Abstract:Fermented dairy products undergo structural and textural changes during fermentation， resulting in the production of unique nutrients. Therefore， they have special flavors and nutritional characteristics， offering health benefits for middle-aged and older adults， based on relevant evidence from global cohort studies. This article reviews evidence from global long-term follow-up cohort studies investigating the associations between fermented dairy products intake and overweight/obesity， cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， prediabetes and diabetes， cognition， and tumorigenesis. Additionally， this review explores the potential mechanisms for these associations.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the serotype， drug resistance， and molecular typing characteristics of Salmonella isolated from patients with foodborne diseases in Guizhou Province in 2021.Methods A total of 164 Salmonella strains were isolated from patients with diarrhea under the Guizhou Provincial Active Surveillance of Foodborne Diseases program in 2021. These strains were subjected to slide agglutination serotyping test， minimum inhibitory concentration tests with 14 antibiotics， and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） for molecular typing.Results The 164 Salmonella strains were divided into 25 serotypes. The dominant serotypes were S. typhimurium （46.34%，76/164）， S. enteritidis （15.24%，25/164）， and S. javana （9.15%，15/164）. The drug resistance rate of the 164 Salmonella strains was 100% （164/164）. The multidrug resistance rate was 86.59% （142/164）. Out of the 15 antibiotics tested， resistance was most frequently observed against ampicillin （95.12%，156/164）， tetracycline （78.05%，128/164）， and nalidixic acid （63.41%，104/164）. Seventy-two S. typhimurium， 24 S. enteritidis， and 15 S. javana strains were divided into 58， 12， and 3 different PFGE clusters， respectively.Conclusion There were many Salmonella serotypes detected in patients with diarrhea in the Guizhou Province， and multidrug resistance was common. PFGE fingerprints demonstrated genetic diversity of the isolated strains. Monitoring of drug resistance in Salmonella should be strengthened， especially for the clinical treatment of S. typhimurium.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of kaempferol against adriamycin-induced renal injury in rats and its underlying mechanism.Methods A rat model of renal injury was established by adriamycin injection. The rats were divided into the model group； the low-， medium-， and high-dose kaempferol groups； and the high-dose kaempferol + EX527 （silence information regulator 1 ［SIRT1］-specific inhibitor） group. A blank control group was also used （n = 10）. Twenty-four-hour urine protein levels were measured on the day of modeling and at 1， 2， and 4 weeks after modeling. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect pathological changes in renal tissues. The ultrastructure of the kidneys was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to observe renal cell apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of SIRT1， p38-mitogen activated protein kinase （p38MAPK）， phosphorylated （p）-p38MAPK， nuclear factor-κB p65 （NF-κB p65）， p-NF-κB p65， B lymphocytoma-2 protein （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-related X protein （Bax）， and caspase-3 in renal tissue.Results In the first week， the 24 h urine protein level increased in the model group compared to that in the blank control group. In the second and fourth weeks， the levels of serum creatinine， blood urea nitrogen， TNF-α， and IL-1β increased. The renal tissue injury score and the apoptotic rate also increased. The protein levels of p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK， p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65， Bax， and caspase-3 increased. SIRT1 and Bcl-2 protein expression levels significantly decreased （P < 0.05）. After intervention with low， medium， and high doses of kaempferol in the model rats， the aforementioned changes were significantly reversed （P < 0.05）. The SIRT1-specific inhibitor EX527 significantly downregulated the expression level of SIRT1 and significantly weakened the protective effect of kaempferol against kidney injury （P < 0.05）.Conclusion Kaempferol has a protective effect against adriamycin-induced renal injury， and the mechanism may be related to the upregulation of SIRT1 expression， the inhibition of p38MAPK signal pathway activation， and a reduction in renal cell apoptosis.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to elucidate the microbial characteristics of fermented soybean paste （douchi） in China and explore the microbial interactions in douchi.Methods Thirty-seven representative douchi samples were collected from a Chinese market， and microbial information was obtained by metagenomic sequencing. Douchi samples were clustered and illustrated using non-metric multidimensional scaling. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance was used to evaluate microbial community differences among regions. Mantel tests were performed to analyze the relation between geographic distance and microbiome dissimilarity. Linear discriminant analysis effect size was used to determine the microbial features that most likely explained the differences between the regions. A network was constructed to analyze the interactions between microorganisms.Results The results revealed a nearly significant difference in douchi microbial diversity across different regions， with higher microbial diversity observed in Central China. The Mantel test analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between microbial community distances in douchi and geographical distances. Among the bacteria present in douchi， the predominant phylum was Firmicutes （average abundance： 80.9%）， the most abundant order was Bacillales （average abundance： 66%）， and the most abundant genus was Bacillus （50.3%）. This study also found that beneficial bacteria and foodborne pathogens coexist in douchi. The main beneficial bacteria included Bacillus and various lactic-acid-producing bacteria. Foodborne pathogenic bacteria included Salmonella enterica， Bacillus cereus， Staphylococcus aureus， and Cronobacter sakazakiit. Within the species network， a potential synergistic relation was observed among Bacillales species， whereas competitive interactions were observed between Bacillales and other microbial orders， including Lactobacillales.Conclusion Douchi in China harbors a diverse array of microorganisms and exhibits significant regional variations and distinct features. Most products contain both beneficial and foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to establish a scientific and reasonable estimation and allocation model for food safety evaluation.Methods A statistical method was used to estimate the total number of samples for evaluative sampling， a sample size allocation index system was established based on an analysis of the literature， the Delphi method was used to screen multiple factors， and a combination weight was assigned to each index based on the analytic hierarchy process and CRITIC method.Results Based on the estimated failure rate of food safety evaluation sampling in Province X， the total number of food safety evaluation samples in Province X was determined to be 7 800. The evaluation sampling size allocation index system covered two aspects of food varieties and testing areas and included the following eight indicators： sampling failure rate， dietary structure， the number of food safety incidents， attention， food consumption， consumption expenditure， and resident population. The allocation of samples for each food category in each prefecture-level city in the evaluative sampling test in Province X was obtained based on the weights of the calculated indicator combinations.Conclusion The sample size allocation model can be used to allocate the sample size in a more objective and reasonable manner according to the food safety situation in each region and can be used as a reference for food safety evaluation sampling.

Abstract:Objective A method for the rapid detection of Russula japonica was established based on a visual or real-time fluorescent loop-mediated isothermal amplification （LAMP） strategy.Methods A LAMP primer group targeting the internal transcribed spacer sequence of R. japonica was designed and primer specificity was tested in 23 mushroom species. The sensitivity of the method was assessed by detecting DNA at a series of concentrations ranging from 10 ng/μL to 1 fg/μL.Results The designed primers specifically identified R. japonica without cross-reaction with the other 22 mushroom species. Both developed LAMP methods could detect as low as 2 pg/μL of a DNA template or 1% R. japonica in different mushroom mixtures.Conclusion The established method is suitable for rapid on-site identification of R. japonica and can be applied to fresh， dried， or cooked mushroom samples， with a detection time of <1 h. This visualization strategy does not require professional equipment and is suitable for the rapid identification of R. japonica.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of five food additives—acesulfame potassium， benzoic acid， sorbic acid， sodium saccharin， and dehydroacetic acid—in food using a new hydrophilic reversed-phase PSV C18 packing column combined with high-performance liquid chromatography.Methods The effects of the type of C18 packing， the pH of the mobile phase， and the mobile phase ratio on the separation of the five components were investigated.Results The best resolution was obtained for the five food additives when analyzed under the optimal mobile phase conditions of methanol：ammonium acetate ［0.02 mol/L， adjusted to pH 6.7； 7∶93 （v/v）］ using a new hydrophilic Blossmate PSV C18 chromatographic column. The five components had a good linear relation， with correlation coefficients all greater than 0.999 7， detection limits of 0.004-0.006 mg/L， 80.3%-106.7% recovery， and relative standard deviations ranging from 1.4% to 6.5%.Conclusion The method established in this study has good durability and the chromatographic column used has a long lifetime， reaching more than 1 000 injections. The method is suitable for the accurate quantification of the five additives in food.