Abstract:Objective This study aimed to clarify the heat inactivation mechanics of Salmonella in commercial crispy meat and provide guidance for its safe consumption by studying the inactivation pattern of Salmonella in crispy meat at different heating temperatures.Methods The crispy meat inoculated with 10⁸ CFU/g Salmonella typhimurium was heat treated at 80 ℃， 90 ℃， 100 ℃， 110 ℃， and 120 ℃ for a certain time. The thermal inactivation curves of Salmonella in crispy meat were fitted using a linear model， a Logistic model， and a Weibull model， and the optimal model was verified by external experiments.Results The results showed that compared with the linear model and the Logistic model， the Weibull model was more suitable to describe the thermal inactivation of Salmonella in crispy meat. The judgment coefficient R² of the primary model was more than 0.992 1， and the R² of the secondary model was 0.949 2 and 0.995 9， respectively. The accuracy A_f and deviation B_f of the model verified at 95 ℃ and 105 ℃ were within the acceptable range， which indicated that the model constructed in this experiment can better describe the inactivation pattern of Salmonella in crispy meat in the temperature range of 80 ℃-120 ℃.Conclusion This study is expected to guide the safe heating of crispy meat to reduce microbial risk during consumption.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to analyze the molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli （DEC） from meat and aquatic products in Shanghai City.Methods The DEC isolates were characterized by applying antibiotic tests and whole genome sequencing （WGS）. The BioNumerics software was used to analyze and assemble WGS data. Then， multilocus sequence typing sequencing， virulence profiles， and antibiotic-resistant genes were analyzed adopting assembled genome sequences. The antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated.Results In this study， most DEC isolates were EAEC （73.2%）， and most of the EAEC isolates carried only the astA gene （90.2%）. All 56 DEC isolates have been typed as 37 STs. The resistance rate to NAL was higher （64.3%），followed by aminoglycoside， beta-lactam， and tetracycline. The multi-drug resistant DEC isolates were 48.2% resistant； furthermore， the resistance genes were detected in these DEC isolates.Conclusion EAEC isolates are dominant DEC isolates from foods in Shanghai City. Furthermore， these DEC isolates exhibited a higher resistance rate， compared with the corresponding resistance genes. These results suggest that molecular surveillance should be enhanced. Moreover， fundamental data can be obtained by employing the WGS for tracing DEC isolates and analyzing pathogenicity.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of domestic laboratories for the detection of Salmonella in milk powder.Methods Artificially contaminated samples in this proficiency testing program were used. The samples were prepared by adding the bacterial enrichment solution to the matrix solution and then mixed， divided， and freeze-dried. The homogeneity and stability of the samples were tested. Three groups of proficiency testing samples were designed and two samples were randomly sent to each laboratory. The result was compared to the specified value to evaluate the performance of the laboratories that participated.Results A total of 337 laboratories in our country participated in the proficiency testing program， of which 323 were satisfactory， with the satisfaction rate at 95.8%； 14 laboratories had one or two unsatisfactory results. A total of 674 samples were sent to the laboratory， of which 658 had satisfactory results， with a satisfaction rate of 97.6%， 16 results were unsatisfactory accounting for 2.4%.Conclusion Different groups of samples were randomly numbered and randomly distributed， which played an essential role in preventing collusion. The samples prepared by the artificial pollution method fully considered the target bacteria， similar interference bacteria， and background bacteria， and were consistentwith the actual samples in terms of performance. The detection ability of Salmonella in the milk powder of national laboratories is generally satisfactory， and while a few laboratories need to be improved in terms of their detection capability.