Abstract:Objective To propose an efficient optimized method for food sampling inspection based on discrete sparrow search algorithm. To propose an efficient optimization method for food sampling inspection routes based on discrete sparrow search algorithm. Methods By coding the sampling points, calculating and optimizing the paths between different codes, a discrete sparrow search algorithm was constructed, compared and verified with other known algorithms. By coding the sampling points, calculating and optimizing the paths between different codes, a discrete sparrow search algorithm was constructed and compared and verified with other known algorithms. Results The discrete sparrow search algorithm constructed in this research could obtain the known optimal solution for Burma14, Bays29, Oliver30 and Att48, etc. For examples such as Kioa100 and Ch130, the deviation rates obtained by this algorithm were 0.1% and 1%, respectively, which were better than traditional genetic algorithms (the deviation rates were 3% and 4.2%, respectively). The discrete sparrow search algorithm constructed in this research, for Burma14, Bays29, Oliver30 and Att48, etc., this algorithm can obtain the known optimal solution. For examples such as Att48, Kioa100, and Ch130, the deviation rates obtained by this algorithm are 0,0.1%, and 1%, respectively, which are better than traditional genetic algorithms (the deviation rates are 1.5%, 3%, and 4.2%, respectively). Conclusion The food sampling path optimization method based on the discrete sparrow search algorithm created in this research had better performance in terms of solution accuracy and convergence speed, which was helpful to the actual work of double random sampling point generation and sampling path optimization. It provided feasible algorithmic support for the random inspection information system. The food sampling path optimization method based on the discrete sparrow search algorithm created in this research has better performance in terms of solution accuracy and convergence speed, which is helpful to the actual work of double random sampling point generation and sampling path optimization. The practicality of the “random” random inspection information system provides feasible algorithmic support.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for the determination of several kinds of pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides in Chinese oolong tea samples based on liquid-liquid extraction-solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS).Methods Oolong tea samples were crushed and screened, soaked in boiling water, extracted with acetone-n-hexane, purified by Carb-NH₂ column, and then identified and quantified by GC-NCI-MS.Results All the 18 kinds of pyrethroids and 9 kinds of organochlorine pesticides showed good linear relationships in range of 0.006-1.00 μg/mL and 0.006-0.50 μg/mL respectively, and the correlation coefficients were above 0.996. The recoveries at different spiked levels for all target compounds in blank matrices were 60.1%-119.8%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 1.5%-10.4% (n=6). The limits of detection and quantification of the method were 0.5-4.8 μg/kg and 1.7-16.0 μg/kg, respectively.Conclusion The method was suitable for rapid screening and analysis of 18 pyrethroids and 9 organochlorine pesticides in Chinese oolong tea with the advantage of accuracy, rapidity and high sensitivity.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the etiological characteristics of strains isolated from Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning incidents occurred in Zibo in 2019. To analyze the etiological characteristics of strains isolated from Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning incidents occurred in Zibo in 2019.Methods Serotyping and virulent genes (tlh,tdh,trh)were detected by real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction, antibiotic sensitivity was examined by broth microdilution method and pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) were applied to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Serotyping, virulent genes (tlh,tdh,trh)were detected by real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction, antibiotic sensitivity was examined by broth microdilution method and pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) were applied to study these strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Results The 9 strains collected from patients were all pandemic O3∶K6, and the virulence genes were tlh^+tdh+trh-. The 2 strains collected from environmental samples were O8∶K22 and O1∶K32, and the virulence genes were all tlh^+tdh-trh-. All strains were resistant to cefazolin, and partially resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfametho-xazole. There were 2 strains even showed multiple resistance to these three antibiotics, while all strains were sensitive to the other antibiotics. The PFGE homology from the same incident was high. The 9 strains collected from patients were all pandemic O3∶K6, and the virulence genes were tlh⁺tdh⁺trh-. The 2 strains collected from environmental samples were O8∶K22 and O1∶K32, and the virulence genes were all tlh⁺tdh-trh-. All strains were resistant to cefazolin, and partially resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfametho-xazole. There are 2 strains even showed multiple resistance to these three antibiotics, while all strains were sensitive to the other antibiotics. The PFGE homology isolated from the same incident was high.Conclusion The strains collected from patients in the 4 incidents were all pandemic O3∶K6 and the virulence genes were tdh⁺, some of which showed multi-antibiotic resistance, and the isolates from the same outbreak had high homology suggesting that they had been exposed to the same pollution source. The supervision of pollution sources should be strengthened to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases. The strains collected from patients in the 4 incidents were all pandemic O3∶K6 and the virulence genes were tdh⁺, some of which showed multi-antibiotic resistance, the isolates from the same outbreak had high homology. Suggesting that they had been exposed to the same pollution source. The supervision of pollution sources should be strengthened to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Abstract:Objective To establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) rapid detection method for Pangasius bocourti-derived components. To establish a real-time PCR rapid detection method for Pangasius bocourti-derived components.Methods Primers were designed according to the mitochondrial cytb gene sequence of Pangasius bocourti, and real-time PCR was used for amplification to achieve the purpose of rapid detection of products. Primers were designed according to the mitochondrial cytb gene sequence of Pangasius bocourti, and real-time PCR was used for amplification to achieve the purpose of rapid detection of products. Results This method had good specificity, and the sensitivity could reach 10-4 ng Pangasius bocourti DNA. Pangasius bocourti cytb gene could be detected in fish products mixed with rice noodles, sesame powder, chicken powder and atlantic cod meal, and the sensitivity could reach 0.01%. This method had good specificity, and the sensitivity could reach 10-4 ng Pangasius bocourti DNA. Pangasius bocourti cytb gene could be detected in fish products mixed with rice noodles, sesame powder, chicken noodles and atlantic cod meal, and the sensitivity could reach 0.01%.Conclusion This method had high specificity, short time and high sensitivity, and could meet the detection requirements of Pangasius bocourti adulteration in fish meat products. This method had high specificity, short time and high sensitivity, and could meet the detection requirements of Pangasius bocourti adulteration in fish meat products.

