Abstract:The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has significantly affected the people's health and life. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in swabbing samples of the environments of food animal slaughterhouses, food processing plants, as well as foods and their inner or outer packaging has been detected. Particularly, the live virus being isolated from frozen foods has aroused the global public concern on whether cold chain foods can act as a carrier in transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In this article, the role of cold chain food in transmitting SARS-CoV-2 together with the risk of professional practice are reviewed

Abstract:The standard system of food safety inspection and detection method is an important support for the scientific supervision of food safety. During the 13th Five-year Plan, with the support of the special key project of "Research and Development of Key Technologies for Food Safety" , a total of 377 inspection and testing standards have been developed, which would play a positive role in further improving China's scientific supervision ability of food safety. This paper systematicly combs the food safety inspection and testing method that are planned to be included or have been included in the standard developed by National Key Reaearch Priorities Program of China during the 13th Five-year Plan "Research of Key Technologies for Food Safety" , including 8 areas: Pathogenic microorganisms and parasites, pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, heavy metal pollutants, mycotoxins, food contact materials, non edible substances, processing or endogenous toxic and harmful substances, illegal additives and food adulterants. Opinions and suggestions on food safety standardization and scientific and technological work are also put forward, which are expected to provide reference for the development and management of food safety standards in the future.

Abstract:Objective To establish the basic parameters for dietary exposure assessment of food contact materials of fruit products in China. Methods The contact area method was used to study the food contact materials of fruit products. By collecting the relevant data of the main body, seal, outer cover and inner lining of food packaging materials, the contact surface area/volume ratio (S/V) of different food contact materials corresponding to different fruit products were obtained. Results A total of 288 samples of fruit products were collected in this survey, and 7 398 relevant data were obtained, covering 11 food categories, including frozen fruits, canned fruits, dried fruits, vinegar/oil or salted fruits, jam, puree, preserved fruits, decorative fruits and fruit desserts. The main contact materials involved include polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, metal, paper and glass. The average S/V of main body, seal, outer cover and inner lining of food contact materials of fruit products were 21.00, 1.00, 1.30 and 0.10 dm²/kg respectively. Conclusion A relatively complete database of basic parameters for dietary exposure assessment of food contact materials for fruit products was established, which can provide strong data support for the risk assessment of food contact materials in China.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the safety of β-glucan biofortified rice through a 28-day oral toxicity test. Methods Weaned SD rats were randomly divided into a control group and low, medium and high dose groups (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g/kg BW), 22 in each group, half male and half female. After oral gavage (10 mL/kg BW) and continuous administration for 28 d, eyes were examined before and after the experiment. After the animals were sacrificed, urine routine, hematology, blood biochemistry, organ coefficient measurement and histopathology examination were performed. Results Compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in the appearance, weight, food utilization, organ coefficient, blood biochemistry, and urine routine tests in the sample group. Compared with the control group, the food intake of the male medium, high-dose group and the female high-dose group was statistically different (P<0.05 or P<0.01), but there was no continuity in time, which is considered to be non-toxic significance. The platelets (PLT) of the male medium and high dose groups are statistically different from the control group (P<0.05), but there is no dose-response relationship, only a single index is abnormal, and both are within the laboratory reference value range. Within, it is considered to have no toxicological significance; the pathological examination of the high-dose group showed no pathological changes related to the test substance. Conclusion Under the conditions of this experiment, short-term oral intake of β-glucan bio-fortified rice showed no toxic effects, but the safety of long-term consumption needs further research.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination, molecular typing characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter in infants formula food in He'nan. Methods A total of 227 commercially available infants formula food were collected, and Cronobacter was isolated and identified according to GB 4789.40—2016. Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the broth microdilution method were used to confirm the molecular type and antibiotic resistance. 16S rRNA and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to identify the species and analyze the phylogenetic evolution of Cronobacter. Results 13 Cronobacter strains isolated from 227 infants formula food were identified as C.sakazakii, C.turicensis and C.dublinensis. The antibiotic susceptibility result of 13 Cronobacter strains showed that the resistance rate of cefazolin reached 84.6% (11/13). 13 strains of Cronobacter were divided into 7 clusters and 6 ST types. Majority of the strains with the same PFGE type also had the same MLST type of which ST1 was the dominant type. Conclusion The main contamination of Cronobacter in infants formula food was caused by C.sakazakii with diverse biochemical phenotypes and genotypes. The molecular phylogenetic tree of MLST well interpreted the genetic relationship between different kind of species.

Abstract:Objective To prepare proficiency testing samples of Cronobacter spp. and apply to laboratory test in 2018-2020. Methods The background bacteria and Cronobacter spp. were identified by biochemical reaction and MALDI-TOF MS. Cronobacter spp. negative samples (background bacteria only) and positive samples (background bacteria and Cronobacter spp.) were prepared by freeze-drying. 20 samples were selected randomly for uniformity test. The samples were stored respectively at -20 ℃ and 4 ℃ to evaluate the storage stability, at 25 ℃ and 37 ℃ for 7 d to evaluate the transport stability. Samples were distributed to laboratories participating in the proficiency with operation instruction, and the feedback result from laboratories were analyzed. Results The identified result of all the related strains were correct. Both of positive samples and negative samples were uniform and stable. The satisfaction rates of assessment result were 97.1%, 94.7% and 100% respectively in 2018-2020. Conclusion The samples could meet the requirements of proficiency test. By organization proficiency test, the difference of laboratories can be reflected which is helpful to further improve the laboratory test capability.

