Abstract:In China， food for special medical purpose （FSMP） is defined as “formula food specially processed and prepared in order to meet the special nutrient or diet needs for people with food restriction， digestion and absorption disorder， metabolic disorder or specific disease state”. The development of FSMP in China started relatively late. Since the revised “Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China” in 2015 officially brought FSMP into the track of legal management， the supervision of FSMP has gradually improved， and the number of products approved for registration has gradually increased. This article briefly introduces the relevant regulations， standards and regulatory requirements of FSMP in China， as well as the basic situation of the products approved for registration， and puts forward some suggestions for the reference of relevant personnel and interested readers.

Abstract:Objective To study the cardioprotective effect of sesame ethanol extract （SEE） on exercise-induced fatigue （EIF） rats and its effects on myocardial physiological and biochemical parameters.Methods Rats were randomly divided into control group （Control）， EIF group， EIF+0.5SEE group， EIF+1SEE group and EIF+2SEE group， with 12 rats in each group. The rats in control group and EIF group were daily intragastrically administered 2 mL of purified water for 14 consecutive days. Rats in EIF+0.5SEE group， EIF+1SEE group and EIF+2SEE group were given 0.5， 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg·BW of SEE daily for 14 consecutive days. Then the EIF rat model was established by treadmill exercise. After exercise， the echocardiographic parameters （LVPWd， LVPWs， LVIDs， EF and FS）， serum myocardial injury indexes （LDH， CK and cTnI） and myocardial tissue antioxidant indexes （MDA， SOD， CAT and GSH-Px） of the rats in each group were detected. Myocardial morphology was detected by hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining. The protein expressions of connexin 43 （Cx43）， ATP 5D， phosphorylated AMP-dependent protein kinase （p-AMPK） and AMPK in myocardial tissue were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with EIF group， the LVPWd， LVPWs and LVIDs of EIF+0.5SEE group， EIF+1SEE group and EIF+2SEE group decreased， while EF and FS increased significantly （P<0.05）. Compared with EIF group， the myocardial injury in EIF+0.5SEE group， EIF+1SEE group and EIF+2SEE group was significantly alleviated， and the levels of serum LDH， CK and cTnI decreased significantly （P<0.05）. Compared with EIF group， the myocardial tissue MDA content in EIF+0.5SEE group， EIF+1SEE group and EIF+2SEE group decreased significantly， while the activities of SOD， CAT and GSH-Px increased significantly （P<0.05）. Compared with EIF group， the expression levels of Cx43， ATP 5D and p-AMPK/AMPK protein in myocardial tissue of EIF+0.5SEE group， EIF+1SEE group and EIF+2SEE group all increased significantly （P<0.05）.Conclusion SEE can effectively prevent myocardial injury and improve cardiac function in EIF rats. SEE may exert cardioprotective effects by improving antioxidant system， gap junctions， energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in myocardial tissue.

Abstract:Objective To provide scientific basis for the development and utilization of edible pigment Monascus red， the analysis of its key components and toxicological evaluation were carried out.Methods Identification test and physicochemical indexes test were carried out based on the samples according to the method in National food safety standard GB 1886.181—2016. The content of citrinin （CIT） and Monacolin K were detected through high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. UPLC-Orbitrap-MS² were used for chemical composition and content determination， in which the molecular structure was also characterized. The 14-day oral toxicity test of SD rats was carried out， based on the acute oral toxicity test of Monascus red by the limited method.Results The quality and specification of test samples conformed to the provisions of China National Food Safety Standard. The content of CIT and Monacolin K was 0.030 8 mg/kg （converted as one color value） and 0.166 mg/g. Twenty compounds were separated in Monascus red by UPLC-Orbitrap-MS²， red pigment， orange pigment and yellow pigment of it accounted for 88.38%， 2.04% and 5.96%， respectively. The results of acute oral toxicity showed that Monascus red was innocuous （LD₅₀>20 g/kg·BW）. In the 14-day repeated oral dose toxicity test， compared with the control group， rats in 5 g/kg·BW dose group exhibited no significant differences in the general clinical observation， growth and development， hematology， blood biochemistry， routine urine detection， gross anatomy，organ weight，organ-to-body ratio， and histopathological examinations.Conclusion Monascus red is composed of multiple components characterized by red pigments. There is no obvious toxic effects found in the preliminary safety evaluation， which can provide reference for further long-term research.

