Abstract:Objective To establish a food safety risk assessment and early warning system suitable for food safety sampling data. Methods By using structured query language, efficient matching algorithm based on rule base engine, 145 data attributes were filtered and optimized through preprocessing of data, construction of basic event mode and compound event mode, and rule base configuration. 53 047 pieces of food safety sampling data was used for verification and testing. Results 4 types of core attributes were selected, and 7 basic rules and 3 compound rules were formed. Through verification, the early warning system was good and stable, and the test results were consistent with the manual labeling results. Conclusion This study has created a rule generation and synthesis mechanism, and established a food safety risk assessment and early warning system that can realize real-time and early warning. The system can realize fast and accurate early warning of food safety risk assessment.

Abstract:Objective To compare the identification effect of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, rpoB gene sequencing and VITEK 2 Compact on Staphylococci. Methods Three methods were used to identify 59 isolates of Staphylococci from food simultaneously. Results The result consistency of MALDI-TOF MS and rpoB gene sequencing was 100.00%, while the consistency of MALDI-TOF MS with VITEK 2 Compact was 83.05% (49/59). Seven isolates were misidentified by VITEK 2 Compact because of out of identification range. The MALDI-TOF MS method could quickly identify 59 strains as 17 species of Staphylococci, and the identification score was related to the species. The identification score of Staphylococcus aureus is the highest (>2.300), and the identification score of Staphylococcus squirrel, S.piscifermentans and S.succinus was relatively low (1.700-2.000). Conclusion Compared with rpoB gene sequencing and VITEK 2 Compact method, MALDI-TOF MS method is more rapid and accurate. In order to achieve a better identification effect, the existing database still needs to be further optimized.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination status, molecular typing and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Cronobacter spp. in dormitory and canteen of a school in Xuzhou, and to provide reference data for early-warning of foodborne disease outbreak caused by Cronobacter spp.. Methods A total of 156 environmental samples were collected from the dormitory and canteen of a school in Xuzhou, and Cronobacter strains were isolated and identified. The O-antigen-based serotyping and multilocus sequence typing were applied for molecular typing of the Cronobacter strains, and the antimicrobial resistance of Cronobacter strains were determined by disk diffusion method. Results Eleven (7.1%) of 156 environmental samples were positive for Cronobacter spp., with the detection rate of 6.6%(8/121) and 8.6%(3/35) in dormitories and canteens, respectively. Based on the fusA sequence analysis, 8 of 11 isolates were identified as C.sakazakii, whereas the other 3 were identified as C.malonaticus. The 11 Cronobacter strains were assigned to 5 sequence types, and ST500 was the predominant sequence type (54.5%, 6/11). Meanwhile, the 11 Cronobacter strains were divided into 5 serotypes, with C.sakazakii serotype O7 (Csak O7) being the predominant serotype (54.5%, 6/11). The antimicrobial resistance test indicated that all isolates were sensitive to cefixime, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, furantoin, chloramphenicol and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, whereas strains resistant to cefthiophene (63.6%, 7/11) and meropenem (27.3%, 3/11) were founded. Conclusion There is a risk of contamination of Cronobacter spp. in the environment of student dormitory and canteen. The epidemiological surveillance of Cronobacter spp. in the dormitory and canteen environment should be strengthened in future.

Abstract:Objective To investigate temporal variation in the abundance of total Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish farm in Qingdao. Methods The abundance of total V.parahaemolyticus in shellfish and farm environment was detected using the most probable number real-time polymerase chain reaction(MPN real-time PCR) method during June 2013 and May 2014, and the correlation between V.parahaemolyticus abundance and the season was analyzed. Results The lowest level of MPN in shellfish and seawater presented from January to March,increased slowly before June,then rapidly rised up and reached the highest level until Augest. After that,it deceased rapidly to the lowest level in January. The lowest level of MPN in sediment was in March and the highest level kept from May to December(18 067.5-24 000.0 MPN/g),then dropped rapidly in January, and reached the lowest level in March(88.0 MPN/g). Conclusion Compared with the traditional methods, MPN-PCR has better sensitivity in reflecting V.parahaemolyticus growing trend with the the season and tempreture change.The level of bactiera abundence in oyster and seawater can be accurately assessed,which might play a role of early warning.The rapid growth time of V.parahaemolyticus in seawater and oyster is from June to Augest, which should be taken notice in the process of handling and eating to avoid foodborn disease.

