Among the 63 samples， 46 samples were qualified for all measurements， and the total qualified rate was 73.0% （46/63）. There was no statistics difference in the qualified rate of tea substitutes among different producing areas and different product types.Conclusion The unqualified rate of the tea substitutes sold in Hebei Province was high. Most unqualified samples exceeded the standard for mold， while a few samples exceeded the standard for coliforms and cadmium.

Abstract:Objective The quality situation and existing problems of livestock， poultry meat and its by-products and fresh eggs in Shanghai from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed.Methods Public information on the supervision and sampling of animal-derived food products by the Shanghai Municipal Market Supervision Administration from 2018 to 2020 was collected， and the information was analyzed and summarized.Results From 2018 to 2020， the intensity of random inspections of livestock， poultry meat and its by-products and fresh eggs increased by about 20% year by year， and the overall quality was basically stable and controllable. The main problem was veterinary drug residues and drug abuse.Conclusion The results of supervision and sampling inspection showed that the quality awareness of related enterprises needed to be improved， and standardized management was insufficient. Some measures and recommendations for improving the quality and safety have been proposed， such as targeted deployment of monitoring， appropriate increase of punishment， improvement of the traceability system of agricultural product， development and application of vaccines， methods of biological control.

Abstract:Objective To study the distribution characteristics of heavy metals and mineral elements in tea from Sichuan Province.Methods Four heavy metals and 14 mineral elements in 242 batches of tea samples collected from Sichuan Province were detected and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）.Results In 242 batches of tea samples from Sichuan Province， the content of heavy metals was Cr>Pb>As>Cd， and the coefficient of variation was Pb>Cr>As>Cd. The content of mineral elements was Sn>Na>Mo>V>Al>Fe>Co>Cu>Mn>Ni>Zn>Ca>K>Mg with an average coefficient of variation of 41.8%-57.1%. It was found that Zn， V and Ni elements were characteristic elements in 242 batches of tea from Sichuan Province. The tea from Dazhou， Meishan， Ganzi， Guangyuan， Bazhong， Zigong and Leshan had a strong tendency to enrich mineral elements according to the comprehensive score of mineral elements content.Conclusion This study can be used as a reference for the background value of 18 elements in tea from Sichuan Province， and provide data reference for related enterprises， regulatory agencies and tea researchers.

Abstract:Wheat， corn and rice， as the main body of grain production in China， are easily contaminated by trichothecenes （TCT）. Therefore， it is necessary to investigate the pollution status of TCT and assess the exposure risk of residents from these three kinds of grains and their related products. This study reviews the published studies about TCT pollution and exposure risk assessment of residents from wheat， corn， rice and their related products in China from 2011 to 2021. It is found that most of the grains and related products were polluted by TCT， and excessive TCT content was found in some studies. From a regional point of view， the pollution in the South was more serious than that in the North. The pollution of wheat and its related products was more serious than that of corn， rice and their related products. Exposure risk assessment of residents was mainly aimed at deoxynivalenol and its derivatives. The result showed that the average exposure level of residents in most areas was within the acceptable range， but some people were at risk. In the future， the prevention and control of all kinds of TCT in grains and related products should be strengthened， as well as the exposure risk assessment of residents.

Abstract:Objective To provide reference for guiding consumption and carrying out safety supervision， the exposure of chloramphenicol （CAP） residues in commercially available animal-origin foods collected from Shenzhen local trading markets and supermarkets were assessed.Methods Five hundred and eleven samples were collected in Shenzhen City from 2018 to 2019. The CAP residues was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry， and dietary exposure was estimated by point assessment method. Exposure risk for different populations was characterized by the margin of exposure （MOE） values.Results No chloramphenicol was detected in 160 livestock and 60 poultry meat samples， and the detection rate of CAP was 26.80% in 291 aquatic samples， including shellfish， shrimp and fish. The CAP concentration in shellfish was in the range of 0.05-205.00 μg/kg， the mean concentration was 13.71 μg/kg， and the detection rate was 37.21% （64/172）. The CAP concentration in shrimp was in the range of 0.05-2.20 μg/kg， the mean concentration was 0.20 μg/kg， and the detection rate was 13.64% （64/172）. The CAP concentration in fish was in the range of 0.05-1.90 μg/kg， the mean concentration was 0.11 μg/kg， and the detection rate was 11.34% （11/97）. The detection rate of CAP in all animal-origin samples was 15.26% （78/511）. The result of dietary exposure assessment showed that the Chronic Daily Intake （CDI） values for average population for Shenzhen residents was 2.06×10^-3 μg/kg·BW， and the MOE value was 485； the CDI value for 5th percentile was 4.85×10^-5 μg/kg·BW， and the MOE value for was above 10 000； the CDI values for 50^th and 95^th percentile were 6.72×10^-4 μg/kg·BW and 9.25×10^-3 μg/kg·BW， respectively， and the MOE values were both below 10 000， suggesting some health risks.Conclusion Excessive consumption of animal-origin foods might lead to some health risk. In order to reduce the exposure risk， the population with higher exposure should limit their consumption， especially aquatic products. Meanwhile， the relevant departments should strengthen supervision and management of animal-origin foods quality and safety， and pay close attention to this problem.