Abstract:Objective To give a solid foundation for the epidemiological data of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli （DEC）， and provide a basis for the rational drug use for foodborne diseases caused by DEC， the continuous monitoring of DEC from 2018 to 2020 in Liaoning Province was carried out. The pathogenic characteristics and drug sensitivity characteristics of DEC were investigated.Methods A total of 208 infant food in Liaoning Province were collected， from which Enterobacteriaceae was isolated， and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and biochemical identification were carried out. The virulence genes of E.coli were detected. The serotype and drug resistance spectrum of EAEC were identified.Results Identified species of Enterobacteriaceae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing method was consistent with the biochemical results. The detection rate of EAEC in infant food was high， and the detection rate of virulence gene pic of EAEC was high. Virulence genotyping was consistent with the serum typing. According to the virulence gene carried by Escherichia coli， 25 strains of EAEC were detected， of which 40% of the strains （serotype O134：H9） carried virulence gene pic， 28% of the strains （serotype O3：H2） carried virulence gene aggR and astA， 16% of the strains （serotype O9：H6） carried virulence gene aggR， and 16% of the strains （serotype O62：H7） carried virulence gene astA. The carrying rate of EAEC virulence gene in 78 strains was 32.1%. The drug resistance of 25 EAEC strains was not optimistic， and there were multiple drug-resistant strains. The resistance was mainly for β lactams， macrolides， quinolones and tetracyclines.Conclusion EAEC was the main contamination of Escherichia coli in infant food in Liaoning Province， and had high drug resistance， which need more attention to be paid to.

Abstract:Objective To explore the feasibility of new test methods for evaluation of improving hypoxia tolerance function in health food.Methods Hypoxia tolerance experiments were carried out on mice. The zebrafish hypoxia model was established， and the improvement of zebrafish hypoxia movement and erythrocytosis were tested. A chemical hypoxia cell model was constructed with sodium disulfite， and cell activity and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） activity were detected to verify their effect on hypoxia tolerance.Results Compared with normal control group， the hypoxia tolerance was improved in mice by health food sample. Compared with hypoxia model control groups， the sample improved zebrafish hypoxia， hypoxia-induced erycytosis， and alleviated the reduced cellular activity and increased LDH activity caused by cardiomyocyte hypoxia.Conclusion The ability of the sample to improve hypoxia tolerance can be detected by three test systems in vitro as well as in vivo， and the introduction of alternative methods to animal testing for hypoxia tolerance tests is feasible.