Abstract:Objective To observe the protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) on lung inflammatory injury in OVA(albumin chicken egg)induced asthma mice and explore its mechanism. Methods OVA-induced allergic asthma mice model was established and mice were then treated with Lycium barabrum polysaccharides hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to detect lung tissue structure and inflammatory cell infiltration. Periodic acid-schiff(PAS) staining was used to examine bronchial goblet cell. Masson staining were used to identify collagen deposition in lung tissues. The expression of eosinophils cells, helper T cells(Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells) and regulatory T cells(Treg cells) in lung tissue of mice was detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared with asthma mice group, after the intervention of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, the level of eosinophils in lung tissue of asthma mice was significantly decreased(P<0.05), the degree of fibrosis was significantly alleviated, the metaplasia of bronchial goblet cells was significantly decreased, the levels of Th1 and Treg were up-regulated(P<0.05), and the levels of Th2 and Th17 were down-regulated(P<0.05). Conclusion Lycium barbarum polysaccharide extracted from Lycium barbarum fruit ameliorates asthma in mice by reducing inflammation and modulating the balance of Th cells.

Abstract:Objective To develop an analytical method for determination of 5 kinds of poppy shell alkaloids in hot pot condiment by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Methods The samples were extracted and cleaned up based on dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) using strong cationic exchange adsorbent (PCX). The chromatographic separation of alkaloids was performed on an HSS T3 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase with gradient elution. The alkaloids were analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry using parallel reaction monitoring mode and the external standard method was selected for quantitative analysis. Results Five kinds of alkaloids showed a good linearity in a certain concentration range with relative coefficient of R²>0.999. Limits of detections (LODs) were in the range of 0.1-0.3 μg/kg, and limits of quantitations (LOQs) were in the range of 0.4-1.0 μg/kg. At the spiked levels of 1,10, 100 μg/kg, the recoveries of alkaloids in hot pot condiment were from 78.5% to 104.2%, with the intra-day precision (RSD_r) of 1.8%-6.8% and the inter-day precision (RSDR) of 4.9%-13.7%. Conclusion Using DMSPE cleanup technique with PCX as adsorbent, this method was simple, rapid, low-cost, high sensitivity, and had good reproducibility on the basis of ensuring effective cleanup effect. It could be applied to the qualitative and quantitative determination of five poppy shell alkaloids in hot pot condiment.

Abstract:Objective A method for determination of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol(Δ⁹-THC) in hempseed oil by gel permeation chromatograph-high performance liquid chromatography(GPC-HPLC) method was developed. Methods Samples were extracted with cyclohexane and ethyl acetate and the extract was purified by GPC,then separated by Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ column(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm).The acetonitrile-water was used as mobile phase,and quantified by secondary tube array detector and external standard method. Results The linear correlation coefficient (r) of this method was above 0.999 in the concentration range of 0-500 μg/L.Δ⁹-THC had a limit of detection(LOD) of 0.05 mg/kg and the limit of quantity(LOQ) of 0.17 mg/kg. Recoveries were between 84.6% and 101.8% and the relative standard deviation were within 3.2%-4.7%(n=6). With the actual samples tested, Δ⁹-THC content in 10 different brands of hempseed oil ranges from 0.40-5.82 mg/kg. Conclusion The results showed that the method had good stability and high sensitivity,and was suitable for determination of Δ⁹-THC in hempseed oil.

Abstract:On the basis of hazard analysis critical control point(HACCP) principle, SARS-CoV-2 is analyzed and studied as a non-traditional food safety risk, and the activities of employees in food production enterprises are included in the whole process of cold chain food production. The key control points of employees under the epidemic prevention and control situation were determined and controlled, the HACCP system reshaped to help cold chain food manufacturers to establish a food safety management system based on HACCP principles, including COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control.

Abstract:Under the trend of mandatory labeling of genetically modified (GM) food in international trade market, risk management and traceability of GM foods is meaningful. Based on the reality of the mandatory labeling of GM food, this paper analyzes the necessity of establishing a traceability system for GM food. The EU's GM food risk traceability system demonstrates a good sample in practice. The construction of traceability system for GM food in China could use the existing food traceability platform. The food traceability platform in China is compatible with subsystems for data connectivity.

