Abstract:Objective To evaluate the heavy metal and pesticide pollution status of nine medicinal and edible substances， including Eucommia ulmoides leaves， Codonopsis pilosula， Cistanche deserticola， Dendrobium candidum， Astragalus membranaceus， Panax quinquefolium， Gastrodia elata， Ganoderma lucidum， and Corni Fructus.Methods PubMed， China National Knowledge Network （CNKI）， VIP， and Wanfang databases were searched to obtain research literature published from 2000 to 2022 on heavy metals， pesticides， and environmental pollutants in nine medicinal and edible substances. The literature was screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria， and the included studies were analyzed and pooled into estimates using meta-analysis.Results A total of 106 studies encompassing seven heavy metals， including lead （Pb）， cadmium （Cd）， mercury （Hg）， arsenic （As）， chromium （Cr）， copper （Cu）， and nickel （Ni）， and 42 pesticides， including organochlorine， pyrethroid， and organophosphorus， of nine types of medicinal and edible substances used as food collected from 23 provinces （municipalities） were comprehensively analyzed. The average heavy metal content in the medicinal and edible substances used as food was 0.22 mg/kg （95%CI： 0.13~0.39）， and the average heavy metal content of Eucommia ulmoides leaves was the highest （2.80 mg/kg， 95%CI： 0.75~10.37）， followed by Dendrobium candidum with an average value of 0.30 mg/kg （95%CI： 0.18~0.49）. The average value of heavy metals in the other medicinal and edible substances was lower than 0.30 mg/kg. Among the seven heavy metals analyzed， the Cu exhibited the highest content， followed by Cd and Pb. Subgroup analysis showed that the contents of the seven heavy metals in medicinal and edible substances collected from different locations had high heterogeneity （P<0.05）. The meta-analysis showed that heterogeneity existed in the mean values of 42 pesticides （P<0.05）， and the total mean values of pentachloronitrobenzene， BHC and DDT in Dendrobium candidum， Panax quinquefolium， Cistanche deserticola， Astragalus membranaceus， and Gastrodia elata were the highest.Conclusion There are differences in the categories and contamination levels of heavy metals and pesticides in medicinal and edible substances. Heavy metal pollution is related to the origin and type of medicinal and edible substances. Prohibited pesticides can be detected in certain medicinal and edible substances， and further traceability analyses of pollutants in medicinal and edible substances should be conducted. The supervision and monitoring of the production and processing of medicinal and edible substances should be strengthened.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the impact of edible vegetable varieties， temperatures， and inoculation sites on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes （L. monocytogenes）， providing a theoretical foundation for risk assessment and key control measures of L. monocytogenes in edible vegetables.Methods Freeze-dried quantitative L. monocytogenes served as the strain source， with the surfaces and sections of five edible vegetables （colored pepper， onion， cucumber， virgin fruit and lettuce） used as inoculation sites. The strain was cultured at both 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ for 7 days. Regular monitoring of the L. monocytogenes quantity in each sample was conducted， and growth was analyzed.Results The quantity of L. monocytogenes freeze-dried in different bottles was uniform （F=1.923， P<0.05）， with a 93.3%±4.2% recovery rate after 28 days of storage at -20 ℃. At 4 ℃， L. monocytogenes did not show significant growth on vegetables， except for the surface of colored pepper， cucumber slices， the surface and cut side of lettuce after 7 days on other vegetables （δ<0.5 log₁₀ CFU/mL）. At 25 ℃， L. monocytogenes exhibited supportive growth on colored pepper， onion， virgin fruit， lettuce and cucumber slices ［δ=（1.16±0.35）~（2.68±0.18）log₁₀ CFU/mL］. The quantity of L. monocytogenes on the cut of cucumber， the surface of lettuce and the cut of lettuce continued to increase after 7 days of storage， with a consistent growth trend and concentration on the surface and cut side of lettuce.Conclusion The survival of L. monocytogenes on edible vegetables is closely linked to vegetable species， surface and section， storage temperature and other conditions. Temperature control is essential to mitigate the risk in edible vegetables. Lettuce and cut cucumbers are high risk foods for L. monocytogenes and should be of particular concern for risk assessment.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the molecular and biological characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus （V. vulnificus）isolated from Guangzhou.Methods Thirty-eight strains of V. vulnificus were collected from Guangzhou， and whole-genome sequences were obtained. The population structure of V. vulnificus was inferred by utilizing 50 publicly available genome sequences obtained from NCBI. FineSTRUCTURE software was employed for this analysis. Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors were identified using CARD， ResFinder， and VFDB databases.Results Four well-supported phylogenetic groups or lineages （L1-L4） were identified， and all genomes of the strains in Guangzhou were classified into L1 （47%） and L2 （53%）. The predominant ST were ST357， ST157， ST136， ST139， ST345， ST303， and so on， which showed regional aggregation. Multiple genome identification of V. vulnificus revealed 11 drug resistance genes： acrF， CRP， catB9， rpoC， ugd， and others. MCR genes related to polymyxin resistance were identified in V. vulnificus for the first time. The species also carries 23 virulence genes in five classes encoding flagellin， type Ⅱ secretory system protein， capsular polysaccharide， RtxA toxin， iron overload， and other virulence-related genes.Conclusion Vibrio vulnificus in Guangzhou undergoes highly homologous recombination and carries a variety of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence-related genes. Therefore， monitoring and management of Vibrio vulnificus should be strengthened.