Abstract:Objective To verify the main quality indexes of coenzyme Q10， and study the quality consistency of coenzyme Q10 produced by different processes.Methods According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 version） and national food safety standards， the main quality indexes such as coenzyme Q10 components， moisture， related substances， isomers， contaminant residues and microbial indexes of 40 batches of raw materials were detected.Results The content of coenzyme Q10 in all collected materials was above 99.2%； the maximum single impurity ranged from 0.27% to 0.37%； the total impurity ranged from 0.45% to 0.85%. The total number of colonies in all samples was less than 10 CFU/g， Escherichia coli， Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella were not detected， and the total number of yeasts and molds were less than 10 CFU/g. The results of moisture and contaminant residues all met the requirements.Conclusion All coenzyme Q10 collected as health food raw materials met the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 version） and GB 16740-2014 National Food Safety Standard Health Food.

Abstract:Objective In order to put forward suggestions and references for the revision of the standard， knowledge and implementation of the national food safety standard frozen drinks and ingredients （GB 2759—2015） by relevant personnel nationwide were investigated and analyzed.Methods The questionnaire survey was conducted. The main respondents were personnel from food production and operation enterprises， health departments， market supervision departments， testing institutions， and so on. The data were statistically analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS 20.0.Results Four hundred and forty valid questionnaires were collected in this survey. The awareness rate of the respondents to GB 2759—2015 was 55.5% （244/440）. They unanimously recognized the important role of the standard on the quality of frozen drinks and food safety， and the overall evaluation of the implementation effect was “good” （with an average of 4.42 points）. Twenty-four effective feedback were received， and 36 people had opinions and suggestions accounting for 15%.Conclusion The awareness of GB 2759—2015 among the relevant personnel was not good. There was significant difference in the awareness rate among different respondents （P<0.05）. The survey found that 35.4% （51/144） of the supervisors and inspectors still did not understand or know that the industries should comply with the product standard GB 2759—2015. The publicity of national food safety standards should be strengthened， and there is an urgent need to study and revise the definition and microbial limit of frozen drinks in combination with on-site research and expert consultation.

Abstract:To provide references for reform of health food market access system in China， the filing system and food products with function claims in Japan are studied. The differences of the laws and regulations of the filing system and food products with function claims between China and Japan is compared. There are significant differences between Japan and China on policy guidance and evaluation principle of supervision system. It is worth for reference in product information disclosure and the evaluation procedure of safety and function claim.

Abstract:Objective To explore the association between dietary behavior and weight change in medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic， and provide the scientific basis for their nutrition and health improvement.Methods From May to July 2022， 1 487 doctors and nurses from 12 COVID-19 designated hospitals in Northeast China were randomly recruited to participate in the survey. After excluding invalid questionnaires， 1 352 valid questionnaires were obtained. Data were collected by self-compiled general questionnaire， eating behavior indexes and emotional eating scale， and analyzed by statistical methods such as analysis of variance （ANOVA） and linear regression model.Results Among the medical staff of COVID-19 designated hospitals， there were 485 （35.9%） individuals with stable weight （±3%）； individuals with substantial weight loss （<5%）， moderate weight loss （3%-5%）， moderate weight gain （3%-5%）， substantial weight gain （>5%） were 8.2%（111/1 352）， 22.7%（307/1 352）， 23.6%（319/1 352） and 9.6%（130/1 352）， respectively. The results of ANOVA showed that there were significant differences of irregular diet， unbalanced nutrition， high oil diet， high salt diet， high carbohydrate diet， beverage intake， and emotional eating behaviors between different weight change groups （P<0.05）. However， the drinking behavior between the five groups did not get statistical significance （P>0.05）. The results of multivariate linear regression indicated that irregular diet， high carbohydrate diet， beverage intake， emotional eating and income were risk factors of weight change （P<0.05）； marriage and exercise behavior were protective factors of weight change （P<0.05）.Conclusion The weight management situation of Chinese medical staff was unfavourable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unhealthy eating behavior was the main risk factor for weight change in medical staff， and a healthy lifestyle could effectively control and maintain weight. Medical staff should improve their dietary patterns and weight management， which benefits their medical service quality and patient safety.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Zhejiang Province during COVID-19 pandemic.Methods The data of foodborne disease outbreaks reported in 11 cities in Zhejiang Province in 2020 were collected and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.Results In 2020， 201 outbreaks were reported through the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system in 11 cities of Zhejiang Province， including 1 765 cases， 138 hospitalizations and 1 death. Due to the impact of COVID-19， there were two outbreak peaks in June and August respectively. The outbreak sites were mainly families （47.76%， 96/201）， hotels and restaurants （12.94%， 26/201）， dining halls （12.44%， 25/201）， school canteens （8.46%， 17/201） and small restaurants （7.96%， 16/201）， and the proportion of hotels and restaurants decreased compared with previous years. Pathogenic bacteria were the primary pathogenic factors of foodborne disease outbreaks， and the main pathogenic bacteria were Vibrio parahaemolyticus （37.88%， 25/66） and Salmonella （28.79%， 19/66）. In 2020， the proportion of Vibrio parahaemolyticus decreased and was the lowest in the recent five years. A total of 40 outbreaks of mushroom poisoning were reported without death， and the main type of poisoning was gastroenteritis.Conclusion Food safety supervision and health education should be strengthened， and targeted prevention and control measures should be taken according to the epidemiological characteristics of different pathogenic factors to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases.