Abstract:Objective To analyzes the current situation and existing problems of foodborne disease surveillance in Zhejiang Province, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions, in order to better utilize the foodborne disease surveillance system in ensuring food safety. Methods Based on the analysis of the current situation of foodborne disease surveillance system in Zhejiang Province, the current practices, achievements and main problems were analyzed and summarize. Results Imperfect surveillance mechanism, poor monitoring quality, disunity of information construction standards and inadequate data utilization were the main problems. Conclusion It is suggested to cultivate the reporting awareness of medical staff from university, adjust the surveillance strategy properly, promote the standardization of foodborne reporting information based on the regional platform of local public health platform, explore the food safety evaluation system based on the result of foodborne disease surveillance, and strive to improve the effectiveness of foodborne disease surveillance.

Abstract:Objective The contamination rate and gene groups of Norovirus (NoV) in oyster collected from harvesting farm in Fujian Province was investigated,and the contamination concentration was quantitatively analyzed, so as to provide data support for surveillance and risk assessment of Norovirus in food. Methods 244 oyster samples from oyster culture bed in Fujian Province were collected from August 2017 to September 2018. Norovirus nucleic acid was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR) to monitor Norovirus contamination in oyster production farm. Results The positive rate of Norovirus in 211 valid samples was 30.33% (64/211). Norovirus was detected in both GI and GII groups. 16.59%(35/211) of the samples were GI positive,24.17%(51/211) of the samples were GII positive, and 10.43%(22/211)of the samples were both GI and GII positive. The range of the quantity of Norovirus in positive samples was from 1.05×10²-1.68×10⁴ gene copies/g(digestive gland). Conclusion The oysters collected from commercial harvesting farm in Fujian Province were partly contaminated by Norovirus. A marked winter seasonality of contamination by both prevalence and quantity was observed.It is necessary to take more targeted risk management interventions in winter to reduce the risk of human illness resulting from Norovirus contamination of oysters.

Abstract:Objective To understand the knowledge, attitude and behavior (KAP) status of food safety related population and explore its influencing factors, so as to provide reference for the implementation of specific measures to improve food safety. Methods In this survey, 18 802 food practitioners, food professionals and food supervisors were selected from 15 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions by multi-stage stratified random sampling. Results Food safety KAP scores from high to bottom were:food practitioners (79.51±11.71), food regulators (74.33±11.23), food professionals (66.88±15.28). the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).The KAP score of female food practitioners was higher than that of male (P<0.05), but the other two groups did not show this effect. With the increase of age, KAP scores of food practitioners increased first and then decreased, and the scores of food professionals and food supervisors increased with the increase of age. The KAP scores of the three groups increased with the increase of education background. KAP scores of the three groups increased with the increase of employment years. KAP score of food supervisors with food professional background was higher than that of no-food professional background (P<0.05), but no similar effect was found among food practitioners and professional technicians. The KAP scores of the three groups who participated in the training in one year were higher than those who did not (P<0.05).The KAP scores of the three groups in the eastern region were higher than those in other regions (P<0.05). Conclusion The attitude of the three groups towards food safety related issues tends to be positive, but food safety knowledge and behavior habits need to be further improved. Relevant employers should take targeted measures according to the weak links in KAP of food safety and its influencing factors in different populations, in order to improve the food safety KAP level of the three groups, so as to ensure the food safety situation.

Abstract:Objective To elucidate the natural occurrence of multi-mycotoxin in commercial loose-packed rice from Yunnan Province in 2019. Methods A total of 90 rice samples collected from 11 cities in Yunan Province were analyzed for 16 kinds of mycontoxin by ultra perfermance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Among the 90 rice samples, the detection rate of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) was 13.33%(12/90), exceeding the 10 μg/kg stipulated by the national food safety standard GB 2761-2017 for the limit of mycotoxin in food, and the exceeded rate was 10.00% (9/90). Other mycotoxins did not exceed the limit. Conclusion The commercial loose-packed rice samples in Yunnan Province were contaminated by multi-mycotoxins in this study, but the levels of contamination were low.