Abstract:Objective The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used to predict the detection rate of norovirus in oysters sold in Shanghai, which provided a reference for the prevalence of norovirus in aquatic products. The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is used to predict the detection rate of norovirus in oysters sold in Shanghai, which provides a reference for the prevalence of norovirus in aquatic products.Methods Oyster samples were regularly purchased from the Shanghai Luchaogang seafood market. A total of 531 oyster samples were tested for norovirus by nest-polymerase chain reaction(Nest-PCR), and the positive detection rate was calculated every quarter. The seasonal ARIMA model was used to fit the norovirus detection rate data in oysters from June 2016 to November 2019 to construct the model. After data stabilization, model selection and fitting and model diagnosis, the optimal model was obtained and the optimal model was used to predict the detection rate of norovirus in oysters in 2020. Regularly purchased oyster samples from the Shanghai Luchaogang seafood market. A total of 531 oyster samples were tested for norovirus by nested-PCR, and the positive detection rate was calculated every quarter. The seasonal ARIMA model was used to fit the norovirus detection rate data in oysters from June 2016 to November 2019 to construct the model. After data stabilization, model selection and fitting, and model diagnosis, the optimal model is obtained, and the optimal model is used to predict the detection rate of norovirus in oysters in 2020. Results The seasonal ARIMA (0,1, 1) (0,1, 0)₄ was the optimal model. Akaike's information criterion and the finite corrections (AICc) (58.70) was the smallest. The residual error was a white noise sequence by Ljung-Box test. The trend of norovirus positive rate in oysters fitted by the model was basically consistent with the trend of actual detection rate, the mean absolute error (MAE) was 4.85 and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was 30.25. The positive detection rates of norovirus in oysters predicted by the optimal model in the next four quarters were 31.89%, 12.80%, 9.47%, and 6.14%, respectively. The seasonal ARIMA (0,1, 1) (0,1, 0) ₄ is the optimal model. Akaike's information criterion and the finite corrections (AICc) (58.70) is the smallest. The residual error is a white noise sequence by Ljung-Box test. The trend of norovirus positive rate in oysters fitted by the model is basically consistent with the trend of actual detection rate, the mean absolute error (MAE) is 4.85 and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 30.25. The positive detection rates of norovirus in oysters predicted by the optimal model in the next four quarters were 31.89%, 12.80%, 9.47%, and 6.14%, respectively.Conclusion The seasonal ARIMA model (0,1, 1) (0,1, 0)₄ can fit the trend of positive detection rate of norovirus in oysters. This model has certain significance for the risk assessment of aquatic products such as oysters contaminated by norovirus. It also has certain significance for the prevention and control of the norovirus epidemic. The seasonal ARIMA model (0,1, 1) (0,1, 0) ₄ can fit the trend of positive detection rate of norovirus in oysters. This model has certain significance for the risk assessment of aquatic products such as oysters contaminated by norovirus. It also has certain significance for the prevention and control of the norovirus epidemic.

Abstract:Objective In order to clarify the taxonomic status of Lactarius in Qiandongnan of Guizhou, and provid the basis for the identification of wild fungi in foodborne wild mushroom poisoning. In order to clarify the taxonomic status of Lactarius in Qiandongnan of Guizhou, and provid the basis for the identification of wild fungi in food borne wild mushroom poisoning. Methods The morphological characteristics of fruiting bodies and phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer(rDNA-ITS) gene sequences were used for identification. The morphological characteristics of fruiting bodies and phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer(rDNA-ITS) gene sequences were used for identification.Results It was clear that there were 3 main kinds of Lactarius in the markets. The samples of indigo, amaranth and aurantius were identified as Lactarius vividus, Lactarius hatsudake and Lactarius subindigo based on morphological features. Then ITS gene sequence phylogenetic trees for the 34 fungi strains were divided into two branches, the Lactarius and other toxic fungi of the affinis species were distinguished. The TL1 and Lactarius subindig, TZ1 and Lactarius hatsudake, TH1 and Lactarius vividus were clustered into one group respectively, which were consistent with morphological identification results. It was clear that there were 3 kinds of Lactarius in the main trade. The samples of indigo, amaranth and aurantius were identified as L. vividus, L. hatsudake and L. subindigo based on morphological features. Then ITS gene sequence phylogenetic trees for the 34 fungi strains were divided into two branches, the Lactarius and other toxic fungi of the affinis species were distinguished. The TL1 and L. subindig, TZ1 and L. hatsudake, TH1 and L. vividus were clustered into one group respectively, which were consistent with morphological identification result . Conclusion The main species of Lactarius in Qiandongnan were the Lactarius hatsudake and Lactarius vividus, which were the same as another Lactarius in Guiyang. Among the Lactarius species, TL1 was identified as Lactarius subindigo, this was the first case reported in Guizhou. The main trade species of Lactarius in Qiandongnan were the L. hatsudake and L. vividus, which were the same as another Lactarius in Guiyang. Among the Lactarius species, TL1 was identified as L. subindigo, this was the first case reported in Guizhou.