Abstract:Objective To investigate distribution of integron and extended-spectrum β-lactamase produced by Salmonella isolated from food and clinical samples， and explore the relationship between different drug resistance genes and multidrug resistance.Methods Phenotype of ESBL-producing strains were confirmed by K-B method. The ESBL related drug resistance genes （bla_TEM， bla_SHV， bla_CTX） and the mobile element integron in Salmonella were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The amplified products of integron variable region were sequenced and the drug resistance gene cassettes were analyzed.Results Three hundred and nine Salmonella strains were isolated. A total of 138 Salmonella strains were isolated from food， including poultry （n=96）， raw pork （n=19） and aquatic products （n=23）. One hundred and seventy one Salmonella strains were isolated from clinical samples. The drug resistance rate of 309 Salmonella strains was 78.3%， and the multidrug resistance rate was 41.1%. The antimicrobial resistance rate of poultry was the highest. A total of 56 ESBL-producing strains were detected， of which 35 strains carried the ESBL genes （15 strains carried bla_TEM； 10 strains carried bla_CTX， 10 strains carried bla_TEM and bla_CTX ）. The bla_SHV gene was not detected. A total of 98 strains which carried class I integron gene were detected， and the positive rate was 31.7%. Among the 98 strains， 54 strains carried drug resistance gene cassette. Forty seven strains carried dfrA and aadA， 1 strain carried linG-aadA22， the rest were empty gene cassette. The multi-drug resistance rates of integron positive and ESBL-producing strains were as high as 98.0% and 89.3%， respectively. The positive rate of integron in ESBL-producing strains was 76.8% （43/56）.Conclusion The class I integron and ESBL-producing Salmonella were widely distributed in this area. The genotypes of ESBL-producing strains were mainly bla_TEM and bla_CTX. Both integron and ESBL-producing strains were associated with multidrug resistance. The dug resistance situation of Salmonella in this area was serious， and it was particularly necessary to pay attention to the standardized use of antibiotics in poultry breeding.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the reproductive toxicity of water extract of flower of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.Methods According to the reproductive toxicity evaluation from National Standard of the People’s Republic of China ‘Reproductive Toxicity Study’（GB 15193.15—2015）， 240 nine-week-old SD rats （120 male and 120 female） were randomly grouped by body weight at a dose of 0.0， 2.5， 5.0 and 15.0 g/kg?BW， respectively. SD rats were administrated by gavage. The detection included the body weight and and ingestion variations from 1^st to10^th week， reproductive organ weights and coefficients of F0 rats； the sperm parameters of F0 male rats， and estrous cycles， fertility index （conception and pregnancy rate）， teratogenicity index （uterus weight， implantation number， corpus luteum number， living embryo number， resorption embryo number/rate and dead embryo number/rate） of F0 female rats； the survival rate and body weight variation during lactation period， anogenital distance， average litter size， sex ratio of F1 rats； the puberty onset （testis descending， foreskin separation， vaginal opening）， body weight variation， reproductive organ weights and coefficients， and sperm parameters of F1 rats； the pathological examination on harvested organs of F0 and F1 rats including testis， epididymis， uterus and ovaries.Results Compared with control group， no significant difference in reproductive toxicity to F0 and F1 rats was observed in three dose groups （P>0.05）. And no significant change was observed via histopathological examination.Conclusion In this reproductive test， the no observed adverse effect level （NOAEL） of water extract of the flower of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.is 15.0 g/kg?BW.

Abstract:Objective To develop an analytical method for fast determination of banned pigment quinoline yellow in pastries by salting out assisted-high performance liquid chromatography.Methods The sample was extracted with 40% methanol-sodium chloride-water， precipitated with potassium ferrocyanide-zinc acetate solution， eluted with mobile phase of methanol-0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate solution， separated by X-Bridge C₁₈ column v（150 mm×4.6 mm， 3.5 μm）， and detected with diode -array detector by external standard method.Results The method showed good linearity （r>0.999） in the range of 0.4-40.0 μg/mL. The limit of detection （S/N=3） was 1.25 mg/kg and the limit of quantification （S/N=10） was 5.0 mg/kg. The average recoveries of three different concentrations level at 5.0， 10.0 and 50.0 mg/kg ranged from 89.18% to 110.10%， with relative standard deviation in the range of 2.83%-8.65%.Conclusion The method was convenient， accurate and reproducible， and it was suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of banned pigment quinoline yellow in pastries.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the current situation and risk factors of high-frequency consumption of pickled and smoked products in Southwest China and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted from February to May in 2021 in Southwest China （Yunnan， Guizhou， Sichuan and Chongqing） by convenient sampling to obtain data. The geographical， demographic and sociological factors， health knowledge and behavior factors were collected. The risk factors of high-frequency pickled and smoked products consumption were analyzed by disordered multi classification logistic regression.Results Geographical factor analysis showed that the risk of high-frequency consumption of pickled and smoked products in Yunnan， Guizhou and rural areas was high. The risk of high-frequency consumption of pickled and smoked products in Yunnan province were 2.764 times and 2.126 times higher than that in Chongqing respectively. Among the demographic sociological factors， high-frequency consumption of pickled and smoked products was positively correlated with age and education to a certain extent， and intellectual labor was a protective factor. The most noteworthy factor was the age： the risk of the elderly over 60 years old was the highest， and only 46.70% of the youth aged from 18 had the behavior. In terms of health knowledge and behavior， there was a statistical difference between the knowledge of salt and the consumption of smoked products. The risk of the group with zero correct rate was 1.372 times higher than that of the group with all correct answers. The frequency of drinking alcohol and the risk of pickled and smoked products were basically positively correlated. In the two groups of dependent variables， people who drunk more than three times a week had the highest risk， and the risk of those who never drunk was only 32.10% compared to the drinkers.Conclusion Pickled and smoked products are the characteristic food in Southwest China. Geographical factors， demographic and sociological factors， health knowledge and behavior factors are related to high-frequency consumption of pickled and smoked products. It is necessary to control the health risks brought by high-frequency eating behaviors， promote targeted health education in Yunnan， Guizhou and rural areas， and elderly and less educated groups， encourage healthy eating behaviors， and promote the “Healthy Southwest Action” of “Healthy China”.