Abstract:Objective To understand the drug resistance and molecular typing characteristics of 54 strains of Salmonella Typhimurium in Xindu District from 2014 to 2019. Methods The 54 strains of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from case monitoring, food poisoning and food surveillance were tested for drug susceptibility using micro-broth dilution method, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used for molecular typing. Results The drug resistance rate of 54 strains of Salmonella Typhimurium was 98.15%(53/54), and that of multi-drug resistance (triple and above)was 46.30%(25/54). The multi-drug resistance rates of the case monitoring and food surveillance strains were 56.00% (14/25) and 91.67% (11/12), respectively, which were much higher than the food poisoning strains 0.00% (0/17). The PFGE results could be divided into 31 pattern, with a similarity of 64.9%-100%. Among them, the dominant pattern was XD005, which contains 7 strains isolated from case monitoring and food surveillance. The results of drug resistance and molecular typing of strains from food poisoning were significantly different from those from case monitoring and food surveillance(P<0.05). Conclusion The drug resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from case monitoring and food surveillance was serious in Xindu District. PFGE can identify potential outbreak events in sporadic cases, so it is necessary to trace the molecular origin of the isolated strains on time.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the serotypes, virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Huzhou of Zhejiang Province. Methods Isolates of 92 V. parahaemolyticus in Huzhou were analyzed by serological typing, virulence gene detection, antibiotic resistance testing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for molecular typing. Results O3∶K6 was the main serotype and tlh⁺tdh⁺trh- was the most frequently detected virulence genotype in clinical strains. O2∶Kut was the main serotype and tlh⁺tdh-trh- was the most frequently detected virulence genotype in environmental strains. Antibiotic resistance testing indicated that the isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (90.22%,83/92), followed by gentamicin and tetracycline. Following the restriction enzyme Not I digestion, the 91 strains yielded 81 PFGE patterns, and 16 clones had similarity values of >85.00%. Conclusion The etiologic characteristics of V. parahaemolyticus varied, which might be one of the reasons for high incidence of foodborne disease in Huzhou. There may be cross-contamination between freshwater and seawater products, so it is necessary to strengthen supervision of food processing.

Abstract:Objective To explore the contamination characteristics of furan in commercially infant formula and supplementary food and assess the health risk of furan exposure among Chinese infant population. Methods Based on the convenience sampling method, 260 commercial infant formula and supplementary food were collected in Beijing, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Sichuan from 2017 to 2018. Furan was determined by isotope dilution headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Probabilistic assessment method was adopted to assess the risk of furan exposure in infants aged 0 to 36 months from 2015 infant food consumption survey data. Results The detection rate of furan in infant formula and supplementary food was 90.32%-100.00%, and the average contamination level was 4.05-46.26 μg/kg. The average contamination level of furan in meat puree was the highest (46.26 μg/kg), followed by vegetable puree (41.31 μg/kg), and the lowest was infant formula (4.05 μg/kg). The average exposure of furan in infants aged 0-36 months was 21.95 ng/kg BW. Infants aged 0-36 months were divided into three groups:0-6 months, 7-12 months and 13-36 months. The exposure of furan was the highest in infants aged 7-12 months. Considering non-neoplastic effects of furan, the range of margin of exposure (MOE) value for each group was 651-3 936. Considering neoplastic effects of furan, the range of MOE value for each group was 13 322-80 566. Conclusion For the infants aged 0-36 months and high consumers, the health risk of furan exposure from infant formula and supplementary food was of low concern.