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to establish a method for determining inorganic， methyl， and ethyl mercury levels in fish using L-cysteine-assisted extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Methods L-cysteine was used to extract mercury from the samples. The extraction efficiencies of different concentrations of L-cysteine were investigated. The effect of extraction time on extraction efficiency was also studied， and the mobile phase conditions were optimized.Results Using a mobile phase comprising 2% methanol + 0.04 mol/L ammonium acetate + 1 g/L L-cysteine， the three forms of mercury in fish were determined by ultrasonic-assisted extraction with 1% L-cysteine for 10 min. All samples were separated within 9 min. The linear correlation coefficients for the three forms of mercury were over 0.999. The limits of detection of inorganic mercury， methyl mercury， and ethyl mercury were 3.0， 2.0， and 3.0 μg/kg， respectively. The spiked recoveries were 92.2%-97.9%， and the precision was less than 2%. The measured values of the quality control samples were within the range of the fixed values.Conclusion The method developed herein is accurate， simple， convenient， and suitable for determining the three types of mercury in fish.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the mold and mycotoxin contamination status of cooked nuts and seeds in China in 2021 and to understand the correlation and risk of mold and mycotoxin contamination in such foods.Methods Samples of commercially available cooked nuts and seeds were tested for mold contamination. Internal transcribed spacer （ITS） sequencing was used to identify the genus of the contaminating mold in the samples.Results Out of the cooked nut and seed samples analyzed， 19.32% （560/2 912） had mold counts > 25 colony-forming units （CFU）/g. The proportion of mold counts > 25 CFU/g was lower in single nuts and seeds （14.74%， 321/2 178） than in mixed nuts and seeds （32.56%， 239/734， P < 0.05）. Among the single nut and seed samples， walnuts （24.10%， 47/195） had the highest proportion of mold counts > 25 CFU/g， followed by almonds， spartan wood， and peanuts at 17.44% （15/86）， 16.81% （20/119）， and 16.22% （73/450）， respectively. All other nuts and seeds had proportions below 15%. Mycotoxin analysis was performed on 26 samples with mold counts > 25 CFU/g， and beauvericin was detected at 16.37 μg/kg in one peanut sample collected from Yunnan Province. ITS amplicon sequencing revealed that the main contaminating genera in cooked nuts and seeds were Aspergillus， Alternaria， and Candida. The detected molds had a certain correlation with mycotoxins.Conclusion High levels of mold contamination were detected in cooked nuts and seeds， resulting in a risk of mycotoxin production in the detected foods. Thus， it is necessary to strengthen the genus and species identification and mycotoxin analysis in these types of food to understand the contamination route and the regularity of toxin production and to provide a scientific basis for risk assessment and effective prevention and control measures.

Abstract:Objective To understand the speciation of arsenic in seafood sold in Jiaxing City， the health risks of arsenic exposure due to seafood consumption were evaluated.Methods Total arsenic levels and arsenic speciation in 105 samples collected from five seafood categories were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The health risks of inorganic arsenic exposure caused by edible seafood were analyzed based on data for the consumption of aquatic products.Results After testing 105 samples， the average total arsenic content in the five major types of seafood ranged from 0.85 to 41.85 mg/kg. However， it was primarily in the form of nontoxic arsenobetaine or arsenosugars， with organic arsenic accounting for more than 90% of the total arsenic content. The detection rate of inorganic arsenic was 45.7%， with concentrations ranging from 0.008 to 1.169 mg/kg， and a median value of 0.011 mg/kg. Seafood products with the highest levels of arsenic were mainly seaweed and crustaceans， and one sample exceeded the maximum limit set by the National Food Safety standard GB 2762—2017 for water products by 0.95%. The results of the margin of exposure health risk analysis indicated that the health risks associated with consuming seafood for residents of Jiaxing City were relatively low （margin of exposure values significantly higher than 1）. The risk level was slightly higher for urban residents than for rural residents and slightly higher for females than for males. Increased seafood consumption increased the risk level. Considering factors， such as overall dietary exposure， cooking methods， and transformation during consumption， the risk level would further increase.Conclusion The health risk caused by inorganic arsenic exposure in seafood is relatively low， but long-term intake of seafood （seaweed and chitin） with high inorganic arsenic content should be avoided.