Abstract:Objective To provide basis for further ensuring the safety of student meals， the microbial contamination status in kindergarten， primary and secondary school canteens in Wenzhou in the past five years were investigated.Methods Food samples collected in Wenzhou from 2016 to 2020 were detected for hygienic target bacteria （Aerobic Plate count and Escherichia coli） and foodborne pathogens （Staphylococcus aureus， Bacillus cereus， Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes）， and data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0.Results The microbial contamination of student meal in 2016 was serious， with a unqualified rate as high as 23.58%. While the unqualified rates of student meal decreased by 6.27%， 6.80%， 9.06%， and 3.82% from 2017 to 2020 （χ² = 60.852， P<0.001）. Escherichia coli contamination was one of the most serious， and its unqualified rates in the past five years showed a downward trend （9.43%， 5.64%， 6.47%， 6.41%， and 1.91%， χ² = 5.225， P = 0.022）. Except for the higher detection rates of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella in 2016 （7.35% and 9.91%）， the unqualified rates of foodborne pathogens in other years were at a low level. For different types of schools， the unqualified rates of meal samples for kindergarten， primary and secondary school students in Wenzhou from 2016 to 2020 were 10.34%， 12.81%， and 6.90%， respectively， which had significant differences （χ² = 8.341， P = 0.015）. For different sampling quarters and monitoring points， no significant difference was observed in the overall status of microbial contamination of student meal. Compared with 2016， the risk of microbial contamination of student meal significantly reduced from 2017 to 2020 after adjusting the influencing factors such as the school type， sampling season and location （P<0.01）.Conclusion Microbial contamination of the student meal in kindergartens， primary and middle schools in Wenzhou was the most serious in 2016， while the hygiene conditions of student meal improved from 2017 to 2020. Foodborne microbial contamination in Wenzhou could potentially threaten student health， which should be monitored to prevent the occurrence of foodborne illness in schools.