Abstract:Objective To inspect the pesticide residues in longan samples from 10 cities of Guangdong Province and evaluate the health risk of dietary exposure. These collected data were expected to be useful in regulating the concentration of the pesticide residues, and also in supporting safe consumption of longan fruit. Methods 200 longan samples were collected randomly and 50 kinds of pesticde residues were analyzed. The dietary exposure risk was assessed by risk entropy which based on the statistics of pesticide residues. Results 20 kinds of pesticide residues were found in 84.00%(168/200) of the samples, and carbendazim with detection ratio of 33.00%(66/200) was found to be in the highest frequencies of detected pesticides. Further results showed that 27.50%(55/200) samples contained two or more pesticides. For 20 kinds of pesticides with detectable residues, acceptable daily intake(%ADI) was in the range of 0.00% to 8.56%, which was less than 9.00%. The acute reference dose(%ARfD) was ranged from 0.02% to 70.00%, which was less than 100.00%. These 20 kinds of pesticides were divided into three groups namely high risk group (5), medium risk group (7), and low risk group (8) by considering the residue risk score. Conclusion Chronic dietary intake risk and acute dietary intake risk of pesticide residues were relatively low in longan from 10 cities of Guangdong Province, and normal consumption of longan would not cause adverse health effects.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the content of total and individual free sugar in commercial beverages in Chinese market, and collect data for the evaluation of the free sugar intake and the risk assessment in order to provide scientific evidence for policy making. Methods According to the data on the production and sales of beverage industry in China, taking their geographical distribution into account, a total of 708 sugary beverage samples of 9 categories were collected in 2015. The content of monosaccharides and disaccharides (glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose) were analyzed by high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperametric detection according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists(AOAC) official method 2000.17. Results The mean content of free sugar in 708 beverage samples was 8.4 g/100 g, in which the solid beverage had the highest sugar content (41.2 g/100 g), followed by fruit and vegetable juice beverages (10.6 g/100 g), and carbonated beverages (9.2 g/100 g). Meanwhile, the fruit and vegetable juice beverages, carbonated beverages and flavored beverages had the highest glucose contents. In addition, the carbonated beverages, fruit and vegetable juice beverages and flavored beverages had the highest fructose content. The sucrose levels in solid beverages, coffee beverages, protein beverages and plant beverages were higher than that in other beverages. The total percentage of beverage samples with free sugar content greater than 10 g/100 g was 36.3%(257/708). With regard to the proportion of beverages with free sugar content greater than 10 g/100 g, the top three were fruit and vegetable juice beverages (61.8%,89/144), carbonated beverages (52.8%,84/159) and flavored beverages (41.7%,5/12). Conclusion In 2015, the content of free sugar in commercial beverages in China was generally high, among which the free sugar content in fruit and vegetable juice beverages and carbonated beverages was higher than other drinks.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the feasibility of using the decision tree in the process of integrating the relevant provisions and indicators of food additives in the Codex General Standard for Food Additives and the regional commodity standards, and propose solutions and suggestions for improving the working mechanism. Methods By attempting to integrate the additive provisions in the Codex General Standard for Food Additives and the four Asian regional commodity standards developed before 2012, the feasibility and limitations of the decision trees were discussed, and the key points and difficulties of the integration especially for regional commodity standards were analyzed. Results The decision tree is generally applicable, however some specific problems in the integration of regional commodity standards need to be resolved. Conclusion The decision tree could be used in the integration of the Codex General Standard for Food Additives and the regional commodity standards. In addition, it is necessary to sort out the correspondence between the foods categories. In accordance with the specific indicators, the revisement status of the provisions in the general standards, as well as the current technological justification, should be considered in the determination of the maximum levels of food additives.

Abstract:Objective The National Food Safety Standard for Animal Derived Aquatic Products (GB 10136-2015) was evaluated to provide reference for the revision of the standard. Methods Feedback and implementation effect from enterprises, inspection agencies, industry associations and scientific research institutions were collected and analyzed through questionnaire from January 2018 to October 2020. The quantitative score data of implementation effect of different survey objects were analyzed by statistical description and test; feedback and suggestions were subdivided and coded from the two dimensions of filling in personnel occupation and feedback content, and the constituent indicators was analyzed by statistical description, and the comparison of evaluation results was analyzed by statistical test. Results A total of 220 special follow-up evaluation questionnaires were sent out and 182 questionnaires were recovered, of which 171 were valid. The overall recovery rate was 82.73% (182/220) and the effective response rate was 77.73% (171/220). The results showed that there were significant differences in the recovery rate and the effective response rate among different respondents (χ²=28.359,P＜0.05;χ²=24.112,P＜0.05). Content analysis of feedback:208 opinions and suggestions were collected, of which 77.88%(162/208) were about scientific issue, 11.54%(24/208) were about feasibility and 10.58%(22/208) were about coordination. The feedback from enterprises accounted for 52.40% of all the respondents, followed by 49 (23.56%) from inspection agencies, 37 (17.79%) from supervisors, and 13 (6.25%) from industry associations/scientific research institutions, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=64.119, P＜0.05). Analysis of implementation effect:from the result of health demand(H=32.302), industrial development(H=28.394), regulatory demand(H=29.070), text structure(H=18.903) and application scope(H=8.382), the differences of scores of different respondents were statistically significant (P＜0.05). The score of enterprises, supervisors and industry associations/scientific research institutions was 3.50-5.00, and the score of inspection agencies was 3.00-4.50. Conclusion The subjects of the survey focused on the scientific aspects of the terms, definitions and indicators setting. The results can be used as a supplement and evidence for the follow-up evaluation of the standard based on the evaluation content and indicators combined with the content of field investigation and expert consultation.