Abstract:Objective To develop an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UHPLC-MS/MS） analytical method for the determination of cyanuric acid in the outer packaging of imported cold-chain food.Methods A 50% aqueous acetonitrile solution was used as an extraction solvent. The extraction was performed by shaking the samples. The sample was centrifuged， and the supernatant was transferred for injection. Cyanuric acid was separated using a Waters ACQUITY BEH HILIC （2.1×100 mm， 1.7 μm）. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and a 10 mmol/L aqueous ammonium acetate solution. An isocratic elution was also performed. Cyanuric acid was detected using UHPLC-MS/MS.Results Good linearity was achieved， with a correlation coefficient above 0.999 0. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the method were 5.0-20.0 and 20.0-50.0 μg/kg， respectively. The mean recoveries at low， middle， and high spiked levels were 80.0%-96.6%. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were <12.3%.Conclusion Due to its straightforward sample preparation， reliable recovery， heightened sensitivity， and precision， the established method has been proven suitable for the assessment of cyanuric acid in the outer packaging of imported cold-chain food.

Abstract:Objective To study the applicability for determination of norfloxacin， ofloxacin， difloxacin， enrofloxacin， ciprofloxacin， fleroxacin， dafloxacin， pefloxacin， lomefloxacin and salafloxacin in bean sprouts by colloidal gold immunochromatography.Methods Took representative bean sprout ground 2 g， extracted with 5 mL extraction solution， and then filtered and diluted 2 times. Drew the diluent into the gold standard micropore， incubated at room temperature， and inserted the test strip into the gold standard micropore. The reaction results were interpreted by comparing the color depth of the detection line （T line） and the control line （C line）. The experiment also studied the cross-reaction of 6-benzyladenine， 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid， metronidazole， urea and clopidourea， and the reliability of the method was investigated by real positive samples and multi-level spiked samples.Results The detection limit of the method could reach 5 μg/kg ； no cross reactions occurred with 6-benzyladenine， 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid， metronidazole， urea and clopidourea under the condition of routine detection level； The results of real positive samples and multi-level spiked samples confirmed that the method was reliable.Conclusion The method is sensitive， accurate and fast， which is suitable for the field rapid detection of quinolones in bean sprouts.