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to establish a quantitative 3-plex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction （ddPCR） method for simultaneously detecting the copy numbers of Salmonella， Bacillus cereus， and Listeria monocytogenes in instant food.Methods Three pairs of primers and probes corresponding to three single-copy-genes were selected as target genes. The genes were the essC gene in Bacillus cereus， ttrA/ttrC gene in Salmonella， and invasion-associated endopeptidase gene in Listeria monocytogenes. The specificity of the primers and probes were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR separately. A 3-plex ddPCR method was constructed to detect the copy numbers of three pathogenic bacteria simultaneously.Results The linear ranges were： 25-22 687 copies/20 μL for Salmonella， 19-15 620 copies/20 μL for Bacillus cereus， and 18-23 373 copies/20 μL for Listeria monocytogenes. The three linear correlation coefficients were r≥0.999. relative standard deviation （RSD）≤12% at six concentrations and repeated thrice， indicating favorable repeatability. The minimum detection limits were six copies/20 μL for Salmonella， three copies/20 μL for Bacillus cereus， and seven copies/20 μL for Listeria monocytogenes. When a simulated sample of contaminated rice noodles was detected by 3-plex ddPCR and the plate counting method， the deviation between these two methods was <9%， indicating a good consistency in the results.Conclusion The 3-plex ddPCR method for the simultaneous and quantitative detection of Salmonella， Bacillus cereus， and Listeria monocytogenes in instant food was quicker， more sensitive， and more accurate than the plate-counting method.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to achieve rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of the respective contents of glutamine （Gln） enantiomers in functional foods by establishing a water-soluble lanthanide shift reagent-identified method based on the ¹H-qNMR technique.Methods The internal standard disodium terephthalate was added to the samples dissolved in ultrapure water. After vertexing and centrifuging， an appropriate amount of supernatant was taken into the NMR tube with deuterium water as a field-locking solvent and the water-soluble lanthanide shift reagent samarium （Ⅲ）-propylenediaminetetraacetate as the chiral selector. The ¹H-NMR spectrum was collected by a 600 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer for the direct determination of the contents of Gln enantiomers in functional foods.Results The Gln enantiomers and DT quantitative peaks were well-separated. The mass concentration of D- and L-glutamine has a good linearity in the range of 100.0-2 000.0 μg/mL with R²>0.99. The limit of detection was 30.0 μg/mL， and the limit of quantification was 100.0 μg/mL. The average recovery rates obtained from standard addition methods were between 94.27% and 116.07% with the relative standard deviations （n=6） being 0.18%-1.84%.Conclusion This method offers high recovery， good repeatability， and a simple pretreatment process， and the sample test can be completed within 15 min. The testing of different dosage forms of functional foods purchased from the supermarket platform revealed that the enantiomeric purity of Gln in the samples was ≥99%. No significant difference was observed between this method and high-performance liquid chromatography （P>0.05） in the determination of total Gln. The method can provide a practical technique for the rapid detection of the contents of glutamine enantiomers.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide basic data for the formulation of laws and regulations related to prebiotic health food and product production， by systematically investigating the product information of prebiotic health food approved in China.Methods The examination and approval information of health food containing prebiotics in China from 1996 to 2022 were investigated， including the ingredient list of health food， functional claims， and suitable population information. The product information database was established. The frequency of adding prebiotic ingredients， product functional claims， and suitable population distribution were statistically analyzed.Results A total of 504 prebiotic health foods were approved from 1996 to 2022. Prebiotics were mostly added in the form of combination， but the ingredients used were mainly concentrated in three kinds， which were fructo-oligosaccharides （44.44%）， isomalto-oligosaccharide （22.02%）， and xylo-oligosaccharides （19.05%）. The function was claimed to be relatively simple. The products of “enhancing immunity”， “defecating”， and “regulating intestinal flora” account for 38.20%， 32.60%， and 14.60%， respectively. The common suitable people in the product were those with low immunity， constipation， and gastrointestinal dysfunction.Conclusion Health food containing prebiotics in China has a favorable development space in the future. Updating the relevant policies and regulations， guiding the production enterprises to follow up in time， and promoting a healthy development of health food containing prebiotics in China is necessary.