Abstract:Objective Using serum screening test and simulated gastrointestinal fluid digestion stability test to explore whether Oryza sativa recombinant human serum albumin (OsrHSA) has potential allergenicity. Methods In this study, 75 serum samples from patients with allergies to shrimp, wheat, house dust mites, eggs and milk, which containing specific IgE antibody concentrations greater than 3.5 kUA/L, as well as 4 healthy human serum samples were selected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to investigate whether OsrHSA could bind to allergen-specific IgE antibodies in the serum. The digestive stability test of the simulated gastrointestinal fluid of OsrHSA protein was carried out in accordance with the national food safety standard, detection of genetically modified organisms and derived products-simulated gastrointestinal fluid digestion stability test. Results Three sera allergic to milk had immunological cross-reactions with OsrHSA, indicating that the protein might have antigenic intersection with milk allergens. OsrHSA was completely digested within 15 s in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, indicating that the protein was easily digested. Conclusion OsrHSA has low potential allergenicity and people who are allergic to milk needs consideration.

Abstract:Objective Whole genome sequencing and analysis was conducted on a Burkholderia gladiolus pv. cocovenenans strain, isolated from raw corn flour sample which caused family agglutinative bongkrekic acid poisoning. The genetic characteristics of its virulence and pathogenicity were analyzed as well. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from DBJ isolate, the whole genome sequencing was carried out. Bioinformatics method were used to mine and analyze the data obtained from sequencing. Results Two independent chromosomes (G1 and G2) and one plasmid (P) were found in DBJ isolate. The lengths of the chromosomes and plasmid were about 4 Mb and 300 kb respectively. The GC content of the two chromosomes was both around 68.0%, and that of the plasmid was slightly lower at 63.0%. The bon gene cluster was found on chromosome G2. The phylogenetic analysis showed that DBJ isolate and UCD-UG_CHAPALOTE stain which was isolated from corn sample in Canada were in the same clade. Among 255 strains, 31 carrying bon gene cluster and they had obvious genetic evolutionary tendency. Conclusion The bon gene cluster was located on the chromosome of Burkholderia gladiolus pv. cocovenenans DBJ, and it was the main pathogenic gene causing food poisoning in human.

Abstract:Objective To establish a detection method for 9 yellow colorants in fish tissues by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods Sample was extracted by ammonia methanol solution and formic acid water methanol solution, the supernatant was evaporated and redissolved, the fat was removed by n-hexane, determinated by UPLC-MS/MS method after centrifugation, and quantification was based on external calibration. Results The result showed good linearity in the ranges of 2-30 μg/kg for tartrazine, sunset yellow and quinoline yellow, 0.2-3.0 μg/kg for acid orange Ⅱ, basic orange 2, basic orange 21, basic orange 22, thioflavin T and auramine O, and the limits of detection were 2 μg/kg and 0.2 μg/kg. The recoveries were 80.03%-107.06% and the relative standard deviations(n=6)were 1.2%-6.6%. Conclusion The method can be applied to determine 9 yellow colorants in fish tissues.

Abstract:Objective Screening bio-samples from a food poisoning event based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS), and to provide strategies and references for patient treatment as well as the event response. Methods Vomits, gastric lavage and food samples were extracted by acidic acetonitrile and purified by C18 sorbent and analyzed using UPLC-QTOF MS under data independent acquisition mode. Peak identification and spectrum library retrieval were carried out by the Unifi software. Results Hyoscyamine was detected in 5 human samples and the concentration was below 1 mg/kg. Azithromycin was also screened in one gastric lavage sample. No metabolites of hyoscyamine was found, which was consistent with the result of rat exposure experiment. Conclusion According to the screened result, it was inferred that this event was a family food poisoning caused by hyoscyamine. The UPLC-QTOF MS screening is of great significance in dealing with food poisoning emergencies.