Abstract:Objective To understand the carrying status and strain characteristics of STEC strains in cattle and beef in the local area， provide scientific basis for evaluating the STEC pollution status， infection risk， prevention and control strategies in the region， the Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli （STEC） in the feces of calves and adult cows and feeding environment in a dairy farm around Chengdu， as well as fresh beef from vegetable markets and supermarkets for three years were continuously monitored.Methods STEC using fluorescence quantitative PCR method was identified， and drug sensitivity testing using micro broth dilution method was conducted. After sequencing the entire genome of the isolated strain， the MLST type， strain type， serotyping， and virulence gene information were obtained on the EnteroBase database. The stx subtype information was compared using the Abricate software. Perform cgMLST clustering analysis was used by BioNumerics 7.6 software.Results From 2019 to 2021， a total of 247 cow manure and environmental samples were collected from dairy farms， and 25 STEC strains were isolated， with a detection rate of 10.12%. 294 fresh beef samples were collected and 32 STECs were isolated， with a detection rate of 10.88%. A total of 57 STEC strains were isolated. The STEC strain had the highest resistance rate to ampicillin， reaching 42.11%（24/57）， followed by cefotaxime and cefazolin at 38.60%（22/57）. Multiple resistant strains accounted for 35.09%（20/57）. A total of 30 serotypes were isolated from 57 STEC strains， among which the serotypes that can cause outbreaks include O26：H11， O103：H25， and O145：H12. Through virulence gene analysis， it was found that subtypes with pathogenic risk included stx2a， stx2c， stx2d， stx2e， stx2g， stx2k， as well as eae-STEC and STEC/ETEC heterozygous strains.Conclusion The pollution of STEC in cow manure from dairy farms and fresh beef from vegetable markets continued to exist from 2019 to 2021. The detection rate of calf feces was 21.43%， which was higher than that of adult cow feces by 0.91%. The STEC detection rate of fresh beef in vegetable markets is significantly higher than that in supermarkets. The drug resistance of strains isolated from cow manure is more severe than that of strains isolated from beef. Some isolated strains have stronger pathogenicity due to carrying strong virulence genes or other pathogenic related genes.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the molecular characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolates and investigate the contamination of Salmonella in pre-packed cooked meat products during food processing.Methods According to the sampling requirements of the national “Manual for Monitoring the Production and Processing of Cooked Meat Products （Pre-packed）”， 460 environmental and cooked meat samples were collected from a pre-packed cooked meat product factory in Dezhou from 2015 to 2017. Salmonella isolation and identification were performed per the currently effective GB 4789.4—2016 protocol. Salmonella serotypes were determined based on serum agglutination. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） and multilocus sequence typing （MLST） were employed to determine the molecular types of Salmonella isolates. Resistance tests for 15 antibiotics were performed using the broth microdilution susceptibility test.Results The detection rate of Salmonella in 460 samples was 5.65% （26/460）. The detection rate in 2016 was the highest （7.65%， 14/183）， and the difference among samples from different years was not statistically significant （χ²=2.82， P>0.05）. The detection rate in intermediate products was the highest， and the difference among samples from different samples was statistically significant （χ²=64.16， P<0.05）. Salmonella was detected only in the raw product workshop， and the difference among samples from different workshops was statistically significant （χ²=78.08， P<0.05）. Twenty-six strains of Salmonella were divided into six serotypes， with Salmonella enteritidis being the most prevalent， accounting for 53.85% （14/26）. Twenty-six isolates were subtyped into 12 PFGE types， with type S4 predominantly dominating. The 26 Salmonella strains were divided into five types based on MLST typing. ST11 was the major ST type. Of these 26 isolates， 22 were resistant to various antibiotics. The highest antibiotic resistance rate was for ampicillin， at 73.08% （19/26）， and the multiple antibiotic resistance rate （resistance to three or more antibiotics） was 73.08%.Conclusion During the processing of cooked meat products， Salmonella contamination is concentrated mainly in raw materials and intermediate products. The contamination status of the products after steaming was effectively controlled.

Abstract:Objective To assess the exposure and health risks from perchlorates in food and tea among Chinese residents grouped by key and common areas.Methods Perchlorate content data for food and tea in China were collected from the literature. Combined with data from the Chinese Total Diet Study in 2015 and using the hazard quotient， the estimated dietary exposure to perchlorate in different areas was assessed and compared using several health-based guidance values.Results The highest mean perchlorate content was 175.54 μg/kg in tea. The results of the probability assessment showed that vegetables were critical exposure pathways in the Chinese population， accounting for 79.40% of total daily perchlorate intake. The 99% daily perchlorate intake of Chinese populations was lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake （PMTDI， 10 μg/kg?BW） set by the Joint FAO/WHO. However， the daily perchlorate intake of 4.96% and 26.57% of the residents in two areas far exceeded the temporary tolerable daily intake （tTDI， 0.7 μg/kg?BW） set by China. In tea， 95% of daily perchlorate intake was lower than the PMTDI， but the daily perchlorate intakes of 57.47% and 77.94% of the tea drinkers in the two areas exceeded the tTDI.Conclusion The risk of exposure to perchlorate via dietary intake in the Chinese population is generally low； however， there are key areas where the exposure is significantly higher than those in other areas owing to high local pollution.