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of family foodborne disease outbreaks in Yunnan Province from 2015 to 2019, and provide a reference for formulating family foodborne disease prevention and control measures. To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of family foodborne disease outbreaks in Yunnan Province from 2015 to 2019, and provide a reference for formulating family foodborne disease prevention and control measures. Methods The data of foodborne disease outbreaks in families reported in the Yunnan Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System from 2015 to 2019 were statistically analyzed. The data of foodborne disease outbreaks in families reported in the Yunnan Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System from 2015 to 2019 were statistically analyzed. Results From 2015 to 2019, Yunnan Province reported a total of 3 159 family foodborne illnesses, with 12 402 illnesses and 229 deaths with a case fatality rate of 1.85%(229/12 402). The number of foodborne disease outbreaks in Yunnan Province from 2015 to 2019 was on the rise, with the largest number of incidents, cases and deaths occurring from June to August. From the analysis of pathogenic factors and causative food, wild mushroom caused the most incidents, cases and deaths, followed by aconite plants. From 2015 to 2019, Yunnan Province reported a total of 3 159 family foodborne illnesses, with 12 402 illnesses and 229 deaths, with a case fatality rate of 1.85%(229/12 402). The number of foodborne disease outbreaks in Yunnan Province from 2015 to 2019 has been on the rise, with the largest number of incidents, incidences and deaths occurring from June to August. From the analysis of pathogenic factors and causative food, wild bacteria caused the most incidents, morbidities and deaths, followed by aconite plants.Conclusion Strengthening the prevention and control of poisoning by wild fungi and aconitum plants, especially improving the public's awareness and ability are important measures to effectively prevent and control the occurrence of family foodborne diseases in Yunnan Province. Strengthening the prevention and control of poisoning by wild fungi and aconitum plants, and improving the public's awareness and ability to prevent poisoning by wild fungi and aconitum plants are important measures to effectively prevent and control the occurrence of family foodborne diseases in Yunnan Province.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and enterotoxin gene of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2019. To investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and enterotoxin gene of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in Guangzhou during 2008-2019.Methods RTE food samples were randomly collected from retail outlets and supermarkets in 11 districts of Guangzhou and the isolation and identification of S. aureus were performed. All isolated S. aureus were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, enterotoxin genes and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were further characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. RTE food samples were randomly collected from retail outlets and supermarkets in 11 districts of Guangzhou and the isolation and identification of S. aureus were performed from these samples. All isolated S. aureus were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, enterotoxin genes, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST); methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were further characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing.Results A total of 157 S.aureus isolates(11.22%) were detected from 1 399 RTE food samples in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2018. The prevalence of S. aureus in cooked pork samples was significantly higher than those in non-meat samples (17.95% vs 9.43%, P<0.001). Of the 157 S. aureus isolates , seven were confirmed as MRSA by cefoxitin disc diffusion test. Among the 157 isolates, the highest resistance was to penicillin G (83.43%), followed by tetracycline (55.41%), erythromycin (41.40%), chloramphenicol (29.30%), clindamycin (21.02%), trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (20.40%) and gentamicin (14.01%), and 4.46%-10.83% isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin and ciprofloxacin. All the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. Notably, 82.5% and 100% isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials in CC59 and CC398, respectively, and the resistance levels were significantly higher than that of CC6 isolates (14.81%) (P<0.001). The positive rates of seg, sei, sem, sen, seo and seu in CC6 and CC59 isolates were 100% and 42% , respectively (P<0.001). A total of 157 S.aureus isolates(11.22%) were detected from 1399 RTE food samples in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2018. The prevalence of S. aureus in cooked pork samples was significantly higher than those in non-meat samples (17.95% vs 9.83%, P<0.001). Of the 157 S. aureus isolates, seven were confirmed as MRSA by cefoxitin disc diffusion test. Among the 157 isolates, the highest resistance was to penicillin G (83.43%), followed by tetracycline (55.41%), erythromycin (41.40%), chloramphenicol (29.30%), clindamycin (21.02%), trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (20.40%) and gentamicin (14.01%), and 4.46%-10.83% isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, and ciprofloxacin. All the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid. Notably, 82.5% and 100%, isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials in CC59 and CC398, respectively, and the resistance levels were significantly higher than that of CC6 isolates (14.81%) (P<0.001). The positive rates of seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and seu in CC6 and CC59 isolates were 100% and 42%, respectively (P <0.001). Conclusion CC59, CC6 and CC398 were the predominant S.aureus isolates in RTE food samples in Guangzhou, and these isolates had been linked to human infections and Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks in China. It was a serious public health risk and highlights the need to implement good hygiene practices. CC59, CC6, and CC398 are the prodominant S.aureus isolates in RTE food samples in Guangzhou, and these isolates have been linked to human infections and Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks in China. This is a serious public health risk and highlights the need to implement good hygiene practices.