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to detect botulinum toxin and Clostridium botulinum （C.botulinum） in 30 batches of infant formula milk powder obtained from an enterprise and to analyze the whole genome of the strain of C. botulinum type B isolated from the samples.Methods The samples were subjected to C. botulinum isolation and botulinum toxin typing experiments according to the “National standard for food safety microbiological examination of C. botulinum and botulinum toxin” （GB 4789.12—2016）. The whole genomes of the isolated strains were sequenced and their genetic characteristics were analyzed.Results Botulinum toxin was not detected in any of the 30 batches of samples. After intraperitoneal injection of the enrichment solution into mice， four batches of milk powder samples induced symptoms of botulism， but C. botulinum was isolated from only one batch of milk powder samples. Genome sequencing revealed that the bacterium was C. botulinum group Ⅰ， type B， the toxin gene cluster was type Ha， and the toxin gene was subtype B2.Conclusion The detection of C. botulinum in infant formula milk powder with a complex background of microorganisms should not be based on the isolation of bacteria as the gold standard but should be confirmed by a mouse toxicity test of the enrichment solution combined with a botulinum toxin antiserum protection test. Whole genome sequencing can accurately identify strains and analyze relevant genetic characteristics， providing reliable technical support for handling poisoning events.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the virulence genes， antibiotic resistance， and molecular typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus （V.parahaemolytics） isolates from multiple sources in Wuxi City between 2016 and 2021.Methods Multiplex real-time PCR， microbroth dilution， and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） were used to detect virulence genes （tlh/tdh/trh）， evaluate antibiotic resistance， and perform molecular typing of 204 V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from various surveillance samples in Wuxi City. χ² tests were used for statistical analysis.Results Among the V. parahaemolyticus isolates， the prevalence of tlh， tdh， and trh was 100% （204/204）， 82.35% （168/204）， and 2.45% （5/204）， respectively. A significant difference was found in the prevalence of tdh between food/environmental sources and patient-source isolates （P < 0.001）. Most （96.08%， 196/204） isolates were resistant to cefazolin， and 2.94% （6/204） of the isolates displayed a multidrug resistance pattern （resistant to three or more drugs）. Strains from both food/environmental and patient sources were significantly （P < 0.05） resistant to ampicillin， tetracycline， methomyl/sulfamethoxazole， and ciprofloxacin. The 204 V. parahaemolyticus strains were clustered into 123 PFGE band types with 49.1%-100.0% similarity， which could be differentiated into 18 different genetic clusters with 85% similarity.Conclusion Most V. parahaemolyticus isolates from patient sources in Wuxi City harbored the tdh gene. The isolated V. parahaemolyticus strains showed the highest resistance to cefazolin. The PFGE types were polymorphic， and no major bands were found.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to determine the content of trans fatty acids （TFAs） in common foods sold in Shanghai and the consumption of these foods， and to assess the dietary intake of TFAs and its potential health risks among residents aged 15 years and older in Shanghai.Methods Six hundred and sixty-four food samples from 11 categories were collected from supermarkets， farmers’ markets， restaurants， and other sampling sites in Shanghai. The TFA content was determined using the standard method GB 5009.257—2016. Combined with food consumption data from the “2013 Shanghai Diet and Health Survey”， the daily TFA intake and energy supply ratio of each individual were calculated using a simple distribution model （deterministic assessment）.Results The average TFA content was highest in vegetable oil （0.7 g/100 g）， followed by milk and dairy products （0.67 g/100 g）. The average TFA contents of beef， mutton， and their products were also high （0.51 g/100 g）. The average TFA intake was 0.34 g/d， and the average energy supply ratio was 0.18%， which is well below the ratio recommended by the World Health Organization （1%）. The TFA energy supply ratio of most residents was in the range of 0.1%-0.3%， with a maximum value of 0.69%. Processed foods accounted for 75.16% of the total intake， with vegetable oil contributing the most at 51.58%.Conclusion Vegetable oil is the main source of dietary TFAs for residents aged 15 years and older in Shanghai. The health risks of dietary TFA intake in the population aged over 15 years in Shanghai are very low.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary exposure level of chromium （Cr） and its potential health risks among residents of Chongqing.Methods Cr concentration data were obtained from the Food Safety Risk Monitoring System， which included 2 780 Cr-containing food samples from nine categories in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021. Food consumption data were derived from the Chongqing Diet Survey Data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey Project 2018 （3 d 24 h dietary recall surveys）. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the dietary Cr intake levels and the associated health risks.Results The average concentration of Cr in all foods in Chongqing ranged from 0.013 9 to 0.126 3 mg/kg， with a total detection rate of 40.6%. The average Cr concentration was highest in aquatic products， followed by foods for special dietary use， leafy vegetables， and rice. The average daily dietary Cr exposure range of Chongqing residents was 0.683-2.117 μg/kg body weight （BW）， and the dietary Cr exposure level （P95） of the high-food-consumption population was 1.165-3.597 μg/kg BW. The average daily level of Cr exposure decreased with increasing age. The average daily exposure to Cr was highest for people aged 1-6 years and lowest for people aged >60 years. The average exposure to Cr was higher in urban areas than in rural areas， and females had higher exposure levels than males. Cereals and their products had the highest contribution to the total dietary Cr exposure of Chongqing residents， reaching 39.31%-49.13%. The mean and maximum levels of exposure （P95） to chromium were less than one of the tolerable daily intake in all age， sex， and regional groups.Conclusion The health risk of dietary Cr exposure among Chongqing residents was low. The three main sources of dietary Cr were cereals and their products， vegetables， and meat.

Abstract:Condensed milk products are common dairy products in the Chinese market and international trade. With the development of dairy industry and the emergence of new products， the contents of commodity standards are constantly being revised and updated. By comparing the content and management logic of domestic and international standards， it is helpful to learn from the standards management experience of other countries and constantly improve our standards. A review of the development and evolution of China’s national standards for concentrated milk products was performed. The regulations and standards of concentrated milk products from relevant international organizations， countries， and regions were compared and analyzed. Commodity standards from the Codex Alimentarius Commission and relevant mandatory standards and regulations from the European Union， the United States， Canada， Japan， the Republic of Korea， Australia， and New Zealand were collecting and summarized. The comparisons and analyses focused on the similarities and differences in terminology， definitions， categorization-relevant indices， and labeling requirements of various concentrated milk products under different commodity standards. The definition of evaporated milk， the product properties and composition requirements of concentrated milk， and the corresponding relations between the terms of various concentrated milk products were researched and discussed. Management suggestions and key points regarding the updating of condensed milk standards are provided to support standard management activities in China.

Abstract:With the acceleration of the pace of life， increasing demand from consumers， and improvements in the supply chain， “prepared foods” have become popular in China’s food industry. The prepared foods industry has experienced rapid expansion， encompassing a wide variety of food types. This paper reviews the relevant standards of prepared foods， analyzes potential food safety risk factors， and provides a basis for enhancing the management of food safety in the prepared foods industry， to promote its healthy and sustainable development.

Abstract:Objective To provide suggestions for the improvement of the standards of China， the management situation of international organizations and other countries on temperature requirements of food cold chain process was studied.Methods The standards between China and Codex Alimentarius Commission （CAC）， International Organization for Standardization （ISO）， the European Union， the United States， Canada and Australia/New Zealand were compared and analyzed. And the issues of most concerning were raised. The suggestion of cold chain logistics temperature control of China was put forward.Results The standards of other countries were basically recommended operating requirements. There were fewer requirements for specific temperatures. However， the standards system in our country was a combination of compulsory and recommended and there were more requirements for specific temperatures. In both domestic and foreign standards， temperature fluctuation was allowed， and the importance of vehicle precooling， monitoring， transportation tools， and so on were emphasized. However， foreign standards were more emphasized on process management. In the future， China should strengthen the establishment of recommendatory operation rules.Conclusion The standard management on temperature requirement of the food cold chain in China conforms to international standards. The food safety standards are relatively reasonable. China should take good measures to the quality standards， and promote healthy and harmonious development of this industry.