Abstract:Objective To assess human exposure risk from pesticide residues through ingestion of fruit in Shaanxi Province， pesticide residues in fruits were investigated and analyzed.Methods Four hundred eighty-six commercialized fruit samples from 6 categories were collected from 10 cities in Shaanxi Province from 2018 to 2021. Two standard procedures， including “National Risk Monitoring Manual Standard Operating Procedure for the Determination of Multi-Component Pesticide Residues in Vegetal Samples by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry （GC-MS）” as well as “Standard Operating Procedure for the Determination of Multi-Component Pesticide Residues in Vegetal Samples （including Edible Fungi） by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry （LC-MS）” were used to analyze the residues of 13 kinds of insecticides and 15 kinds of bactericides. Furthermore， the detection rate and over-standard rate of multi-component pesticide residues in fruits were evaluated according to the GB 2763—2021 “National Food Safety Standard-Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food”. The point assessment method was used to assess the acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of all pesticide residues， and a food safety index model was used to determine the overall risk assessment of the detected pesticides.Results In addition to four bactericides （pyraclostrobin， oxadixyl， myclobutanil and iprodione） and three insecticides （ ethoprophos， cyromazine and cyfluthrin）， the remaining 21 pesticides， including some banned， highly toxic pesticides， were detected to different degrees with detection rates ranging from 0.77% to 21.54%. Four pesticide residues in seven samples exceeded the standard， with detection rates ranging from 0.28% to 1.27%. The detection rate of pesticide residues was highest in stone fruits （39.24%）， tropical and subtropical fruits （28.33%）， citrus fruits （26.47%）， and kernel fruits （25.96%）. The over-standard rate was highest in berry fruits （2.54%）， and combined utilization of multiple pesticides was found. The values for acute and chronic dietary exposure to all pesticide types were lower than the health guidelines. The food safety index for a single pesticide is < 1. The overall food safety index of the fruits was less than 1.Conclusion Although the detection rate of pesticide residues in fruits from Shaanxi Province was relatively high， the over-standard rate was low. The risk from dietary intake of fruits monitored in this study was within an acceptable range； therefore， the safety and quality of the commercialized fruits collected from 2018 to 2020 met the requirements.

Abstract:Objective To understand the contamination and drug resistance characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella （NTS） during pig slaughter.Methods A total of 170 carcasses and environmental samples were collected from two large-scale pig slaughterhouses in May and August 2021 in Shandong Province， China. Whole genome sequencing （WGS） combined with bioinformatics was used to analyze the data of the NTS isolates.Results NTS was detected in 29 of 170 pork samples， detection rate was 17.1%. Salmonella typhimurium was the predominant serotype （58.6%， 17/29） in the samples. The results of the drug sensitivity analysis showed that 29 NTS strains had 15 drug resistance spectra， with the highest rate of tetracycline resistance （100.0%， 29/29）， followed by ampicillin and chloramphenicol （79.3%， 23/29）. The multidrug resistance rate was 86.2% （25/29 patients）. Multilocus sequence typing （MLST） showed that ST19 was the main type， accounting for 48.3% （14/29） of cases. Analysis of drug resistance genes showed that they carried mainly tet（A）， tet（B）， tet（M）， bla_TEM-1B， bla_CMY-97， floR， cmlA1， etc.Conclusion The phenomenon of NTS contamination exists in some pig slaughterhouses in Shandong Province. NTS has shown resistance to multiple antibiotics， suggesting that attention should be paid to the prevention of NTS in pig slaughterhouses.

Abstract:Hyaluronic acid （HA）， a natural substance widely present in the human body， exhibits diverse physiological regulatory effects and is often found in the structurally stable form known as sodium hyaluronate （SH）. HA finds extensive use in the food industry. Many countries and regions， including Japan， the United States， and the European Union， permit the use of HA in common foods. In contrast， Korea allows HA only in healthy foods and beverages. In China， approval for HA （in the SH form） as a health food ingredient was granted in 2008， and its usage was expanded to general food in December 2020. This study provides an overview of the characteristics of the product， its oral efficacy， regulatory categories， production processes， scope of application， safety limits， and approved functional claims both domestically and internationally. The goal is to explore its applicability and potential market demand. Simultaneously， the status of relevant regulations and approved uses are organized and analyzed to offer a systematic reference for the research and development， regulation， and consumption of HA-related food products. The aim is to promote the rational use and development of HA in the food industry.