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the monitoring results of foodborne diseases in Liaoning Province, so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control. To analyze the monitoring result of foodborne diseases in Liaoning Province, so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of foodborne diseases. Methods The case of foodborne disease from foodborne disease surveillance and report system in Liaoning Province in 2014-2019 were collected. The stool samples of patients were collected for pathogen detection, and the prevalence status and causes of foodborne diseases were analyzed. The case of foodborne disease from foodborne disease surveillance and report system in Liaoning Province in 2014-2019. The stool samples of patients were collected for pathogen detection, and the prevalence status and causes of foodborne diseases were analyzed. Results In Liaoning Province, the high risk group was the age of 25-44 years group (33.38%,57 151/171 219). Cases were mainly in summer (65.35%,111 896 /171 219). The detection rate of Vibrio parahemolyticus (4.37%,867/19 845) was higher than the other pathogenic bacteria. Aquatic animals(19.86%,33 002/166 211), fruits (14.58%,24 239/ 166 211) and meat (12.59%,20 929/166 211) were the main suspected exposure foods. The most risky packaging was bulk food (41.79%, 70 941/169 743) and family was the most frequent place(70.65%,119 517/169 157). The main clinical symptoms were digestive system symptoms (98.55%,168 735/171 219) and diarrhea. In Liaoning Province, the majority risk group was the age of 25-44 years group (33.38%,57 151/171 219).Cases were mainly concentrated in summer (65.35%,111 896/171 219).The detection rate of Vibrio parahemolyticus (4.37%,867/19 845) was higher than the other pathogenic bacteria. Aquatic animals(19.86%,33 002/166 211), fruits (14.58%,24 239/166 211) and meat (12.59%,20 929/166 211) were the main suspected exposure foods. The main mode of work or packaging was bulk (41.79%,70 941/169 743) and family (70.65%,119517/169 157). The main clinical symptoms were digestive system symptoms (98.55%,168 735/171 219) and diarrhea. Conclusion Liaoning Province should further improve the monitoring and reporting network of foodborne diseases, strengthen the surveillance of foodborne diseases among high-risk group, focus on the safety of seafood consumption, especially in summer, when making bulk seafood in families, and increase food safety and health education to avoid foodborne diseases. Liaoning Province should further improve the monitoring and reporting network of foodborne diseases, strengthen the surveillance of food borne diseases among high-risk group, focus on the safety of seafood consumption, especially in summer, when making bulk seafood in families, and increase food safety and health education to avoid foodborne diseases.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination level and trend of Vibrio parahaemolyticus(VP) in freshwater products in Jiangsu Province, and provide basic quantitative data for the risk assessment. To grasp the contamination level and trend of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) in freshwater products in Jiangsu Province, and provide basic quantitative data for the risk assessment. Methods One thousand one hundred and seventy samples form 8 categories freshwater products were collected from 2010 to 2018. The sampling sites include different locations of circulate and catering links in 13 cities of Jiangsu Province. The qualitative and quantitative data was obtained by method based on GB 4789.7 “Food microbiological examination-Examination of Vibrio parahemolyticus”. @RISK software was used to analyze the data and fitting quantitative contamination data. 1170 samples form 8 categories freshwater products were collected from 2010 to 2018. The sampling sites include different locations of circulate and catering links in 13 cities of Jiangsu Province. The qualitative and quantitative method based on GB 4789.7 “Food microbiological examination-Examination of Vibrio parahemolyticus”. Use @RISK software analyze the data and fitting quantitative contamination data.Results The detection rate of VP in 1 170 freshwater products was 28.0% and 3.7% VP carried virulence gene. The contamination levels of VP in freshwater products was (-1.01±1.57) lg MPN/g. The detection rate and contamination levels of VP in inland areas was higher than coastal areas, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The difference of detection rates and contamination levels in different years, areas, categories, months and quarters were statistically significant (P<0.05). While the difference in different sampling sites was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The contamination levels of VP in inland areas and coastal areas were (-0.89±1.59) lg MPN/g and (-1.56±1.54) lg MPN/g. The contamination level in the second quarter, in the restaurant/hotel and freshwater shrimps were the highest, with the values of (-0.56±1.72) lg MPN/g, (-0.68±1.55) lg MPN/g and (-0.44±1.68) lg MPN/g, respectively. The detection rate of VP in 1170 freshwater products was 28.0% and 3.7% VP carrying virulence gene. The contamination levels of VP in freshwater products was -1.01±1.57 lg MPN/g. The detection rate and contamination levels of VP in inland areas was higher than coastal areas, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The detection rates and contamination levels difference in different years, areas, categories, months and quarters were statistically significant (P<0.05). While the difference in different sampling sites was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The contamination levels of VP in inland areas and coastal areas were -0.89±1.59 lg MPN/g and -1.56±1.54 lg MPN/g. The contamination level in the second quarter, in the restaurant/hotel and freshwater shrimps were highest. The values were -0.56±1.72 lg MPN/g, -0.68±1.55 lg MPN/g and -0.44±1.68 lg MPN/g, respectively.Conclusion The contamination of VP in freshwater products in Jiangsu Province was seriously. The contamination of VP had shifted from seafood to freshwater products and spread from coastal areas to inland areas. Moreover, the contamination of inland area had a trend to exceed the coastal areas. Freshwater products might be the important risk factor for the disease of VP. The contamination of VP in freshwater shrimps were seriously. It is necessary to carry out the risk assessment for freshwater products. The contamination of VP in freshwater products in Jiangsu Province were seriously. The contamination of VP has shifted from seafood to freshwater products and spread from coastal areas to inland areas. Moreover, the contamination is a trend higher than coastal areas. Freshwater products maybe the important risk factor for the disease of VP. The contamination of VP in freshwater shrimps were seriously. It's necessary to carry out the risk assessment for freshwater products.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in ready-to-eat (RTE) food in Chongqing and make a preliminary risk assessment, which would provide scientific basis for the prevention. To investigate the contamination of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in ready-to-eat (RTE) food in Chongqing and make a preliminary risk assessment, which would provide scientific basis for the prevention.Methods Two thousand six hundred and eighty food samples were collected from 39 districts and counties of Chongqing and LM testing was carried out according to the national standard. A risk ranger tool was used to make preliminary risk asseeement for LM in RTE food. 2680 food samples were collected from 39 districts and counties of Chongqing and LM testing was carried out according to the national standard. A Risk Ranger tool was used to make preliminary risk asseeement for LM in RTE food.Results The prevalence of LM in RTE food was 1.77%. The detection rate of LM in Chinese cold dishes was higher than that in cooked meat products, raw aquatic products and RTE bean products (P<0.05). The detection rate of LM in supermarkets, restaurants, farmer's markets and convenience stores were about the same (P>0.05). The peak season of LM contamination was the fourth season (P>0.05). In the form of packaging, contamination mainly came from bulk food (P<0.05). In Chongqing, the annual incidence of listeriosis caused by consumption of cooked meat products, Chinese cold dishes, raw aquatic products and RTE bean products was estimated to be 633.7 cases, 134.7 cases, 2.4 cases and 31.5 cases per million population respectively. The prevalence of LM in RTE food was 1.77. The detection rate of LM in Chinese cold dishes was higher than that in cooked meat products, raw aquatic products and RTE bean products (P<0.05). The detection rate of LM in supermarkets, restaurants, farmer's markets and convenience stores were about the same (P>0.05). The peak seasons of LM contamination was the fourth season (P>0.05). In the form of packaging, contamination mainly comes from bulk food (P<0.05). In Chongqing, the annual incidence of listeriosis caused by consumption of cooked meat products, Chinese cold dishes, raw aquatic products and RTE bean products is estimated to be 633.7 cases, 134.7 cases, 2.4 cases and 31.5 cases per million population respectively. Conclusion The surveillance data showed that LM were existed at different levels in RTE food in Chongqing. Preliminary risk assessment showed the LM risk of cooked meat products was relatively high. It is suggested that effective control and monitoring measures should be taken in the later stage of RTE food processing, and the quantitative risk assessment study of Listeria monocytogenes in cooked meat products and Chinese cold dishes should be given priority to reduce the potential harm. The surveillance data showed that LM were existed at different levels in RTE food in Chongqing. Preliminary risk assement showed the LM risk of cooked meat products was relatively high. It is suggested that effective control and monitoring measures should be taken in the later stage of RTE food processing, and the quantitative risk assessment study of Listeria monocytogenes in cooked meat products and Chinese cold dishes should be given priority to reduce the potential harm.

Abstract:Objective Hazard assessment of gardenia yellow were performed based on the existing toxicological data. Hazard assessment of gardenia yellow were performed based on the existing toxicological data. Methods The systematic literature searches (SLS) was used to collect toxicological data. Then, the reference dose method was employed to calculate the key toxic effects according to the results of subchronic toxicity test. The systematic literature searches (SLS) was used to collect toxicological data. Then, the reference dose method was employed to calculate the key toxic effects according to the result of subchronic toxicity test.Results Crocin is the main components of gardenia yellow, and no special toxicity has been found, but its toxic target organs may be liver and kidney . Geniposide is the main toxic component and has obvious hepatorenal toxicity. The NOAEL of gardenia yellow is 0.5 g/kg BW. The BMDL₁₀ with nephrotoxicity as the key end point is calculated as 0.46 g/kg BW by reference dose method. Crocin are the main components of gardenia yellow, and no special toxicity has been found,but its toxic target organs may be liver and kidney. Geniposide is the main toxic component and has obvious hepatorenal toxicity. The NOAEL of gardenia yellow was 0.5 g/kg BW. The BMDL₁₀ with nephrotoxicity as the key end point was calculated as 0.46 g/kg BW by reference dose method . Conclusion Renal tubular epithelial cytopigmentation is the sensitive toxic effect of gardenia yellow. This study can provide a basis for further population intake risk assessment. Renal tubular epithelial cytopigmentation is the sensitive toxic effect of gardenia yellow. This study can provide a basis for further population intake risk assessment.