Abstract:Objective A dual real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for simultaneous detection of two virulence genes tdh and trh of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was established, and the virulence genes carried by 2 771 strains of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China were comprehensively detected. Methods According to the tdh and trh virulence genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, PCR primers and fluorescent probes were designed respectively, the real-time PCR reaction system and reaction procedure were optimized, and a dual real-time PCR detection method which can detect the two virulence genes at the same time was established. The virulence genes carried by 2 771 strains of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in 2015 and 2016 were detected by the established method, and compared with the result of PCR method to evaluate the sensitivity, accuracy and specificity of the method. Results The established dual fluorescence PCR method could detect both tdh and trh virulence genes at the same time, and its sensitivity was 1.5×10^-4 ng/μL. The accuracy and specificity were 100%. In 2015, the carrying rates of tdh and trh genes in foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China were 0.26% (3/1 137) and 1.67%(19/1 137) respectively, and were 0.24%(4/1 634) and 0.43%(7/1 634) in 2016 respectively. Conclusion In this study, a dual real-time PCR method for simultaneous detection of tdh and trh virulence genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was established, which could quickly and accurately screen the virulence genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The carrying rate of tdh and trh virulence genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from food in China was low. The dual real-time PCR method can be applied to the study of the pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in food, and provide scientific data for the risk assessment of dietary exposure to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contents of eight elements and tea-polyphenol in the common tea grown in Guangdong. Methods Three kinds of representative tea samples (green tea, oolong tea and black tea) were collected from seven tea producing areas in Guangdong Province from 2017 to 2018. The contents of eight mineral elements and tea polyphenols were measured and compared in the tea from different producing areas with national standard method. Results The tea planted in Guangdong are rich in macroelements (K, Ca and Mg) and microelements(Fe, B and Mn). The contents of potassium and calciumiron in oolong tea were 19.0 and 3.29 g/kg; the contents of iron in green tea was 0.174 mg/kg; the contents of Mg, P, Mn and Se in the three kinds of tea were similar. The contents of tea polyphenols and catechins in green tea were higher than those in oolong and black tea, and the contents of epigallocatechin gallate in different teas were generally higher than those of the other four catechins.The content of K in the tea from Chaozhou, Mg and Fe in the tea from Meizhou, P, Zn and Se in the tea from Shaoguan were higher than those from other areas. Conclusion The tea planted in Guangdong are rich in macroelements (K, Ca, Mg) and microelements(Fe, B, Mn). There are differences in the mineral content of each tea producing area.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the content of cyanide in apricot kernel, almond and their products in Gansu Province of China, and to provide reference for formulating relevant national standards and protect the public health. Methods 323 samples of almond and its products were collected from 14 cities of Gansu Province of China. The content of cyanide in samples was determined by chromatographic headspace analysis. Results The contents of cyanide in different products of apricot kernel and almond were various, the content of cyanide in were 0.098 0-720, 0.015 1-151, 0.015 1-7.15, 0.184-5.88, 0.083 2-5.11 and 0.702-17.3 mg/kg in dry fruit, solid beverage, liquid beverage, pastry, candy and pickled kind respectively. The contents of cyanide in different varieties of almond were different, the content of cyanide in bitter almond and its products was 0.015 1-720 mg/kg, 0.015 1-151 mg/kg in sweet almond and its products, and was 0.098 0-12.0 mg/kg in almond and its products. The content of cyanide was different in different kinds of almond, the content was 0.482-20.9 mg/kg in ripe (dried) sweet apricots, 1.05-151 mg/kg in raw (dried) sweet apricots, 2.32-184 mg/kg in fresh sweet apricots, 359-597 mg/kg in ripe (dried) bitter apricots, 359-720 mg/kg in raw (dried) bitter apricots and was 634-733 mg/kg in fresh bitter apricots. Conclusion Cyanide is commonly found in apricot kernel, almond and their products, especially the contend of cyanide was high in fresh bitter almonds, dried bitter almonds and dried fruit almonds and their products which should be paid attention to.

Abstract:Objective To understand the pollution level of multi-pesticides residues in local tea samples in Guangdong Province, and clarify the quality and safety of tea, so as to provide a basis for production supervision and consumption. Methods 110 local tea samples were collected in Guangdong Province, 10 kinds of pyrethroids pesticide and 5 kinds of organochlorine pesticides residues were detected by GC-MS/MS and evaluated according to the national standard GB 2763—2021. Results Among the 110 samples, only 10 pesticides were detected, and bifenthrin, fenpropathrin and cypermethrin were the mainly detected varieties. The highest frequency of detection was bifenthrin (73.64%) with an average value of 0.346 mg/kg. It was oolong tea that had the highest average value; excessive contents of fenvalerate or fenpropathrin were only found in four tea samples; the phenomenon of multi-pesticides residue was existed. The pollution levels of bifenthrin, fenpropathrin and cypermethrin in eastern Guangdong (Chaozhou and Meizhou) were high, while the pollution levels in northern Guangdong (Shaoguan and Qingyuan) and the Pearl River Delta (Zhaoqing) were relatively low. Conclusion The detection rates of pesticide residues in local tea samples in Guangdong Province were high, but the exceeding rates were low. The government supervision departments should focus on the monitoring of bifenthrin, fenpropathrin and cypermethrin in teas.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the association between deletion of key virulence genes and pathogenicity and serotype of 81 strains of Listeria monocytogenes(L.monocytogens) isolates in Chaoyang district of Beijing from 2016-2018. Methods Serotyping was performed on 81 strains of L. monocytogenes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serum agglutination assay, and 11 virulence genes (inlA, inlC, inlJ, plcB, prfA, mpl, iap, hly, actA, inlB, plcA) were detected by PCR. The susceptibility of these strains to 9 antibiotics were tested by broth dilution. Based on the epidemiological survey data, the relationship between the deletion of key virulence genes, pathogenicity and serotype of L. monocytogenes was studied. Results The 81 strains of L. monocytogenes were classified into 4 serotypes: 1/2a serotype 50.62% (41/81), 1/2b serotype 29.63% (24/81), 1/2c serotype 11.11% (9/81) and 4b serotype 8.64% (7/81). The predominant serotype of food isolates and patient isolates were 1/2a. The positive rates of virulence genes inlA, inlC, inlJ, plcB, prfA and mpl were 100%. The positive rates of iap, hly, actA, inlB and plcA were 98.77%, 98.77%, 97.53%, 80.25% and 38.27% respectively. The proportions of the 81 strains of L. monocytogenes carrying 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 virulence genes were 1.23% (1/81), 2.47% (2/81), 7.41% (6/81), 59.26% (48/81) and 29.63% (24/81). The positive rate of hly in genotype 1/2c was lower than that in other serotypes, and plcA was only 100% carried in genotype 1/2b and 4b. 70.37% (57/81) isolates lacked 11 virulence genes and 1/2a (41/57, 71.93%) was the main serotype. Only inlB was not detected in 1/2b (6/24, 25.00%) and 4b (1/7, 14.29%) serotype. There was no significant difference in the distribution of gender, age, pregnancy related or not, and the source of strains in 16 virulence gene deletion strains isolated from patients (P>0.05). The resistant rates of 81 strains of L. monocytogenes to penicillin, erythromycin and ampicillin were 4.94%. MIC to chloramphenicol of 57 strains was as high as 16 μg/mL and MIC to the other antibiotics was low. There were three drug-resistant strains in the virulence gene deletion strains, and one inlB deletion strain was resistant to penicillin, erythromycin and ampicillin. Another inlB deletion strain was resistant to penicillin. The plcA deletion strain was resistant to erythromycin. Conclusion The dominant serotypes of L. monocytogenes isolated from food and patients in Chaoyang district of Beijing was 1/2a. There were some virulence gene deletion strains. Deletion of some virulence genes had limited effect on pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes strains. The drug resistance rate of L. monocytogenes isolated from food and clinic was low, but surveillance and control of virulence genes and drug resistance of L. monocytogenes should be strengthened.