Abstract:To improve the construction of a food safety standards system， the current status of analysis standards for radioactive substances in food in China was studied. Examining the content， application， and revision status of the current standards for the analysis of radioactive substances in food， shortcomings， and proposed suggestions were analyzed. Analysis standards are not suitable for practical needs in terms of timeliness and suitability， and it is necessary to improve the construction of relevant analysis standards to provide strong technical support for risk monitoring， assessment， and emergency disposal. It is recommended to establish a multiparty standard management mechanism， accelerate the preparation and revision of limit standards and response action level standards， improve testing methods and standards that are both urgent and routine， and continuously maintain the suitability and effectiveness of analytical standards.

Abstract:Objective To provide a scientific basis for dietary guidance for older adults in China， the correlation between the total intake of fruit and vegetables and cognitive function was explored.Methods A total of 406 people aged 55 years or older who participated in the 2015 Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS） in Hubei Province were included in this study. Age， sex， urban or rural status， marital status， educational level， income， smoking， drinking， physical activity， red meat intake， fish intake， total energy intake， body mass index （BMI）， and hypertension were recorded. Multiple linear regression and a 95% confidence interval （95%CI） were used to evaluate the linear partial regression coefficients between fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive function.Results The mean age of the subjects was 64.79±7.57 years old， the mean total fruit and vegetable intake was 330.18±165.56 g/d， and the mean cognitive score was 13.44±5.66 points. In the fully adjusted model， compared with the Q1 group， the linear partial regression coefficient and 95%CI of the Q4 group were 1.91 and 0.08-3.75. Compared with the daily intake of vegetables only， the linear partial regression coefficient and 95%CI for the daily intake of vegetables and fruits were 1.40， 0.15-2.73.Conclusion A higher fruit and vegetable intake is associated with better cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Fruit intake should be ensured while consuming vegetables.

Abstract:Objective To explore the relationship between macronutrient intake and sleep quality， the current sleep quality of pregnant women from ten cities in China was investigated.Methods Multistage stratified sampling was used to investigate the nutrient intake and sleep quality of 863 pregnant women in ten Chinese cities. Twenty-four dietary intake， sleep quality， perinatal depression， and other information was obtained using physical measurements and a questionnaire. Logistic and multiple linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between macronutrient intake and sleep quality.Results The prevalence of poor sleep quality among pregnant women was 46.12%； pregnant women who were in the third trimester， who had depression， were currently unemployed， passively smoked during pregnancy， and had a history of previous alcohol consumption， demonstrated a higher levels of poor sleep quality （P<0.05）. The ratios of energy intake from carbohydrates， fats， and proteins in pregnant women were 51.1%， 34.4%， and 14.2%， respectively. The results of the logistic and multiple linear regression analyses indicated that when total energy intake was constant， substituting 5% of energy intake either from protein or fat with carbohydrate increased the odds of poor sleep quality； OR were 1.13 （95%CI： 1.01–1.26， P<0.05） and 1.09 （95% CI： 1.02–1.16， P<0.05）， respectively.Conclusion There is a significant negative correlation between carbohydrate intake and sleep quality at a certain level of total energy intake for pregnant women.

Abstract:Objective To provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases in Chenzhou， the etiological characteristics and epidemiological patterns of foodborne diseases were analyzed.Methods The Case information and stool and anal swab samples were collected from two sentinel hospitals in Chenzhou in 2017 and 2019. According to the methods described in “National Manual of Foodborne Disease Surveillance”， the samples were tested for pathogens， pathogen typing， and drug sensitivity.Results A total of 825 samples of diarrhea cases were collected， and the total detection rate of pathogens was 30.18% （249/825）， including 16.24% （134/825） Salmonella， 11.76% （97/825） Norovirus， 3.52% （29/825） diarrheal Escherichia coli， 0.73% （6/825） Vibrio parahaemolyticus， and 0.12% （1/825） Shigella. Bacterial detection rates were higher in the second and third quarters than in other quarters， and viral detection rates were higher in the first and fourth quarters than in other quarters. The highest pathogen detection rate was 40.79% （31/76） in the 2-6-year-old group. Milk and dairy products， grains and their products， and fruits and their products were suspected foods. The highest detection rate in Salmonella was in Salmonella enterica subsp.（74.63%， 100/134）， the highest detection rate in diarrheal Escherichia coli was in intestinal adhesion type and enterotoxin type （34.48%， 10/29）， and the norovirus was mainly GII type （85.57%， 83/97）. The highest resistance rate of Salmonella to tetracycline was 88.71% （110/124）， and the multidrug resistance rate of Salmonella was 85.48% （106/124）. The resistance rate of diarrheal Escherichia coli to ampicillin was significant （79.31%， 23/29）， and the multidrug resistance rate of diarrheal Escherichia coli was 62.07% （18/29）.Conclusion The main pathogens of diarrheal cases of foodborne diseases were Salmonella and Norovirus in Chenzhou. Salmonella and diarrheal Escherichia coli are highly resistant to antibiotics. Therefore， it is necessary to conduct targeted food safety supervision， strengthen antibiotic resistance monitoring， and strictly prevent antibiotic abuse.