Abstract:Objective To understand the epidemic characteristic and economic burden of acute gastroenteritis among community population, and to provide more accurate basic data for evaluating the prevalence of foodborne disease and single disease burden. To understand the epidemic characteristic and economic burden of acute gastroenteritis among community population, and to provide more accurate basic data for evaluating the prevalence of foodborne disease and single disease burden. Methods Using the stratified multi-stage random sampling method, 20 neighborhood committees (administrative villages) in 10 residential districts (township) of Xiuzhou and Tongxiang County were selected as the survey points. The indoor questionnaire investigation was carried out from July 2018 to June 2019 to survey the incidence rate and economic burden of acute gastroenteritis. Using the stratified multi-stage random sampling method, 20 neighborhood committees (administrative villages) in 10 residential districts (township) of Xiuzhou and Tongxiang County were selected as the survey points. The indoor questionnaire investigation was carried out from July 2018 to June 2019 to survey the incidence rate and economic burden of acute gastroenteritis.Results A total of 2 400 cases were surveyed, 62 person times of acute gastroenteritis were found, and monthly incidence rate was 2.58%(95%CI:1.95%-3.22%). There was no statistical significance in incidence rate between urban and rural areas, and no statistical significance in different gender and ages. Modified by the gender and age composition, monthly incidence rate was 2.92%(95%CI: 2.25%-3.60%), estimated annual incidence rate was 0.38 times(95%CI:0.36~0.40) preson-year. The high incidence season was from July to September. Of all the cases identified, 12.77% reported seeking medical service, and 72.34% of the cases were related with the contaminated food. 62.50% of the cases under 29 years old, 83.33% of the preschool children, and cases of students and clerks suffered from diseases after eating purchased food. The average economic burden of cases was 399.62 Yuan/per time, including 294.61 Yuan of average direct medical cost, 39.83 Yuan of average direct non-medical cost and 65.18 Yuan of indirect cost. The total estimated economic burden of acute gastroenteritis in Jiaxing was 719 million, including 520 million from foodborne disease. A total of 2 400 cases were surveyed, 62 person times of acute gastroenteritis were found, and monthly incidence rate was 2.58%(95%CI:1.95%-3.22%). There was no statistical significance in incidence rate between urban and rural areas, and no statistical significance in different gender and ages. Modified by the gender and age composition, monthly incidence rate was 2.92%(95%CI: 2.25%-3.60%), estimated annual incidence rate was 0.38 times(95%CI:0.36-0.40)preson-year. The high incidence season was from July to September. Of all the cases identified, 12.77% reported seeking medical service, and 72.34% of the cases were related with the contaminated food. 62.50% of the cases under 29 years old, 83.33% of the preschool children, and cases of students and clerks, suffered from diseases after eating purchased food. The average economic burden of cases was 399.62 Yuan/per time, including 294.61 Yuan of average direct medical cost per time, 39.83 Yuan of average direct non-medical cost per time and 65.18 Yuan of indirect cost per time. The total estimated economic burden of acute gastroenteritis in Jiaxing was 719 million, including 520 million total economic burden of foodborne disease. Conclusion The disease burden of acute gastroenteritis in Jiaxing was relatively heavy. It is suggested to strengthen health education for key population, guide the establishment of health dietary behavior, and continue to carry out relative surveillance. The disease burden of acute gastroenteritis in Jiaxing is relatively heavy. It is suggested to strengthen health education for key population, guide the establishment of health dietary behavior, and continue to carry out relative surveillance.

Abstract:Objective To study the application of the methodology of risk grading matrix and the health risk grading of Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination in the shellfish seafood of the residents in coastal areas of China. Methods Using shellfish seafood consumption and pollution data of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the severity of harm (5-point scale) and the probability of disease occurrence (5-point scale) parameters were calculated, and the risk grading model matrix was imported. The population health risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is assigned and graded. Results The average risk score of Vibrio parahaemolyticus foodborne disease per meal for the whole population and shellfish seafood consumers in coastal areas of China was 6 points, which was of low risk, while the risk score of the raw shellfish seafood product population was10 points, which was of moderate risk. Conclusion The risk grading matrix method is an effective semi-quantitative risk assessment method, and further optimization can provide a reference for Chinese food safety risk grading management.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the product information, food label and nutrients composition characteristics of approved foods for special medical purposes (FSMP). To analyze the product information,food label and nutrients composition characteristics of approved foods for spe cial medical purposes(FSMP). Methods The product and label information of approved FSMP products were collected from China's State Administration for Market Regulation by March 5,2021, and the classification, ingredients characteristics and nutrients content of each product as well as the comparison with standard requirements were analyzed. The product and label information of approved FSMP products were collected from China's State Administration for Market Regulation by March 5,2021, and the classification, ingredients characteristics and nutrients content of each product as well as the comparison with standard requirements were analyzed. Results There are 58 approved FSMP products in China at present.Most labeled nutrient contents were slightly higher than the minimum and lower than the middle line of content requirements of national standard. More than 50% of the products added choline, inositol, taurine and L-carnitine, and 72.2% of complete-nutrition formula added dietary fiber. The almost labelled nutrients content are slightly higher than the minimum and lower than the middle line of content requirements of GB standard. The addition of choline, inositol, taurine and L-carnitine were more than 50 percent and the proportion of dietary fiber used in the total nutrition formula reached 72.2 percent. Conclusion The approved FSMP products had basically covered all categories in China. Nevertheless, the specific complete-nutrition food and incomplete-nutrition food were inadequate which were urgent in need of research and development. The nutrients content of FSMP products were within the ideal range of GB standard. The approved FSMP products have basically covered all classifications in China, nevertheless, the specific nutritionally complete food and partial types of nutritionally incomplete food were lacking which are urgent in need of research and development. The nutrients content of FSMP products falls within the ideal range of GB standard as a whole.