Abstract:Objective To provide the scientific basis for control and prevention of bacterial foodborne diseases， the epidemiology characteristics of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks in Jiangxi Province from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed.Methods The descriptive analysis was conducted on the data of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks in Jiangxi Province reported through “Foodborne Disease Outbreak Reporting System” from 2015 to 2019.Results A total of 161 bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in Jiangxi Province from 2015 to 2019， including 1 682 patients and 794 hospitalizations. The average annual incidence was 0.73/100 000. And the most incidents occurred from May to October. Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were the main pathogen factor of bacterial foodborne diseases， and the number of incidents and patients accounted for 45.4% （73/161） and 56.4% （949/1 682） of the total， respectively. Meat and meat products were the main causing food. Families， hotels or restaurants， rural banquets， school and office canteens were the main places of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks. Improper processing and storage， contamination or spoilage of raw material were the main cause of outbreaks.Conclusion Bacterial foodborne diseases is still a major public health problem in Jiangxi Province. In high-incidence seasons， supervision should be targeted at key foods and places， education and training should be targeted at the relevant personnel to strengthen the awareness of family food safety and reduce the occurrence of bacterial foodborne diseases.

Abstract:Objective To summarize the characteristics of foodborne diseases in Guangdong Province in 2020， and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control strategies.Methods The data from January 2020 to December 2020 in the National Foodborne Surveillance Reporting System （CFSA） were with descriptive epidemiological analysis， conducted according to the three distribution and pathogenic factors of the disease. SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results In 2020， a total of 27 397 cases of foodborne diseases were reported， with an average annual incidence of 0.24‰ （27 397/115 210 000）， a hospitalization rate of 10.66%（2 920/27 397）， and no deaths. The incidence in the Pearl River Delta region was 0.28‰ （18 303/6 447 million）. The hospitalization rate was 6.88% （1 259/18 303）， and the incidence rate in eastern and northwestern Guangdong was 0.18‰ （9 094/5 074 million）， and the hospitalization rate was 18.26% （1 661/9 094）. The main symptoms of the cases were diarrhea， and the ratio of male to female was close to 1∶1. The number of cases in each age group was 31.51% （8 633/27 397） in the 31-59 age group. Among the occupational population， children living in the diaspora accounted for 16.86% （4 620/27 397）， while students accounted for 16.48% （4 515/27 397）. The peak of reported cases was from August to December. The main food exposed cases were mixed food 7 392 cases （27.08%， 7 392/27 297）， meat and meat products 4 511 cases （16.53%， 4 511/27 297）， grain and its products 3 734 cases （13.68%，3 734/27 297）； The main feeding places were 65.53%（17 954/27 397） at home and 15.03%（4 117/27 397） at restaurants. Among 4 395 cases， 1 171 were positive for pathogenic bacteria， and the overall positive rate of pathogenic bacteria was 26.64% （1 171/4 395）. The positive rate of Salmonella was 26.23% （1 153/4 395）. Sixteen strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were positive， and the positive detection rate was 0.36% （16/4 395）. Two strains of Escherichia coli were positive， and the positive detection rate was 0.05% （2/4 395）. The positive rate of Shigella was 0.02% （1/4 395）. The positive detection rate was the highest in July， and the main exposed food was grain and its products. Eleven cases were positive for norovirus and the overall positive rate was 0.25% （11/4 395）. The positive rate of norovirus was the highest in January， and the main exposed food was meat and meat products.Conclusion The foodborne disease incidence of Guangdong Province in 2020 is low but the hospitalization rates have certain proportion， western part of guangdong region has low incidence but the hospitalization rate is higher， the pearl river delta region high incidence but hospitalization rate is low， cases analysis showed that family scattered children and students accounted for the high proportion of the crowd， the cases were mainly in the summer， Salmonella detection rate is higher， it should strengthen the focus on the prevention and control of the crowd.

Abstract:Deoxynivalenol （DON）， also known as vomitoxin （VT）， is one of the most common mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. It is widely distributed in cereal and related products， which can cause huge economic losses to the world food production and poses a major threat to human and animal health. At present， the method of biological detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes shows good application prospects. Many microorgranisms， including bacteria and fungi， have the ability to absorb or degrade mycotoxins. This article outlines the occurrence and toxicity of DON in food， as well as the mechanism of biological detoxification of DON. Then， the recent progress in the detoxification of DON using fungi， bacteria and plants is summarized in more detail. Biological agents relating to DON detoxification are also discussed， with the aim of providing a reference for biocontrol of DON in food and feed.