Abstract:Objective To trace Bacillus cereus （B. cereus） from foodborne disease outbreaks toidentify pathogens and cut off transmission.Methods Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） was performed. Furthermore， 12 isolates of B. cereus were subjected to PFGE. Subsequently， whole-genome sequencing （WGS） analysis was conducted on ten of these isolates. The WGS data were analyzed and assembled using BioNumerics software. Multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， virulence gene profiles， and single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） were analyzed using assembled sequences.Results PFGE analysis classified the 12 B. cereus strains into nine pulsotypes. The three B. cereus isolates with the same PFGE pattern belonged to ST1435， and there were only three SNPs in the three ST1435 strains. The two B. cereus isolates with the same PFGE patterns were ST24 with one SNP between them， and the two ST24 isolates harbored hlbACD. These results indicate that the B. cereus isolates belonged to the same clone. The remaining three B. cereus strains also contained hlbACD.Conclusion Food-borne illness events caused by B. cereus are complex and are sources of contamination. Therefore， it will be necessary to strengthen the hygiene surveillance of food sources and workers and to pay more attention to cleaning and disinfecting environments and facilities， which will be important for preventing and controlling foodborne diseases.

Abstract:Objective A dichroine poisoning outbreak caused by the accidental ingestion of fresh Dichroa yunnanensis was investigated and resolved， which can provide scientific support for the clinical treatment and further prevention of dichroine poisoning.Methods A systemic epidemiological investigation， hygiene investigation， laboratory tests， morphology analysis， and molecular identification of the plant were conducted soon after the incident， and poison treatment consisted of evaluating clinical symptoms， giving therapeutic drugs， and achieving a patient cure.Results Based on the botanical and molecular biological identification results of Dichroa yunnanensis， the sample involved in the poisoning incident was confirmed to be Dichroa yunnanensis， Yunnan Province. The toxic substance responsible for the poisoning was an alkali from Dichroa yunnanensi， with a 100% effect rate among individuals who consumed it. Clinical manifestations included mainly nausea， vomiting， diarrhea， tenesmus， and other gastrointestinal symptoms， which abated within 24 h of fluid rehydration， stomach protection， potassium supplementation， and broad-spectrum detoxification treatment， without additional symptoms.Conclusion This incident of dichroine poisoning was caused by the accidental consumption of fresh Dichroa yunnanensis. As no D. yunnanensis poisoning case has been reported previously in China， this report has important reference value for the prevention and clinical treatment of similar poisoning events in the future.

Abstract:Dicyclohexyl phthalate （DCHP） is a phthalic acid esters. It has been widely used in plastic processing and as a component in printing ink， paints， coatings， adhesives， and so on. DCHP can be detected in food， water， soil， air and dust. The application and management of DCHP was introduced， and its pollution characteristics based on existing research at home and abroad was described in this paper. And the research progress of DCHP’s metabolic processes in vivo and the hazard of liver， reproductive system， endocrine system and related mechanisms were further elaborated. And the existing problems and further research directions will be discussed.

Abstract:Freshly squeezed fruit and vegetable juice， freshly ground coffee， new tea and other freshly made beverages are very popular among consumers. However， due to the loose quality control of raw materials and non-standard processing operation， the risk of microbial contamination exists in the freshly made beverages. This paper summarizes the status of microbiological pollution in the present system beverage and the current situation of industry supervision， analyzes the causes of microbiological pollution in the process of the present system beverage， finds out the key control points and proposes the intervention measures， in order to promote the healthy development of the present system beverage industry.