Abstract:Objective To understand the pollution status of Listeria monocytogenes （LM） in different categories of commercial food products in Hu’nan Province， and provide a basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases and food safety supervision.Methods In 2014 to 2021， 12 046 food samples from 15 categories were randomly selected in 14 cities and prefectures in the province to carry out LM testing， and SPSS software was used to test the LM pollution in different food characteristics in urban and rural areas.Results A total of 12 046 commercially available food samples were collected， with 297 testing positive for LM， resulting in an overall detection rate of 2.47%. There was a statistically significant difference in LM detection rates among different quarters （χ2=18.652，P<0.001）. The second quarter had the highest detection rate （3.24%）， presenting a risk 1.6 times higher than that of other quarters （95% CI： 1.246~1.983， P<0.001）. The detection rate of LM in bulk food was higher than that of pre-packaged food， and the difference was statistical significant （P<0.001）. The detection rate of edible fungi and their products （9.17%） among different categories of food in urban areas was the highest， and the risk of LM pollution was 4.1 times that of other food categories （95% CI： 2.168~7.674， P<0.001）， followed by meat and meat products （7.13%） and frozen rice and noodles （3.74%）. The top three foods with LM detection rate in rural areas were edible fungi and their products （44.44%）， quick-frozen rice and noodles （5.88%）， and meat and meat products （4.48%）. Among meat and meat products， the risk of LM contamination of prefabricated meat products and frozen livestock meat was 52.5 times and 36.1 times that of cooked meat products （P<0.001）. In addition， the detection rate of this bacteria in food in the circulation link is higher than that in catering services （χ2=56.654， P<0.001）， the detection rate of food in wholesale markets is the highest （11.54%）， and the pollution risk was 5.2 times than that of other places （95% CI： 1.553~17.423， P=0.025）.Conclusion LM contamination exists in commerical food in Hu’nan Province， especially in edible fungi and prefabricated meat products.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to assess the risk of dietary exposure and study the residues of β-receptor agonists in livestock meat and liver marketed in Tianjin City.Methods A total of 583 samples of pig， beef， mutton， and liver were randomly collected from supermarkets， online stores， and farmers’ markets in Tianjin City from 2016 to 2021. The β-receptor agonists clenbuterol， ractopamine， salbutamol， and terbutaline were tested by the relevant standard operating procedures of Manual China National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors Risk Monitoring， combined with residents’ food consumption data， using the index of food safety （IFS） to assess the health risk.Results The overall detection rate of the 583 samples was 13.89% （81/583）. The main β-receptor agonist detected was clenbuterol， which accounted for 98.77% （80/81） of all the detected samples. Only 1 sample was detected with salbutamol， and the other 2 β-receptor agonists were not detected. The top 3 food categories in terms of detection rate were beef liver， 33.96% （36/106）； mutton， 15.79% （18/114）； and beef， 13.22% （16/121）， while the detection rate of pork and pig liver was 1.19% （1/84） and 2.00% （1/50）， respectively； the difference between the detection rates of the different categories was statistically significant （χ²=56.11， P < 0.05）. The detection rate of β-receptor agonists in samples collected from farmers’ markets was significantly higher than that collected from supermarkets and online shops （χ²= 10.91， P < 0.05）. The exposure risk assessment showed that the average exposure of pork， beef， and mutton ranged from 0.000 1 to 0.000 4 μg/kg·BW. The IFS ranged from 0.022 0 to 0.095 0， and the IFS values were less than 1.Conclusion A certain detection degree of β-receptor agonists was observed in livestock meat and liver marketed in Tianjin City， but the average exposure risk of β-receptor agonists was low from the dietary exposure of pig， beef， and mutton.

Abstract:Objective We aimed to evaluate the dietary exposure risk to infants by investigating the chloropropanol ester （MCPDE） and glycidyl ester （GE） contamination levels in infant formula sold in Shanghai City.Methods The dietary exposure of 3-MCPDE， 2-MCPDE， and GE for infants through infant formula was assessed by the point assessment method according to the risk monitoring data of MCPDE and GE in 90 infant formula sold in Shanghai City in 2020 and the dietary consumption data of infants.Results The detection rates of 3-MCPDE， 2-MCPDE， and GE in infant formula sold in Shanghai City were 100%， 100%， and 12.2%， respectively. The mean contents were 0.084， 0.021， and 0.005 mg/kg， and the maximum values were 0.231， 0.034， and 0.031 mg/kg， respectively. The mean and 95 percentile values of daily 3-MCPDE intake of infants aged 0-6 months in Shanghai City through infant formula were 1.262 and 2.166 μg/kg·BW， accounting for 63.1% and 108.3% of the tolerable daily intake （TDI） of 3-MCPDE （2 μg/kg·BW）， respectively. The mean and 95 percentile value of daily 3-MCPDE exposure of infants aged 6-12 and 12-36 months through infant formula were lower than the TDI value. The mean value of daily 2-MCPDE exposure of infants in different month-age groups through infant formula were 0.118-0.319 μg/kg·BW. The margin of exposure values of mean and 95 percentile of daily GE exposure of infants in different month-age groups through infant formula were greater than 10 000.Conclusion For infants and young children aged 0-36 months in Shanghai City， the health risks of daily intake of 3-MCPDE and GE through infant formula were generally at an acceptable level. However， for infants aged 0-6 months with high food consumption， the health risk of exposure to 3-MCPDE through infant formula merits further evaluation.