Abstract:Objective To understand the contamination status, serotype and toxin genes characteristics of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) in food samples in Liaoning Province. Methods A total of 260 samples of raw meat and frozen surimi products were collected from 6 cities in Liaoning Province. The samples were tested for C. perfringens according to the national food safety standard GB 4789.13—2012. At the same time, the C. perfringens strains were identified by biochemical and fluorescent quantitative PCR method. Genotyping of toxin gene was detected by PCR method, and phylogenetic tree analysis was carried out for 16S rRNA gene sequence. Results A total of 15 C. perfringens strains were detected and the total detection rate was 5.8% in 260 food samples. The highest detection rate was 29% (9/31) in raw mutton. The result of toxin test showed that all strains detected α toxin. The detection rate of type A strains (α toxin) was 66.7%(10/15). The detection rate of type C strains (α toxin and β toxin) was 33.3%(5/15). There were 6 strains detected β₂ toxin, including 4 strains of type A and 2 strains of type C. The detection rate of enterotoxin CPE was 6.7% (1/15). The 16S rRNA analysis showed that the genetic relationship of the strains carrying the same toxin gene was close. Conclusion C. perfringens strains were detected in raw animal meat and frozen surimi products in Liaoning Province, and the pollution of raw animal meat was serious. Moreover, there was a high risk of food poisoning mainly posed by type A and type C strains. Therefore, monitoring, prevention and control should be strengthened.

Abstract:Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in China in 2016. Methods The foodborne disease data collected from National Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System were analyzed. Results 4 056 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in 31 provinces, which caused 32 812 illnesses and 213 deaths. Mushroom poisoning caused the largest percentage of outbreaks and deaths, accounting for 40.7% (991/2 435) and 74.1% (146/197), respectively. Microbiological agents caused the largest percentage of illnesses (59.3%, 12 910/21 769). Conclusion Microbial foodborne disease remains a serious food safety issues in China. Mushroom poisoning frequently occurred all over the country.

Abstract:Objective To analyze aluminum migration in food contact aluminum and aluminum alloy materials and articles on the Chinese market under different migration test patterns, to discuss the differences in aluminum migration under different test conditions and product categories. And to assess the exposure risk of aluminum migration in food contact aluminum and aluminum alloy materials and articles. Methods In migration test, 4% (V/V) acetic acid, 5 g/L citric acid and tap water were selected. The migration test conditions were boiling for 0.5 h, room temperature for 24 h, and boiling for 2 h. The aluminum migration was detected by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). According to the migration test result, extreme hypothesis method was used to evaluate dietary exposure. Results The migration amount of aluminum in food contact aluminum and aluminum alloy materials and articles had no obvious regularity in the three migration tests, and the migration amount in 4% (V/V) acetic acid and 5 g/L citric acid were much higher than that in the artificial tap water. The result of dietary exposure assessment showed that the estimated dietary exposure of aluminum through aluminum and aluminum alloy products could reach 0.65 to 51.21 mg/(kg·BW·w) and has certain risks. Conclusion It is suggested that the risk of aluminum intake from aluminum and aluminum alloy materials and articles for food contact is high, so further exposure assessment should be carried out based on more accurate food consumption data. At the same time, risk management measures should be taken to control the migration of aluminum, and the migration risk of aluminum should be controlled by means of science popularization and industry innovation.