Abstract:Objective To understand the pollution status of foodborne pathogens in Huzhou， so as to provide basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases.Methods According to GB 4789.4—2016， 1 463 samples in 5 food categories were collected from Huzhou City during 2015—2021 for Salmonella monitoring. Serotype， antibiotic sensitivity test and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） were carried out to isolate Salmonella. The results were analyzed by Excel and SPSS 19.0 software.Results Forty seven Salmonella strains were detected from 1 463 samples and the total detection rate was 3.21%. Among all kinds of food， the detection rate of Salmonella in livestock meat was the highest （6.61%，23/348）. A total of 19 serotypes of Salmonella were detected， of which the dominant serotype was Salmonella Typhimurium. Salmonella serotypes detected in various kinds foods were different. Twenty strains of Salmonella isolated from 2019 to 2021 were tested for drug sensitivity and PFGE. The results showed that the isolates had strong resistance to AMP and TET， with resistance rates of 70% （14/20） and 60% （12/20） respectively. Molecular typing showed that after Xba I enzyme digestion， 19 strains of Salmonella produced 11 PFGE bands with high polymorphism.Conclusion From 2015 to 2021， Salmonella was detected in five types of food sold in Huzhou City， including two types of ready to eat food （Chinese cold dishes and bulk cooked meat products）. The dominant serotype was Salmonella Typhimurium. The positive detection was mainly from farm market， which had potential risk of foodborne diseases. The corresponding monitoring and supervision should be paid attention to.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate potential health risk and the dietary exposure of aluminium in residents of Hangzhou.Methods The dietary exposure of aluminium in residents of Hangzhou was calculated by simple distribution assessment method based on the data of aluminium-containing additives from 2015 to 2021 in Hangzhou and the data of food consumption survey in 2015.Results The average weekly and the 95 percentile （P95） exposure were 0.416 and 1.986 mg/kg?BW， which were lower than the tolerable weekly intake （PTWI， 2 mg/kg?BW） by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives （JECFA）. Steamed stuffed buns， noodles， Chinese pastry， fried bread stick and steamed buns were the main sources of exposure， accounting for 85.9% of the total exposure. If the national food safety standard on ammonium-containing additives was strictly implemented， the exposure will reduce by 88.2% and 84.0%， respectively.Conclusion The risk of dietary aluminium in residents of Hangzhou was low and acceptable. However， the exposure of high-consumption groups （P95） was close to PTWI， and the P95 exposure of people under 18 had exceeded PTWI which deserves attention. Measures should be taken to reduce the health risks caused by excessive aluminium exposure.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the health risk of pesticide exposure from leek， the pesticide residue in leek from Henan market was investigated.Methods The residues of 16 pesticides in leek sold on Henan market in 2020 were detected and analyzed. According to health guidance values such as food consumption data of the World Health Organization， acute reference dose formulated by Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues and adaptable daily intake in “National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food”， the acute and chronic exposure risks of pesticide residues in leek were evaluated by point assessment method， and the cumulative exposure was evaluated by hazard index method.Results There were many types of pesticide residues in leek samples and 93.81% （424/452） of the samples were positive. 7 of the 14 pesticides exceeded their MRLs， and the violation rate of all samples was 16.15%. The detection of multiple pesticides was relatively serious， and 56.42% of the samples contained more than two pesticide residues. In the acute exposure assessment， the acute risks of carbofuran， procymidone and phorate exceeded the acceptable level. In the chronic exposure assessment， the chronic risk of omethoate exceeded the acceptable level. And insecticide pesticides had cumulative poisoning risk.Conclusion The situation of pesticide residues in leek in Henan province was relatively prominent. To ensure the safety of agricultural products， it was recommended that the routine monitoring and use of pesticide， especially high-risk pesticides such as omethoate， carbofuran， procymidone and phorate should be strengthened.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the intake level of fluoride and potential health risks for herdsmen in Qinghai province.Methods The monitoring data of fluoride content in brick tea from 2019 to 2021 and the data of brick tea consumption by herdsmen in 2015 were used. Based on the deterministic assessment model， the daily intake of fluoride from brick tea by herdsmen was calculated.Results The average fluorine content of brick tea was 464.32 mg/kg， the maximum was 1 206.00 mg/kg， and the over standard rate was 74.74% （213/285）， among which the over standard rate of Kang brick tea was the highest （100%， 12/12）. The average intake level of fluoride was 0.048 mg/kg BW per day， which was close to the tolerable upper intake levels （UL）. The daily fluoride intake of high-consumption group （P95） was 0.177 mg/ kg BW， which was 3.1 times that of UL. The average daily intake of fluoride from brick tea by female consumers was 1.3 times that of men.Conclusion The concentration of fluoride in brick tea was high， and fluoride might cause health risk to tea drinkers especially for high-consumption groups. Some effective measures should be taken to solve this problem.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the dietary structure and food consumption status of Jinuo ethnic minority residents in Yunnan Province.Methods Three hundred and ninty two Jinuo ethnic minority residents aged from 20 to 80 were selected from 12 inhabited neighborhood of Jinghong distrisct in Yunnan Province by stratified cluster sampling method. Their dietary structure were investigated by dietary survey and questionnaire. T-test and the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test were utilized to analyze their dietary intake and nutritional status.Results The average intake per standard person day was calculated. The amount of cereal and potato intake was 297.1 g （rice and its products 264.5 g， flour and their products 13.0 g， other cereals 0.4 g， potato 19.2 g）. The intake of vegetable was 228.3 g （dark vegetable 49.7 g， light vegetable 178.6 g）. The intakes of fruit， animalistic food， aquatic products， milk and its products， beans and its products， nuts， cooking oil and salt were 59.3， 137.2， 29.0， 7.0， 27.5， 5.0， 42.0， 8.4 g， respectively. The intakes of fruit， animal food， beans and its products， aquatic products， nuts and cooking oil were higher than the average dietary intake for Chinese residents in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2013， while the intakes of cereal and potato food， vegetable， fruit， eggs， milk and its products and salt were lower（P<0.05）.Conclusion It showed that the intake of nutrients in Jinuo ethnic minority residents aged from 20 to 80 years were insufficient in Jinghong district， Yunnan Province. Nutrition education and intervention need to be enhanced to promote better food consumption behavior to improve the nutrition status and health.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the implementation of the standards （formula foods and complementary foods for infants and young children）， the contents of glucose， galactose， fructose， lactose， sucrose and maltose in formula foods and complementary foods for infants aged 0-36 months， and provide data support for the management of food safety standards related to infant formula and infant complementary food in China.Methods Based on the principle of random sampling， 83 formula food and complementary food for infants and young children， including infant formula foods， older infant formula foods， young children formula foods， cereal complementary foods and canned foods for infants and young children， were collected from the domestic market， the content of glucose， galactose， fructose， lactose， sucrose and maltose were determined by ion chromatography-pulse ampere method and the results were analyzed.Results The median of total sugar content in formula foods for infants and young children was 433.43-476.99 g/kg； the proportion of lactose in all kinds of products was higher than 95%， and the content from high to low was infant formula， older infant formula and formula for young children. The detection rate of sugar in infant cereal supplementary food was 36.8%， the median content was 0-28.35 g/kg； the medians of lactose and sucrose were 84.30 and 70.17 g/kg； while the third quartile（Q3） of sucrose was 53.43 g/kg. There was no significant difference in the content of added sugar between domestic and imported formula foods（P>0.05）.Conclusion The lactose content in formula foods for infants and young children sold in China is higher than that of other sugars. The content of total sugar in cereal supplementary food is low， but the content of sucrose in biscuit should be concerned. It is suggested that enterprises should strictly control added sugar， and government departments should continue to push the implementation of the sugar content regulation in the newly released national standards.