Abstract:The Notification on Labeling of Food Derived from Genetically Modified Organisms （GMOs） published by the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand came into effect on December 4， 2022. The main rules of this notification include： identifying labeling scope types and exemption， detailing requirements of labeling threshold and methods， and rationalizing the regulations of negative labeling and the compliance transition period. With an aim to revise the Regulation of Labeling Management of Agricultural GMOs in China， some suggestions need to be put forward， such as refining the labeling scope， setting the labeling threshold， implementing the label exemption， specifying negative labeling， need of traceability labeling， and clarifying the compliance transition period to preferably regulate the existing problems of the GMO food labeling system.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to compare the contaminant standards system and risk management between China and the European Union （EU） and provide evidence and reference for revising and improving our general standards of contaminants and toxins in food.Methods Using the literature comparison and data analysis method， we compared the general standards of contaminants and toxins in food between China and EU in terms of contaminant species， food categories， and maximum levels.Results There were 19 contaminant species in our general standards and 31 contaminant species in EU standards， and 15 of them were identical. The food categories in our general standards （43 categories） were more than that in the EU standards （28 categories）. Within 207 comparable indices between China and the EU， the maximum level of 26 indices （12.6%） in the China standards were stricter than those in the EU standards； 60 of them （29.0%） were equal to that in the EU standards and 121 of them （58.5%） were more generous than that in the EU standards.Conclusion The contaminant standards system of China is equivalent to that of the EU in terms of formulating principles and protecting the health of residents. These should be further improved in terms of risk assessment capacity building， contaminant data support， novel contaminant management， and source pollution control.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide references for the demonstration and guiding effects of food safety demonstration city creation， quantitative assessment， and empirical research on the social co-governance level of food safety risks in Zhejiang Province by analyzing the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.Methods A comprehensive evaluation index system and its weight coefficient was established through literature research， the Delphi method， and an analytic hierarchy process combined with the national and local food safety demonstration city standards. Subsequently， experts were invited to assess and score application materials based on the fuzzy synthesis method； then， the results of social co-governance could be quantized.Results The food safety social co-governance evaluation index system developed contained four primary indices， 12 secondary indices， and 34 tertiary indices. According to the weight sort， local governments and enterprises were still the two principal parts of regional food security. Public and other social groups were explored in the collaborative governance as the third party forces. In addition， local governments， enterprises， new media， guilds， and the public should strengthen the party and the government should have a co-responsibility and guarantee resources， obtain certificates， and perform self-inspections following the law， and monitor and report public opinion information， assist high-quality local industry development， and participate in supervision through multiple channels. Although the overall level of food safety social co-governance was at the “very good” level， the internal indicators still differed within the three co-created cities. The main weak link was social coordination， which was at a “good” level.Conclusion The index system can fit the need for the evaluation of food safety social co-governance. Hence， it has practical application value in the establishment and guiding effects of food safety demonstration cities.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to discuss the use of protein materials in formula food for special medical purposes to provide a reference for the selection of the protein materials， product registration management， and clinical use in the development and design of formula food for special medical purposes.Methods This study summarized and analyzed the requirements of the protein in terms of the regulations and standards， the characteristics of protein materials， and their use status in different types of formula food for special medical purposes from the perspective of evaluation.Results Protein plays an essential role in formula food for special medical purposes. The commonly used protein materials include whey proteins， casein and soybean protein isolates， hydrolyzed protein， and amino acids. Based on the different applicable people， proteins have different characteristics and clinical applications in nutritionally complete formulas， protein modules， and nutritionally complete formulas for a specific disease.Conclusion Following the current requirements of registration and standards and the literature review， studies on the characteristics of protein materials and human protein nutritional requirements are relatively well-established， but studies on proteins used in formula food for special medical purposes are still limited. Paying more attention to the basic research on the use of protein materials in formula foods for special medical purposes and the collection of data used in clinical studies is crucial.