Abstract:Objective To carry out the theoretical risk assessment for food colorants in the National food safety standard-standards for uses of food additives (GB 2760—2014) by Budget method and deterministic assessment. Methods Budget method was applied for calculating the theoretical maximum daily intake of food colorants which had ADI values and maximum use levels. For the additives whose intakes were higher than their ADIs, simple distribution assessment was performed with food consumption data from a Chinese total diet study in 2012. Results There are totally 21 food colorants have both ADI values and maximum use levels in GB 2760—2014. These 21 food colorants were included in the assessment by Budget method . The maximum theoretical daily intake of 15 food colorants exceeded their ADIs. Then, these 15 food colorants were assessed by simple distribution assessment. The result showed that the average intakes were below ADIs but the P95 intakes of 2 food colorants exceeded the ADIs in the whole population. Among consumers, the average intakes were also below ADIs, but the P95 intakes of 8 food colorants exceeded the ADIs. Conclusion The health risks of most food colorant intakes in the national standard were at low levels. However, a few food colorants showed a requirement for further assessment with the actual concentrations in foods to confirm their health risk level.

Abstract:Objective To comprehensively and systematically analyze mercury concentration and associated characteristics in aquatic products, and to evaluate the degree of pollution and make a dietary mercury exposure risk assessment. Methods Based on a large amount of nationwide data regarding mercury contents of aquatic products published during the last decade, we analyzed the characteristics of mercury contents in aquatic products and further made a health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation combined with residents’ food consumption data. Results The number of valid samples was up to 19 531. Generally, mercury concentrations in aquatic products were far lower than national standard values and marine products were obviously higher than freshwater products. Mercury concentrations of some fish, marine shellfish and freshwater crustaceans were even up to slight to moderate polluted level. Intriguingly, mercury contents of seawater farmed fish were significantly higher than wild fish. Dietary exposure risk was below the PTWI established by JECFA while all kinds of aquatic products for women aged 45 or older and people aged 6 to 17 were at higher risk with P95 exposure level. Conclusion The mercury concentration of aquatic products is relatively low and its associated health dietary risk is acceptable in spite of higher risk for specific population. More attention should be paid on fish breeding model around the South China Sea.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the risk of food additives in Hubei Province, provide a basis for relevant departments to formulate management measures, and reduce the potential risk. Methods In the paper, the crystal ball software and Monte Carlo simulation method were used to evaluate the average daily exposure and risk probability of sodium cyclamate and acesulfame in foods in Hubei Province. Results The average daily exposure and risk entropy of sodium cyclamate in pickled vegetable products were the highest, which were 3.98E-4 g/kg BW/d and 0.0372, respectively. In addition, there are significant differences in the risk probability of additives in different foods. The risk probability ranking of acesulfame in foods was pickled vegetable products > canned > beverage > pastry, and that of sodium cyclamate was pickled products > beverage > pastry > canned food. Conclusion The health risk of residents in Hubei Province who ingest two sweeteners through diet was generally low, and the risk of sodium cyclamate was slightly higher than that of acesulfame, both at an acceptable level.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the intake and source of fat and fatty acids of urban residents in Guangdong Province. Methods Residents aged 3 years and above were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method in 5 cities in Guangdong Province from 2017 to 2018, and non-continuous 3 d-24 h retrospective survey was conducted to collect the dietary intake information of the respondents. Results The average daily energy intake and fat intake of urban residents in Guangdong Province were 1671.9 kcal and 69.2 g, and the energy proportion contributed from fat was 39.4%. The energy proportion contributed from fat of urban residents in big cities was higher than that in small and medium-sized cities (39.9% vs 39.0%, P < 0.05). 1.6% of the residents’ energy proportion contributed from fat was lower than 20%, 14.8% of the residents' proportion met the standard, and 83.6% of the residents’ proportion was 20%-30%. Fat intake mainly came from animal food (52.8%) and vegetable oil (30.9%). The proportion of total fat from vegetable oil in small and medium-sized cities was higher than that in large cities (32.7% vs 27.7%, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of fat from animal food between the two regions. The total intakes of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in Guangdong Province were 19.3, 27.3 and 13.1 g/d, respectively, with a ratio of 1∶1.4∶0.7. The energy proportion contributed from saturated fatty acids exceeded the dietary reference intake of Chinese residents. Conclusion The energy proportion contributed from fat and saturated fatty acid of urban residents in Guangdong Province were higher than Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes, and the energy proportion contributed from fat and saturated fatty acid were on the rise. The proportion of food sources of fat in different cities was different, and the proportion of food sources of fat in animal meat and its products was higher. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on reducing the consumption of animal food such as animal meat and reducing the intake of fat and saturated fatty acid.