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the iodine nutrition status of children under 8-10 years old in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City from 2017 to 2020, and to analyze the correlation between iodine nutrition status and salt iodine. To investigate the iodine nutrition status of children 8-10 years old in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City from 2017 to 2020, and to analyze the correlation between iodine nutrition status and salt iodine.Methods A total of 800 children under 8-10 years old were selected from 9 communities in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City by stratified sampling method, and their urine iodine, salt iodine and thyroid were detected. The salt iodine content, urine iodine content and qualified rate of salt iodine in different years were analyzed, and the correlation between urine iodine and salt iodine was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation. A total of 800 children 8-10 years old were selected from 9 communities in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City by stratified sampling method, and their urine iodine, salt iodine and thyroid were detected. The salt iodine content, urine iodine content and qualified rate of salt iodine in different years were analyzed, and the correlation between urine iodine and salt iodine was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation. Results The overall median of salt iodine concentration was 26.2 mg/kg, and the total qualified rate of salt iodine was 93.00% (744/800); there were significant differences in salt iodine content and qualified rate among different years (P<0.05); the median urinary iodine content of children was 170.9 μg/L, and the difference was statistically significant among different years (P<0.05), pairwise comparison showed that the urinary iodine content in 2017 and 2018 was higher than that in 2019 (P<0.001 after correction), and that in 2020 was higher than that in 2019 (P<0.001 after correction); the urinary iodine content of 10-year-old children was higher than that of 9-year-old children, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); there was a positive correlation between urinary iodine and salt iodine in children (r=0.278, P<0.05); there was no significant difference in thyroid volume among different years (P>0.05); the incidence of goiter was low (2.88%), and there was no significant difference among different years (P>0.05). The overall median of salt iodine concentration was 26.2 mg/kg, and the total qualified rate of salt iodine was 93.00% (744/800); there were significant differences in salt iodine content and qualified rate among different years (P<0.05); the median urinary iodine content of children was 170.9 μg/L, and the difference was statistically significant among different years (P<0.05), pairwise comparison showed that the urinary iodine content in 2017 and 2018 was higher than that in 2019 (P<0.001 after correction), and that in 2020 was higher than that in 2019 (P<0.001 after correction); the urinary iodine content of 10-year-old children was higher than that of 9-year-old children, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); there was a positive correlation between urinary iodine and salt iodine in children (r=0.278, P<0.05); there was no significant difference in thyroid volume among different years (P>0.05); the incidence of goiter was low (2.88%), and there was no significant difference among different years (P>0.05).Conclusion From 2017 to 2020, the iodine nutrition status of children under 8-10 years old in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City was mostly at the appropriate level, and the salt was basically qualified iodized salt. There was a certain degree of iodine deficiency and excessive intake, and there was a positive correlation between iodine nutrition status and salt iodine. Therefore, we should strengthen the publicity and education of iodized salt related knowledge, improve the utilization rate of qualified iodized salt, and prevent the related diseases caused by iodine deficiency. From 2017 to 2020, the iodine nutritional status of children 8-10 years old in Erqi District of Zhengzhou City is mostly at the appropriate level, and the edible salt is basically qualified iodized salt. There is a certain degree of iodine deficiency and excessive intake, and there is a positive correlation between iodine nutritional status and salt iodine. Therefore, we should strengthen the propaganda and education of iodized salt related knowledge, improve the utilization rate of qualified iodized salt, and prevent the related diseases caused by iodine deficiency.

Abstract:Objective Jiangshui is a kind of traditional fermented food made by microbial fermentation using celery, white cabbage, radish, and flour as raw materials. Methods We took flour addition, fermentation time, primer addition and fermentation temperature as single factors to compare the effects of different factors on the evaluation indicators of Jiangshui fermentation, solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas phase mass spectrometry (GMS) and chromatography (GC) were used to analyze the flavor compounds in Jiangshui. Results In summary, the optimal fermentation process was determined as follows:2.5% of the flour was added, the fermentation temperature was 29 ℃, the fermentation time was 3 days, and the introduction addition was 11%. Under these conditions, the texture of Jiangshui was uniform, the taste was slightly sour and the flavor was mellow and soft. There were 29 kinds of flavor substances in Jiangshui, which were mainly composed of aldehydes and ketones, hydrocarbons, alcohols and esters.The main substances were:(R)-(+)-limonene, ethyl acetate and ethanol, with the contents of 14.66%, 10.52% and 7.24%, respectively. Conclusion For the purpose of controlling the quality of Jiangshui, the process was standardized to ensure that the quality of Jiangshui is good and controllable, and was helpful to ensure food hygiene and safety. Serofluid is a kind of traditional fermented food made by microbial fermentation using celery, white cabbage, radish, and flour as raw materials. We took flour addition, fermentation time, primer addition and fermentation temperatu-re as single factors to compare the effects of different factors on the evaluation indicators of slurry fermentation, solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas phase mass spectrometry (GMS) and chromatography (GC) were used to analyze the flavor compounds in slurry water. In summary, the optimal fermentation process was determined as follows:2.5% of the flour was added, the fermentation temperature was 29 ℃, the fermentation time was 3 days, and the introduction addition was 11%. Under these conditions, the texture of slurry water was uniform, the taste was slightly sour and the flavor was mellow and soft. There were 29 kinds of flavo-r substances in serofluid, which were mainly composed of aldehydes and ketones, hydrocarbons, alcohols and esters.The main substances were:(R)-(+)-limonene, ethyl acetate and ethanol, with the contents of 14.66%, 10.52% and 7.24%, respectively. For the purpose of controlling the quality of serofluid, the process was standardized to ensure that the quality of the serofluid is good and controllable, and was helpful to ensure food hygiene and safety.