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional knowledge-attitude-practice （KAP）， dietary status， dietary pattern， and physical fitness levels of freshmen in a medical university in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region， and explore the relationship between nutritional knowledge， dietary pattern， and physical fitness level， to provide a reference for the healthy dietary education of university students.Methods From May in， 2021， 2 125 freshmen from a medical university in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were surveyed using a nutritional KAP questionnaire， food frequency questionnaire， and physical fitness tests. Factor analysis was used to establish the dietary pattern of freshmen， and Pearson correlation analysis and Logistic regression analysis were conducted to analyze the correlation between dietary pattern and the total score of physical fitness test and each item. Simultaneously， descriptive analysis was conducted to analyze the nutritional KAP score， total energy， and average intake of each nutrient. A chi-square test was used to compare the differences in the distribution of nutritional behaviors among different physical test scores.Results The intake of carbohydrate， vitamin A， calcium， dietary fiber， and other nutrients of freshmen was insufficient. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the “healthy diet” pattern （r = 0.064，P < 0.01） and the “aquatic product， livestock， and poultry meat” pattern （r = 0.062，P < 0.01）were significantly positively correlated with the physical test scores. A significant negative correlation was observed between the “fried and sweet food” pattern （r = -0.057， P = 0.01）. The scores of nutrition knowledge， attitude， and practice of freshmen were 14.54 ± 2.63， 24.60 ± 3.73， and 15.61 ± 2.51， respectively. A significant difference was observed in the distribution of the breakfast eating behavior between the students who passed the physical test and those who failed it （χ² = 9.05，P < 0.05）. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the “aquatic product， livestock， and poultry meat” pattern was significantly negatively correlated with the risk of failing the physical test in boys （OR = 0.35，95% CI = 0.14-0.91） and girls （OR = 0.41，95% CI = 0.19-0.87）， and the “preserved food” pattern was significantly positively correlated with the risk of failing the physical test in girls （OR = 2.21，95% CI = 1.15-4.27）.Conclusion The dietary structure of the freshmen in a medical university in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is not reasonable， and their nutritional knowledge level does not match their nutritional behavior. Therefore， targeted nutritional education intervention should be performed according to the characteristics of the freshmen， so as to gradually develop healthy eating habits and improve their physical level.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to analyze the status of cooking oil consumption among the Chinese elderly aged 60 years and above in 23 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities） in 2017-2020.Methods The data were obtained from the Chinese resident food consumption survey conducted by the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment in 2017-2020 using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method proportional to the population. In this study， the elderly aged 60 years and above who participated in the household condiment weighing survey were selected as the objects. Household cooking oil data and individual total number of diners were obtained through the weighing accounting method and allocated to individuals according to the ratio of energy intake of household members， and evaluated by the recommended consumption of 25-30 g/d for the elderly in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents. According to the fatty acid content in the Chinese Food Composition Table （sixth edition）， the fatty acid content in cooking oil was calculated by combining the consumption of different cooking oils.Results The average consumption levels of the Chinese elderly aged 60 years and above were： 32.32 g/d for cooking oil， 30.36 g/d for vegetable oil， 1.89 g/d for animal oil， and 0.08 g/d for animal and plant mixed oil. Significant differences were observed in the consumption of cooking oil depending on the age， gender， place of residence， household income level， educational level， and region （P<0.05）. In China， 43.84% of the elderly consumed more cooking oil than the maximum recommended intake of 30 g/d. The cooking oils with the highest consumption rates were rapeseed oil， peanut oil， and sesame oil， and those with the highest consumption levels were rapeseed oil， peanut oil， and soybean oil. The fatty acid intake through cooking oil mainly involved unsaturated fatty acids.Conclusion The cooking oil consumption level of the Chinese elderly was generally high， and more than 40% of the elderly consumed too much cooking oil. Carrying out targeted actions and continuing to monitor their consumption situation is recommended.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to analyze the microbial contamination status in frozen surimi-based products.Methods A total of 4 516 frozen fish mince products were collected nationwide and tested for Listeria monocytogenes， Vibrio parahaemolyticus， Yersinia enterocolitica， and diarrheogenic Escherichia coli according to the test method in the National Standard for Microbiology Inspection of Food.Results The detection rates were as follows： Listeria monocytogenes， 6.02% （272/4 516）； Vibrio parahemolyticus， 0.84% （38/4 516）； Yersinia enterocolitica， 0.84% （38/4 516）； and diarrheogenic Escherichia coli at 0.91% （41/4 516）. The contamination of Listeria monocytogenes was more prominent among the four foodborne pathogens， and the contamination of Listeria monocytogenes in samples with different origins was quite different. Except for Vibrio parahaemolyticus， the detection rates of the other three foodborne pathogens in bulk samples were higher than those in the prepackaged samples.Conclusion Pathogenic bacterial contamination was observed in commercial frozen surimi products. Paying attention to the food safety risk caused by this kind of food is necessary.