Abstract:Objective To analyze sugar-sweetened beverages(SSB) consumption among school-age children in Zhejiang Province, so as to provide scientific basis for its control. Methods In 2015—2016, multistage stratified random cluster and probability proportionate sampling method was used, the research objects were included 8 counties(cities) in Zhejiang Province. The Food Frequency Questionnaire was used for collecting information on SSB. Results SSB drinking rate was 73.01%(males was 75.87%, females was 70.12%).The drinking rate of SSB was the highest among school-age children from the mountainous area of southern Zhejiang, accounting for 84.28%(P<0.001).The drinking frequency and intake of SSB of male were higher than those of female (P<0.05). The average weekly consumption was 350.00 mL. Meanwhile, the average weekly consumption was 600.00 mL among consumer group. Multivariate analysis showed that gender and area were influencing factors for intake of SSB(P<0.05). The highest drinking rate was 43.81% for carbonated beverage. The lowest drinking rate was 12.50% for vegetable protein beverage. There was no difference in the drinking rate of different types of SSB between gender and annual income of families(P>0.05). Conclusion The rate of SSB drinking was high among school-age children in Zhejiang Province. The drinking frequency and consumption was high in male. Education should be strengthened according to the result of the survey.

Abstract:Objective To understand the sugar-sweetened beverages consumption, free sugar intake and its energy proportion among urban residents aged 3 and above in China. Methods According to stratified multistage cluster random sampling, this study selected the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages of 13 083 people aged 3 and above in 18 provinces in China by three nonconsecutive 24 h dietary recalls. The data of sugar content in sugar-sweetened beverages was obtained from the special monitoring carried out by China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment. The simple distribution model was used to calculate individual free sugar intake and its energy proportion ratio of sugar-sweetened beverages per day. Results The consumption rate of sugar-sweetened beverages of urban residents aged 3 years and above in China was 11.35% (1 485/13 083), with that of men (12.14%, 768/6 326) was slightly higher than that of women (10.61%, 717/6 757). The consumption rate of sugar-sweetened beverages was highest in the 13-17 age group (27.20%, 139/511) and lowest in the group of over 60 (3.29%, 62/1 884). The average consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in general population and consumers were 18.49 g/d and 162.89 g/d, respectively. The median consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages were and 130.00 g/d, respectively. The average consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was the highest in 13-17 years old group (54.84 g/d in general population and 201.61 g/d in consumers, respectively) and lowest in the group of over 60 (3.88 g/d in general population and 117.77 g/d in consumers, respectively). The average free sugar intake via sugar-sweetened beverages in general population and consumers were 1.44 g/d and 12.71 g/d, respectively. The median free sugar intake were 0 and 10.08 g/d, respectively. The P95 value intake of free sugar was highest in 13-17 years old group (25.71 g/d in general population and 40.73 g/d in consumers, respectively) and followed by the group of 18-29 years old group (19.24 g/d in general population and 39.01 g/d in consumers, respectively). The average energy proportion ratio of sugar-sweetened beverages in general population and consumers were 0.35%TE and 3.06%TE, respectively. The median energy proportion ratio of sugar-sweetened beverages were 0 and 2.37%TE, respectively. The P95 value of energy proportion ratio of sugar-sweetened beverages was the highest in 13-17 years old group (6.04%TE in general population and 9.31%TE in consumers, respectively) and lowest in the group of over 60 (0 in general population and 4.05%TE in consumers, respectively). Conclusion The consumption, free sugar intake and free sugar energy proportion ratio via sugar-sweetened beverages among Chinese urban residents aged 3 and above were at low level. However, the P95 value of the energy proportion ratio of sugar-sweetened beverages was close to 10% in children and teenage consumers. With the promotion of the National Nutrition Program, education related to nutrition should be taken into account to guide the industry and targeted people to reduce sugar scientifically.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the monitoring result of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City from 2013 to 2020. Methods Salt iodine monitoring was carried out in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City from 2013 to 2020 according to the national IDD monitoring program, at the same time, urine samples were collected from newly married women of childbearing age, pregnant women, lactating women, infants aged 0-2 and children aged 8-10, and the content of urinary iodine was determined. Results During 2013-2020, the median and mean value of salt iodine content of residents in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City were in the range of 21-39 mg/kg; the coverage rate of iodized salt was more than 90.00% except for 2017, the qualified rate of iodized salt was more than 90.00% except for 2013 and 2017, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was more than 90.00% except for 2013, and the non iodized salt rate in 2017 was more than 20.00%. The median of urine iodine concentration in 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2020 of newly married women of childbearing age was at the appropriate level, and the median of urine iodine concentration in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2018 was higher than the appropriate level. The proportion of iodine deficiency was the highest in 2018 (33.33%), and the lowest in 2014 and 2015 (both 0.00%). The median of urinary iodine concentration of pregnant women from 2013 to 2020 was at an appropriate level. The proportion of iodine deficiency was the highest in 2018 (45.50%) and the lowest in 2014 (5.88%). The median of urinary iodine concentration of lactating women from 2013 to 2020 was at an appropriate level. The proportion of iodine deficiency was the highest in 2018 (38.00%) and the lowest in 2014 (0.00%). The median of urinary iodine concentration of 0-2 year-old infants from 2013 to 2020 was at an appropriate level. The proportion of iodine deficiency was the highest in 2020 (25.00%), and the lowest in 2014 and 2015 (both 0.00%). The median of urinary iodine concentration of children aged 8 to 10 in 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2019 were all at an appropriate level, and the median of urinary iodine concentration in 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2020 all exceeded the appropriate level. The proportion of iodine deficiency was the highest in 2019 (23.00%), and was the lowest in 2015 and 2017 (both 0.00%). Conclusion It is necessary to continue to carry out IDD monitoring in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City, and there was still a risk of iodine deficiency in five key groups.