Abstract:Objective This paper discusses the development and design of food formulations for special medical purposes to provide a reference for product development and design， registration management， and the clinical use of such products.Methods We summarized and analyzed the formulations of formula food for special medical purposes， determined the important aspects of formula development and design， and identified key points for evaluating registration applications.Results The formulation design of formula food for special medical purposes should be based on standards and regulations. The most important thing is to think the formula design as a whole， clinical use shuold be the leading of the formulation design， and attention should be paid to the registration dossiers.Conclusion Formulation design is the most important aspect in the research and development of formula foods for special medical purposes. Attention should be paid to the scientific， rational， and clinical applications of these foods. The administrative department should improve its standards and regulations to ensure they are widely used in clinical practice.

Abstract:Objective To investigate a mushroom poisoning incident in Meizhou City， Guangdong Province in 2022， and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control measures.Methods Epidemiological investigations were carried out on the causes of poisoning， and suspected poisonous mushroom samples were collected for identification， and toxin contents of the mushroom， blood and urine samples were determined.Results In this mushroom poisoning incident， 4 people developed poisoning symptoms after eating wild mushrooms. After treatment， all patients were cured. The mushroom sample was identified as Amanita exitialis. The content of α-amanitin toxin detected in the remaining suspicious samples collected mushroom soup， boiled fruiting bodies， uncooked mushroom residual tissues， and no blood and urine samples were detected α- amanitin.Conclusion This poisoning incident is caused by Amanita exitialis. The local villagers have weak awareness of food safety. It is necessary to strengthen the popularization of wild mushroom knowledge， establish a rapid detection technology system for mushroom poisoning， and reduce the occurrence of mushroom poisoning and death incidents.

Abstract:Objective To understand the predominant multi-locus sequence typing types， their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics， and epidemic trends of Salmonella isolated from patients with foodborne diseases in Jiangxi Province， the corresponding relation between the serotypes and sequence types （STs） was analyzed.Methods Three hundred and thirteen isolates from patients with foodborne diseases from 2014 to 2018 in Jiangxi Province were used as the research subjects. Multi-locus sequence typing was used to genotype the strains. The relation between the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the STs and serotypes was analyzed.Results The 313 isolates were divided into 39 STs. The dominant STs were ST34 （32.59%）， ST11 （15.97%）， and ST19 （11.50%）. The most common ST types annually were ST34， ST11， and ST19. There were regional differences in the distribution of STs. Shangrao had the most STs （20）， followed by Fuzhou （15） and Jingdezhen （14）. The dominant STs in Nanchang， Xinyu， and Yingtan were ST11， ST19， and ST19， respectively， whereas the dominant ST type in the other cities was ST34. The 313 Salmonella isolates were classified into 30 serotypes. The dominant serotypes were S. serovars 4［5］，12：i：- （30.35%）， S. enteritidis （15.97%）， and S. typhimurium （14.06%）.Conclusion Many STs of Salmonella strains， but mainly ST34， ST11， and ST19， were isolated from patients with foodborne diseases in Jiangxi Province. The three dominant STs were distributed in different regions of Jiangxi Province， but there were also individual differences in the temporal and spatial distribution of the STs.

Abstract:Objective To provide a basis for preventive initiatives against foodborne diseases， the trends of foodborne diseases in China from 2011 to 2020 were analyzed.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted using data on foodborne diseases in China from 2011 to 2020.Results A total of 34 588 outbreaks occurred from 2011 to 2020， resulting in 259 481 illnesses， with 60.82% of incidents occurring from June to September. Plant and animal toxicants caused 43.56% of the outbreaks， followed by unknown etiology （35.49%） and bacteria and viruses （16.42%）. Fungi and their products accounted for the highest proportion of events （18.33%） and deaths （52.69%）. Restaurants （49.31%） and households （46.68%） were the most exposed. The average annual growth rate of household outbreaks was the highest （33.66%）.Conclusion Plant and animal toxicants， especially fungi and their products， were the main pathogenic factor of foodborne outbreaks in China in the last 10 years. Epidemic peaks of foodborne pathogens were observed in June and September. The exposure area was dominated by catering service units and households， with a tendency towards households.