Abstract:Objective To provide a theoretical reference for early prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） in obese and overweight children， the situation and correlation of NAFLD and visceral adiposity index （VAI） of overweight and obese children in Hebi city were analyzed.Methods A total of 243 obese and overweight children were screened from 1013 first-grade children who accepted physical examination at Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Hebi City from May 2020 to May 2021. They were divided into non-NAFLD group and NAFLD group. The basic clinical data， VAI， related blood lipid indexes， and insulin resistance index （HOMD-IR） between the two groups were compared. The correlation between single factors with significant differences and NAFLD were analyzed by binary logistic regression.Results Forty-six children with NAFLD were screened from 243 obese and overweight children， accounting for 18.93%. The number of girls， VAI， waist circumference， BMI， HOMA-IR and TG in the NAFLD group were higher than the non-NAFLD group significantly （P<0.05）. The number of boys and HDL-C in the NAFLD group were lower than the non-NAFLD group significantly （P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in TC， age and LDL-C between the two groups （P>0.05）. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between HDL-C and NAFLD in obese and overweight children （P<0.05）. TG， HOMA-IR and VAI were significantly positive correlated with NAFLD （P<0.05）. After excluding the confounding factors， binary logistic regression analysis showed that gender， VAI and HOMA-IR in obese and overweight children were significantly related to NAFLD. Among them， larger numbers of boys and increased levels of VAI and HOMA-IR could increase the probability of NAFLD significantly （P<0.05）.Conclusion The occurrence of NAFLD in overweight and obese children in Hebi city is closely and positively related to VAI level. Higher VAI level can significantly increase the risk of NAFLD. Clinical prevention and intervention could be conducted according to their VAI level.