Abstract:Objective To study the problems and reasons of quality and safety management of imported aquatic products in Shanghai under regular epidemic prevention and control, and to provide countermeasures for the optimization of quality and safety management of imported aquatic products in Shanghai. Methods Combined with the analysis of literature and second-hand data, the in-depth interviews with government departments and enterprises were taken in this paper. Results It was found that Shanghai municipal government departments had adopted the following measures in port inspection, transportation, distribution and processing, and retail consumption, focusing on the quality and safety management of imported aquatic products, such as split-flow stacking, "three points and one warehouse" closed-loop management, traceability of imported cold-chain food enterprises, and so on. However, there were still some problems, such as the high uncertainty of quality and safety of imported aquatic products, the speed of customs clearance could not meet the expectations of enterprises, the pressure of centralized supervision, the coexistence of repeated and missing requirements of "three certificates" , and the lack of consumer confidence. Conclusion On this basis, it is suggested to improve the quality and safety management of imported aquatic products in Shanghai by improving the efficiency of obtaining overseas epidemic risk information, optimizing the customs clearance process of goods, building special warehouses for enterprises, strengthening the research and development of disinfection technology and refining disinfection requirements, supporting aquatic products trading enterprises through multiple channels, and guiding public opinion to boost consumer confidence.

Abstract:As an important method of plan testing, mechanism building and team training, emergency exercise is an important way to overcome the challenges of food safety accidents such as tight schedule, heavy task and great impact. This research focuses on the field of food safety emergency exercise construction in China, based on the understanding of the National Key Technology R&D Program "integration and application of emergency response technology system for major food safety emergencies" and through the comprehensive analysis of the research progress of food safety emergency exercise at home and abroad. It reflects the existing problems of food safety accident emergency exercise in China, and puts forward some suggestions accordingly. The research will have a certain reference significance for the construction of food safety accident emergency exercise in China.

Abstract:Objective To study the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of food poisoning events in China, so as to provide scientific basis for early warning, prevention and control. Methods Descriptive study on the food poisoning data in 2018 collected from National Report Management Information System of Public Health Emergencies. Results 291 food poisoning events were reported in 2018, which caused 7856 cases and 98 deaths. The numbers of events and cases of bacterial food poisoning account for 36.77%(107/291) and 63.11%(4 958/7 856) of the total respectively. Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pathogenic Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin were the main pathogenic factors. Mushroom poisoning accounted for 31.63% (31/98) of deaths. Food poisoning events occurred mainly from May to September. Food poisoning occurred in family accounted for 36.43% (106/291) of the total number of events and 86.73% (85/98) of the total number of deaths, as well as the highest fatality rate(6.84%, 85/1 243). Food poisoning occurred in Canteens accounted for 44.04%(3 460/7 856) of the total number of cases. Bacterial food poisoning events accounted for 50.67%(38/75) of the total number of events occurred in schools, and school canteens were the most frequent places where the events occurred in schools (80.00%, 60/75). Fruits, vegetables and their products, poisonous mushrooms and meat products were the top 3 food types that caused food poisoning, accounted for 18.90%(55/291), 14.09%(41/291) and 10.65%(31/291) of the total number of events separately. Compared with 2017, the events and deaths of food poisoning in China decreased in 2018 due to the significant reduction of fungal food poisoning events, while the cases increased because of the significantly increasing cases of bacterial food poisoning occurred in canteens and catering service units. The main pathogenic factors of vegetative food poisoning were aconitum and kidney bean, with a high incidence in autumn and winter. More attention should be paid to the poisoning caused by the consumption of Tachypleus rotundus. Conclusion Supervision, inspection and guidance should be strengthened in advance during the high incidence period of food poisoning, and early warning should be issued in time. Food safety supervision and guidance should also be conducted conscientiously in places such as canteens of collective units, catering service units, and rural self-organized family banquets. The abilities of early diagnosis, treatment and on-site disposal for rare toxicant poisoning in medical staff need to be improved. Various forms of health education should be carried out to popularize the knowledge of food poisoning prevention, advocate good hygiene habits and reduce the occurrence of food poisoning.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial correlation distribution of mushroom poisoning in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2019, and provide scientific evidence for the control and prevention strategy. Methods Data of mushroom poisoning incidents from 2005 to 2019 was collected from the China Information System for public health emergency report and management. The epidemiological characteristics of time, place of occurrence, spatial correlation, and types of poisonous mushrooms were described. Results From 2005 to 2019, Yunnan Province reported a total of 316 events of mushroom poisoning, the number of cases was 2 009, the number of deaths was 472, and the case fatality rate was 23.49%(472/2 009). The peak of poisoning incidents was from June to August each year, accounting for 83.86%(265/316) of the total number of incidents. Mushroom poisoning incidents occurred in all 16 prefectures in Yunnan Province. Wenshan, Chuxiong, Lincangy and Honghe were high-incidence areas. Among 129 counties, 91 counties reported mushroom poisoning incidents. Homes were the main place where mushroom poisoning occured, accounting for 84.49%(267/316) of the total number of poisoning incidents. The incidence of mushroom poisoning in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas, accounting for 87.97%(278/316). Picking and eating by mistake (78.80%, 249/316) was the main cause of poisonous mushroom poisoning. The main types of poisoning were Amanita exitialis (27.53%, 87/316), Russula subnigricans Hongo (17.09%, 54/316) and Heimioporus retisporus (13.29%, 42/316). Conclusion Mushroom poisoning was the main cause of death from food poisoning incidents in Yunnan Province. In the "hot spot" areas where mushroom poisoning incidents occurred, prior to the high-incidence season, various forms of food safety and health education and food safety supervision of mushroom poisoning should be focused on rural areas and high risk mushroom species. Meantime, the ability of rural primary medical institutions should be improved to treat poisonous mushroom poisoning.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Bongkrekic Acid poisoning due to contamination of nonfermented rice noodle products in Guangdong Province, and provide the scientific basis for the prevention and control of Bongkrekic Acid poisoning. Methods Epidemiological characteristics of Bongkrekic Acid poisoning in Guangdong Province were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. Result A total of 5 Bongkrekic Acid poisoning events due to contamination of nonfermented rice noodle products were reported in Guangdong Province, including 21 cases and 9 deaths. The case fatality was 42.9%. The major clinical manifestation included vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. The Bongkrekic Acid poisoning events mainly occurred during the third and fourth quarters. The food products involved in the 5 events were wet starch products or wet rice products mass-produced by food processing plants. Different from traditional nonfermented rice noodle products in Guangdong Province, these involved food products were added with a large amount of starch, using sodium dehydroacetate, and stored at room temperature for more than 24 hours, but there was no noticeable spoilage. Conclusion The 5 nonfermented rice noodle products poisoning events were rare Bongkrekic Acid poisoning events caused by processed foods. It is urgent to further analyze the corresponding potential risks in the production and operation of nonfermented rice noodle products, as well as propose the targeted control measures. At the same time, the food safety education should be strengthened. Wet rice noodles and wet starch products should be stored in cold storage and should be sold or consumed within the shelf life.