Abstract:Objective Conduct a systematic evaluation of the scientificity and practicability of the current national food safety standard for Baijiu(Chinese liquor). Methods Based on the risk analysis framework, the questionnaire surveys, business visits, expert seminars were conducted. Combined with food safety risk monitoring and supervision data, the industry applicability of the standard was systematically evaluated from three dimensions of scientificity, feasibility and necessity. Results A radar chart of evaluation has been drawn. Through the industry applicability evaluation,suggestions were made for the revision of product-specific sanitary specification and analysis method standards. Conclusion It is suggested that the hygienic standard of Baijiu should be amended and effective inspection methods should be established. At the same time, recommendations for risk assessment of the migration of nickel and chromium in liquor stored in stainless steel containers were put forward.

Abstract:Objective To provide the basis scientific evidence for the timely response of this kind of poisoning incident by field epidemiological investigation and the identification of poisonous mushroom of two poisoning incidents in Shaowu, Fujian Province. Methods Case data, field epidemiological investigation data and suspected poisonous mushroom samples were collected for morphological and internal transcribed spacer molecular biological identification, and the event was analyzed and managed. Results On September 1 and 2,2018, two mushroom poisoning incidents occurred in Dafugang town and Xiaojiafang town, Shaowu City, 3 villagers ate wild mushrooms and suffered from nausea, vomiting, dizziness, excessive sweating, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other symptoms within 0.5 to 1.5 hours after meals. They were sent to the hospital for treatment and diagnosed as mushroom poisoning. Gastroenteritis and choline poisoning were the main poisoning manifestations. After admission, patients were given symptomatic support treatment and discharged from the hospital at 3-4 d. The sample of poisonous mushroom was identified as Entoloma omiense by morphology and molecular biology. Conclusion Two poisoning incidents were caused by eating Entoloma omiense by mistake. The research on this kind of mushroom should be strengthened to prevent the occurrence of this kind of poisoning.

Abstract:Objective To study the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of food poisoning events in China, so as to provide scientific basis for early warning, prevention and control. Methods Descriptive study on the food poisoning data in 2018 collected from National Report Management Information System of Public Health Emergencies. Results Totally 291 food poisoning events were reported in 2018, which caused 7 856 cases and 98 deaths. The numbers of events and cases of bacterial food poisoning account for 36.77%(107/291) and 63.11%(4 958/7 856) of the total respectively. Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin were the main pathogenic factors. Mushroom poisoning accounted for 31.63%(31/98) of deaths. Food poisoning events occurred mainly from May to September. Food poisoning occurred in family accounted for 36.43%(106/291) of the total number of events and 86.73%(85/98) of the total number of deaths, as well as the highest fatality rate(6.84%,85/1 243). Food poisoning occurred in canteens accounted for 44.04%(3 460/7 856) of the total number of cases. Bacterial food poisoning events accounted for 50.67%(38/75) of the total number of events occurred in schools, and school canteens were the most frequent places where the events occurred in schools (80.00%,60/75). Fruits, vegetables and their products, poisonous mushrooms and meat products were the top 3 food types that caused food poisoning, accounted for 18.90%(55/291), 14.09%(41/291) and 10.65%(31/291) of the total number of events separately. Compared with 2017, the events and deaths of food poisoning in China decreased in 2018 due to the significant reduction of fungal food poisoning events, while the cases increased because of the significant increasing cases of bacterial food poisoning occurred in canteens and catering service units. The main pathogenic factors of vegetative food poisoning were aconitum and kidney bean, with a high incidence in autumn and winter. More attention should be paid to the poisoning caused by the consumption of Tachypleus rotundus. Conclusion Supervision, inspection and guidance should be strengthened in advance during the high incidence period of food poisoning, and early warning should be issued in time. Food safety supervision and guidance should also be conducted conscientiously in places such as canteens of collective units, catering service units, and rural self-organized family banquets. The abilities of early diagnosis, treatment and on-site disposal for rare toxicant poisoning in medical staff need to improve. Various forms of health education should be carried out to popularize the knowledge of food poisoning prevention, advocate good hygiene habits and reduce the occurrence of food poisoning.

Abstract:Risk-benefit assessment (RBA) weights the risks and the benefits of food consumption by the risk and benefit characteristics. It is an open, continuously established and improved application method system. RBA research in the field of food safety is an important basis for formulating food safety policies and decisions, and guiding scientific consumption. This review outlines the construction of a framework for risk-benefit assessment in food safety, as well as the method and process of risk benefit assessment of different levels of food (food components or meals). Finally, some challenges and prospects of this research field are proposed.