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the current usage of local plant raw materials in some provinces of China, summarize the existing problems in the establishment of local food safety standards and put forward suggestions for the scientific and reasonable formulation of local food safety standards of plant raw materials in the future. To understand the current situation of the usage of local plant raw materials in some provinces of China, summarize the existing problems in the establishment of local food safety standards in China, and put forward suggestions for the scientific and reasonable formulation of local food safety standards of plant raw materials in the future.Methods The questionnaire survey was conducted in Yunnan, Guangdong, Shandong, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Anhui provinces, covering the confusion of using plant raw materials in common food. Microsoft Excel 2019 was used for data export and collation, and the data was statistically analyzed. By using the method of questionnaire survey, and the questionnaire survey was conducted in Yunnan, Guangdong, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Anhui provinces,aiming at the confusion of using plant raw materials in common food. Microsoft Excel 2019 was used for data export and collation, and the data was statistically analyzed.Results A total of 315 valid questionnaires were collected. Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata, Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Crocus sativus L., Rosa laevigata Michx., Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg were the most frequently mentioned. Most of the plant raw materials were cultivated in large area or local area within the province, and had more than 30 years of diet history. In industrial products, tea substitutes were the most common type. In cooking and dining food, soup or stewing with other foods were the most common use. Most of the respondents suggested establishing standards for raw materials and evaluating the food safety. A total of 315 valid questionnaires were collected. Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata, Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Crocus sativus L., Rosa laevigata Michx., Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg have the largest number among all the raw materials. The plant raw materials which planted in large area or local area of internal province, more than 30 years edible history, have the largest number. In industrially produced food, the substitute tea has the largest number. In cooking and dining food, making soup or stewing with other foods has the largest number. Most of the respondents suggested establishing standards for raw materials and evaluating the food safety.Conclusion The investigation highlighted the problems in using and management of plant raw materials in China. Therefore, it should strengthen the research on the background information of plant raw materials, conduct relevant research and scientifically formulate the local food safety standards based on risk assessment. The investigation highlighted the problems in using and management of plant raw materials in China. Therefore, it should strengthen the research on the background information of plant raw materials, conduct relevant research, and scientifically position the local food safety standards based on food safety risk assessment.

Abstract:Objective To study the similarities and differences of food safety indicators in the National Food Safety Standard and international standards, and to provide a reference for the development and management of canned food industry. To study the similarities and differences of food safety indicators in the National Food Safety Standard and international standards, and to provide a reference for the development and management of canning industry. Methods Safety indicators in the relevant standards and regulations of canned food by China, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), European Union (EU) and the United States were compared from the aspects of histamine, pollutant, biotoxin, food additive and others. Relevant standards and regulations on the safety indicators of canned food by China, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), European Union (EU) and the United States were collected and compared from the aspects of histamine, pollutant, biotoxin, food additive and other indicators.Results In terms of the limit of histamine, there were no provisions in the relevant laws and regulations of the United States, while China and CAC had set their limits in canned fish. In terms of the limits of pollutants, China's provisions were relatively comprehensive in all kinds of canned food and food contact materials than those in other countries. In terms of the limit of biotoxin, only China and the United States had clear requirements. In terms of the types of canned food, the types, functions and the requirements of additives, China, CAC and EU were similar, while the regulations of the United States were totally different. In terms of the safety limit requirements of histamine, there are no provisions in the relevant laws and regulations of the United States, while China and CAC have set their limits in the canned fish; in terms of the safety limit requirements of pollutants, China's provisions are relatively complete, and the pollutant limit requirements in all kinds of canned food and food contact materials are more comprehensive than those in other countries; in terms of the safety limit requirements of biotoxin, only China and the United States have clear requirements; In terms of the types of canned food, the types of additives that can be used, the functions that can be used and the requirements for use, China, CAC and EU are similar, while the regulations of the United States are totally different from those of the other three countries or organizations. Conclusion Process control is the essence of canned foods safety, which provides thoughts on the future standard setting and revision in China, and is also worth learning for the canned food manufacturing industry. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of pollutants in canned food, control the pollutant in raw materials and migration from processing equipment and food contact materials, and research on the safety of process parameters, and further establish and improve food safety risk control and traceability system. Process control is the essence of canned foods safety control, which provides thoughts on the future standard setting and revision work in the food field in China, and is also worth learning for the canned food manufacturing industry in China. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of pollutants in canned food, strengthen the procurement and acceptance of raw and auxiliary materials, prevention, and control of pollutant migration in production and processing equipment and food contact materials, and research on the safety of process parameters, and further establish and improve food safety risk control and traceability system.

Abstract:Microplastic is a global pollutant widely existing in the marine and terrestrial environments. The potential health effects of microplastics in food have attracted more and more attentions based on the continuous research. A comprehensive understanding of microplastics in food is very important for food safety and human health. In this paper, the analysis methods, occurrence, exposure and toxicity of microplastics in food are reviewed and the urgent problems needed to be solved are put forward to provide reference for food safety related research. Microplastics are a global pollutant widely existing in the marine and terrestrial environments. The potential health effects of microplastics in food have attracted more and more attentions based on the continuous research. A comprehensive understanding of microplastics in food is very important for food safety and human health. In this paper, the analysis method, occurrence, exposure and toxicity of microplastics in food were reviewed and the urgent problems needed to be solved were put forward to provide reference for food safety related research.