Abstract:Objective A descriptive analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning incidents in Chenzhou city from 2016 to 2020 was carried out to provide a reference for the formulation of prevention and control measures. Methods The data of mushroom poisoning incidents reported by "Food-borne Disease Incident Reporting System" in Chenzhou city from 2016 to 2020 were collected and sorted out, and the time, region, population characteristics, sources and species of toadstool were descriptive analyzed. Results From 2016 to 2020, a total of 131 cases of mushroom poisoning incidents were reported in Chenzhou city with 461 cases of disease and 6 deaths, and the case fatality rate was 1.3%. The number of mushroom poisoning incidents were the highest in 2020, and the poisoning peak occurred from May to October. Jiahe county, Beihu district and Yizhang county ranked the top three in the number of incidents and cases of mushroom poisoning, and most of them occurred in rural areas. Families was the high-incidence places of mushroom poisoning, the major sources of poisonous mushroom were picked by citizens themselves, and some were bought from the market. Among the poisoning incidents caused by known poisonous mushroom species, the top three in the number of incidents and cases were russula emetica, chlorophyllum molybdites, and entoloma omiense. The death cases were caused by poisoning of amanita fuliginea and russula subnigricans. Conclusion The publicity and education should be carried out for specific time, places and population. At the same time, the supervision of wild mushroom market sales should be strengthened, and relevant research on mushroom poisoning should be carried out to prevent the occurrence of mushroom poisoning.

Abstract:Heterocyclic amines are toxic compounds formed in the process of thermal processing and flavor formation of protein-rich foods. These toxic compounds have adverse effects on the human health and may be mutagenic and carcinogenic. With the development of science and technology and people's attention to food safety, heterocyclic amines in meat products have attracted more and more attention. This article mainly describes the formation, influencing factors, hazards, detection method and control of heterocyclic amines in meat products, and prospects for future research directions.

Abstract:The combined effects of human exposure to chemical mixtures have attracted the attention of government agencies in many countries. Many institutions have carried out a lot of research on the cumulative exposure assessment of the combined effects of chemical mixtures. This article outlines the principles and standards for grouping chemicals with a common action mechanism in the cumulative exposure risk assessment of chemicals, and based on the types of combined effects of chemicals and their judgment method, expounds the Hazard Index method, Cumulative Risk Index method, Relative Potency Factor method, Point of Departure method, combined Margin of Exposure method, reaction addition method based on independent reaction, and hazard index correction method based on interaction, etc. In addition, in the exposure assessment of compound mixtures, the accuracy of physiologically-based toxicokinetic model method and conventional assessment method are analyzed, and a new direction for exploration is proposed for more accurate and scientific assessments in China in the future.