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to provide a basis for proposing corresponding preventive measures by analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreak events from 2015 to 2021.Methods The foodborne disease outbreaks reported in Tai’an City through the “National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System” from 2015 to 2021 were collected for descriptive epidemiological analysis.Results A total of 375 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported from 2015 to 2021， with 1 943 cases of illness and 279 cases of hospitalization， and no death was reported. There were 365 outbreaks （97.33%） with fewer than 30 cases of illness. The second and third quarters saw the high incidence seasons of foodborne disease outbreaks； the number of events was 298， accounting for 79.47%. The largest number of events and cases occurred in the catering service place， accounting for 53.33% （200/375） and 69.58% （1 352/1 943）， respectively. Secondly for family food safety， the number of events and disease cases accounted for 41.07% （154/375） and 21.62% （420/1 943） of all outbreaks， respectively. The highest number of events with unknown pathogenic factors accounted for 89.87% （337/375） of all outbreaks. In the events in which the causal factors （microbiological， microbial， and chemical contamination） were identified as many， all factors accounted for 39.47% （15/38）. Eight of the chemical events caused by pesticide residues were in domestic leeks； six cases of nitrite poisoning were in catering service places.Conclusion The supervision of catering service places and training of employees on the basic knowledge of food hygiene should be strengthened. Furthermore， the publicity of family food safety knowledge and technical guidance for the use of pesticides in family self-grown leeks should be strengthened. The capacity of epidemiological investigation and laboratory testing and the rate of detection of clear pathogenic factors should be improved.

Abstract:The microbial control in broiler chicken slaughtering and processing is essential in ensuring food safety and human health. Scalding， washing， and cooling are crucial stages for controlling microbial contamination during broiler chicken processing， and a combined use of multiple measures can effectively reduce microbial load on broiler chicken carcasses. Among these antimicrobial agents， sodium hypochlorite， cetylpyridinium chloride， and acidified sodium chlorite are effective in reducing contamination by pathogens such as Salmonella， Escherichia coli， and Campylobacter on broiler chicken carcasses. However， the effectiveness of reducing microbes depends on the stages of microbial control and the amount and duration of antimicrobial agent application. This article provides an overview of the control measures for microbial contamination at various stages of broiler chicken slaughtering and processing. Additionally， this study systematically elucidates the microbial reduction effects of various antimicrobial agents in these process stages. This review aims to provide data references for preventing and controlling microbial contamination during broiler chicken slaughtering and processing in domestic industries， thereby promoting the healthy development of the broiler production industry and safeguarding consumer health.

Abstract:Proinflammatory diet can stimulate the body to develop chronic low-grade inflammation， leading to the occurrence of chronic non-communicable diseases and the accumulation of multiple systems. The purpose of this review is to present recent research on the effects of proinflammatory diet on inflammation and multisystem diseases. It outlines six common proinflammatory diets， such as diets rich in red meat， refined grains， diets of the imbalanced ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid or rich in trans fatty acids， fried and grilled diets， high-sugar， and high-fat diets， and the three common evaluation methods of proinflammatory diets were summarized. This article emphasized the correlation between inflammatory states induced by proinflammatory diets and multisystem diseases， and provides an essential scientific basis for formulating intervention strategies for proinflammatory diet-related diseases in the future.

Abstract:Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi under suitable conditions. Mycotoxins not only endanger humans and animals， but also cause immeasurable damage to the agricultural economy. The common mycotoxin detection methods mainly feature large-scale instrument detection， which requires professional laboratory personnel and takes a long time. Emerging immunoassay technologies have the advantages of simple operation， speed， low cost， minimal interference， and the ability to process several samples simultaneously. This paper reviews the development of immunogens and antibodies in several common immunoassay techniques in the recent years and systematically compares the advantages and disadvantages of various immunoassay techniques. This review provides a novel idea for the development of immunoassay technology in mycotoxin detection.

Abstract:Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi in contaminated food， which can cause acute or chronic poisoning in humans. Therefore， the rapid and accurate detection method for mycotoxins is essential to ensure food safety. Aptamers are short single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid molecules， which， as recognition elements， have the advantages of being specific， stable， and easy to synthesize and modify. Aptasensors have been widely used in mycotoxins detection. This paper summarizes various application examples of aptasensors in mycotoxins detection and provides ideas and methods for realizing the fast， accurate， and efficient detection of mycotoxins.