Abstract:Food supervision sampling is an important technical support of food safety supervision. It is the difficult and key point to make correct food classification and make correct judgment according to relevant standards. This paper summarizes the problems in food classification and technical judgment for 3 types of food including tea and its products， candies and grain products， aiming to provide reference for sampling inspection stuff. It can ensure the accuracy of food classification， reduce the risk of false judgment and improve the efficacy of sampling inspection.

Abstract:Compared with the inspection， the sampling work directly faces the food producers and operators， which is more likely to be challenged and even raise objections in terms of standardization， representativeness， impartiality， randomness and timeliness. With the in-depth development of food safety sampling inspection， the requirements for the sampling team increased gradually. This paper discusses the construction of specialized and professional sampling team from the aspects of personnel， management， principle， reward and punishment in order to provide more ideas for relevant work. Through literature collection and comprehensive analysis， this paper combs the current situation and possible problems of China’s food safety sampling team， and proposes the targeted measures. Referring to the construction requirements of food inspection team， clarifying the qualification conditions， establishing the information base of sampling personnel， strengthening assessment and evaluation， and unifying supervision and management can effectively improve the professional skills， responsibility and professional pride of sampling team， and improve the quality and effectiveness of sampling work.

Abstract:To analyze the detection capacity of radioactive substances in food in China， and improve the radioactive contamination monitoring system. By studying the distribution of certified institutions and testing items and the results of proficiency assessment， the current situation and deficiencies of the detection capacities were analyzed， and corresponding countermeasures were put forward. The capacity of radioactive material detection in China can better support the operation of the monitoring system， however， the effectiveness and sustainability of testing capacity， the layout of capacity network and the construction of food radioactive pollution monitoring system need to be further improved and strengthened， so as to meet the needs of normal circumstances and rapid response in case of nuclear or radiological emergencies in China.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by takeaway in China’s Mainland from 2010 to 2020， and put forward relevant regulatory suggestions.Methods Through the National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Monitoring System， the data of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by takeaway in China’s Mainland from 2010 to 2020 were collected and analyzed， and descriptive epidemiological characteristics were performed.Results A total of 549 foodborne disease outbreaks caused by takeaway were reported in China’s Mainland （except Tibet Autonomous Region） from 2010 to 2020， resulting in 9 285 illnesses and 2 deaths. The largest number of outbreaks and illnesses was in the third quarter， accounting for 41.53% and 44.58% of the total respectively. Except the unknown pathogenic factors， the number of outbreaks and illnesses caused by microbial pathogenic factors were the highest， accounting for 39.16% and 60.26% of the total respectively. Except the unknown suspected food， the number of outbreaks and illnesses caused by mixed food and multiple food were higher， accounting for 21.86% and 15.12% of the outbreaks respectively， and accounting for 20.58% and 13.10% of the number of illnesses respectively. Except the unknown food source， the top 3 food source were school canteens， collective dining delivery units/central kitchens and fast food restaurants， the number of outbreaks accounted for 20.04%， 15.66% and 15.48% respectively， and the number of illnesses accounted for 35.30%， 17.52% and 10.57% respectively. Except the multiple factors and unknown factors， the number of outbreaks caused by improper storage were the highest accounting for 8.74%， and the number of illnesses caused by improper processing accounted for 7.74%.Conclusion Microbial growth and reproduction due to improper storage and processing is the major cause of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by takeaway. It is suggested that the food safety supervision and administration departments should strengthen the whole process supervision and management of takeaway， establish and ensure catering services strictly abide by the good hygiene operations according to food raw in materials， production， transportation， distribution and other aspects， so as to effectively prevent and control the occurrence foodborne diseases.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination of Salmonella in retail chickens in Ji’nan city from 2020 to 2021， and to explore the prevalence of the mobile colistin resistance gene （mcr） among these Salmonella isolates.Methods From December 2020 to November 2021， 260 retail chicken samples were collected in Ji’nan City， and Salmonella was isolated and confirmed according to GB 4789.4—2016 “National food standard - Food microbiological examination： Salmonella”. Serotype identification and mcr gene screening were performed for all Salmonella isolates by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. The drug resistance of mcr gene-positive strains was tested by micro-broth dilution method.Results A total of 61 in 260 retail chicken samples were positive for Salmonella detection with the contamination rate of 23.46% （61/260）. The highest contamination rate was 53.33% （32/60） for samples collected in autumn. One hundred and three Salmonella strains were isolated， 56 of which were Salmonella Enteritidis， accounting for 54.37% （56/103）. Two Salmonella Indiana， isolated from two separate chicken wing samples collected from different regions， were positive for mcr-1 gene， with a positive rate of 1.94% （2/103）. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that both of the two mcr-1-harboring Salmonella Indiana were multi-drug resistant， and one of them was concurrently resistant to all 12 categories of tested drugs， including carbapenems and polymyxins.Conclusion There was a certain degree of Salmonella contamination in retail chickens in Jinan from 2020 to 2021， and the contamination rate of the samples collected in autumn was higher than in any other seasons. Salmonella Enteritidis was the predominant serotype. It should be of concern that a Salmonella isolate carried mcr-1 gene with severe multidrug resistance to both colistin and carbapenems， indicating that the surveillance for Salmonella in the whole chain of chicken production should be strengthened continuously， to provide important basic data for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases.

Abstract:Objective To provide the basis for dealing with similar incidents in the future， an outbreak of foodborne illness caused by the consumption of bread contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis was investigated.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the clinical characteristics， epidemiological distribution and related risk factors of the cases. The etiological food was determined by retrospective cohort study. The biological samples， food remains and environmental samples of the cases and canteen employees were detected by laboratory testing. The causes of the outbreak were comprehensively analyzed based on the results of epidemiological investigation， laboratory tests and sanitary investigation.Results Retrospective cohort study showed that a batch of pre-packaged bread produced by a food factory in Chongqing on May 20， 2021 was the suspicious food. A total of 73 people ate the suspicious bread in this incident， and 55 of them got ill with a morbidity rate of 75.34% and a median incubation period of 15 h. At the same time， Salmonella enteritidis was detected in food remains， related environmental samples and anal swabs of patients.Conclusion The incident was an outbreak of foodborne disease caused by bread contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis.

Abstract:Listeria monocytogenes （L. monocytogens） is a common foodborne pathogen that can become a potential source of food contamination by forming single or multi-species biofilms through population induction on the surface of stainless steel of food processing equipment. Quaternary disinfectants are commonly used for cleaning and disinfection of processing equipment surfaces in food plant， while L. monocytogenes biofilms are tolerant to it through various mechanisms， such as active efflux pump system， stress response and gene regulation. In this paper， the formation and tolerance mechanisms of L. monocytogenes biofilms are reviewed， and the applications of physical disinfection and new combined disinfection technologies for foodborne L. monocytogenes prevention and control in recent years are summarized to provide ideas for the development of new and efficient disinfection technology， as well as to supply important references for enterprises to establish the control measures for L. monocytogenes and other microbial.

Abstract:The paper mainly expounds the principles， differences and selection principles of ordinary least squares and weighted least squares in univariate linear regression， and introduces the application in four aspects， including heteroscedasticity test， optimal weight function selection， regression equation test and comparison of fitting quality. The application and existing problems of the weighted least squares method at home and abroad is analyzed. Suggestions on how to promote the application research of regression technology in analytical chemistry to provide reference and inspiration for researchers are put forward.

Abstract:N-dimethylnitrosamine is one of the most toxic nitrosamine compounds and can be produced in the process of food processing or storage. The detection methods are various with tedious operation and low accuracy. QuEChERS pretreatment combined with GC/LC-MS has been widely used in the determination of N-dimethylnitrosamine in food due to its advantages of simple operation， good extraction and purification， high sensitivity， stable recovery and effective improvement of detection rate and throughput. The pretreatment methods， detection equipment and detection parameters of N-dimethylnitrosamine in food were compared to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different methods.