Abstract:The most rigorous standards, the strictest supervision, the harshest accountability and the gravest punishment (“4 Most”) highlighted by President Xi are the principles to improve national food safety control system in which the most rigorous standards is the first step. The precise content, regulated process and implementation comprise the rigorous standard system. Combined with the theme of “Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind” education activities, the procedure starts from strategic planning, initiation, elaboration, approval and review of standards which are the pillars to build a comprehensive China national food safety standard system. The article briefly introduces the background of the “4 Most” and the current food safety standard development progress, then further explains the meaning of the most rigorous standards with actions which need to be taken in the future in order to fulfill the target.

Abstract:Objective To survey the fatty acids and methyl mercury (MeHg) of marine fish from coastal areas of Guangdong Province and conduct risk-benefit assessment of neurodevelopmental effect, providing scientific basis for dietary instruction of marine fish from Guangdong Province. Methods The fatty acids and MeHg contents were detected in 20 species of marine fish samples collected from coastal areas of Guangdong Province. A quantitative risk-benefit assessment model with a measured value of intelligence quotient(IQ) points, proposed by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization(FAO/WHO), was performed to assess the net neurodevelopmental effect. Results The average content of total lipids for 20 species of marine fish ranged from 0.73 to 19.95 g/100 g. The content of ploy unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ranged from 0.18 to 5.82 g/100 g, the n-3 PUFA ranged from 135.69 to 2 232.74 mg/100 g, the docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) ranged from 73.61 to 1 334.00 mg/100 g, and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) varied between 43.76 and 945.67 mg/100 g. The MeHg content in all the fish samples did not exceed the GB 2762-2017 China National Food Safety Standard in this study. Three types of marine fish consumption were used in modeling. It was calculated by the mean intake(100 g/week), P97.5 intake(830 g/week)among Guangdong residents and recommended intake of aquatic products (280 g/week) for the consumption level of marine fish, respectively, and the corresponding net IQ point improvements were 0.5-5.7,3.8-5.6 and 1.3-5.7. Among these fish species, only human exposure to MeHg via consumption of Muraenesoxcinereus Trichiuruslepturus at the extreme consumption level of 830 g/week exceeded the provisional weekly intake tolerance(PTWI, 1.6 μg/kg BW). Conclusion According to the recommended intake of Chinese dietary guidelines, intake of marine fish widespread consumed in coastal areas of Guangdong Province could bring positive neurodevelopmental effects to newborns or infants, while the consumption rate should be lower for fishes with high content of MeHg (such as Muraenesoxcinereus).

Abstract:Objective To study the reaction kinetics characteristics of tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TEN) in water during chlorination, identify the structure of chlorine disinfection by-products(DBPs), and preliminarily explore the cytotoxicity of disinfection by-products. Methods The disinfection reaction process of TeA and TEN was simulated in the laboratory, and their reaction kinetic characteristics were further investigated. The reaction products were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, and the toxicity of TeA and its disinfection by-products were evaluated by toxicity prediction and cytotoxicity. Results TeA produced two kinds of DBPs (DBP-188 and DBP-240) in simulated chlorine disinfection reaction, while the chlorination reaction of TEN was slow, and no DBPs were found. Reaction kinetic studies indicated that the reaction rate of TEN with chlorine increased with increasing chlorine concentration and pH in the reaction system. In vitro toxicity prediction analysis found that the oral toxicity, developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity of the DBPs of TeA were higher than the maternal toxicity. Conclusion Alternaria toxins produced disinfection by-products after chlorination. The reaction process was influenced by the concentration of chlorine and pH.Cellular experiments showed that the DBPs of TeA had some cytotoxicity.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to identify the risk factors of infectious diarrhea caused by Norovirus, and propose recommendations to protect susceptible population. Methods Using a matched case-control approach, cases from sentinel hospitals in Shanghai and controls were matched with gender, age and residential location. Questionnaire included social and economic status, medical history, outgoing history, diet and drinking water in the past 3 days and family health habits. Results 130 pairs of cases and controls were enrolled. The multivariable regression analysis showed that domestic travel (OR:8.94,5%CI:1.18-67.48), sea shell consumption (OR:6.04,5%CI:1.23-29.76), pork consumption (OR:0.32,95%CI:0.12-0.89) and illegal restaurants/ mobile stalls eating (OR:4.93,5%CI:1.01-24.17) were associated with infectious diarrhea caused by Norovirus. Conclusion It is important to educate the public to cook seafood thoroughly and prevent cross-contamination. It is also important not to eat at illegal restaurants/mobile stalls and to pay special attention to personal hygiene and dietary hygiene when travelling. The authorities should strengthen the health supervision of irregular and mobile stalls.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in meats of animal origin in Huai'an. Methods 378 meat samples of animal origin were collected from 8 counties in Huai'an during 2017 to 2018 and were tested for S.aureus. The agar diffusion method was used in antimicrobial susceptibility test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the S.aureus enterotoxin genes. Results Of the total 378 samples, 60 samples (15.87%) were positive for S.aureus. And the positive rate of duck, chicken, beef, pork and mutton were 22.50% (18/80), 17.95% (14/78), 15.38% (10/65), 12.94% (11/85) and 10.00% (7/70), respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that S.aureus isolates showed the highest resistance to clindamycin (71.67%,43/60) and were all sensitive to vancomycin. Multidrug resistant strains accounted for 63.33% (38/60) and the methicillin resistant S.aureus strains accounted for 23.33% (14/60). The carriage rate of enterotoxin gene sea, seb, sec, sed and see were 6.67%(4/60), 6.67%(4/60), 23.33%(14/60), 48.33%(29/60)and 10.00%(6/60), respectively. And the carriers of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 gene tsst-1 was 5.00%(3/60). The detection rates of drug resistance gene ant(4′,4″), mecA, vanA and tetM were 88.33%(53/60), 13.33%(8/60), 11.67%(7/60) and 8.33%(5/60), respectively. Conclusion The contamination of S.aureus in meats of animal origin in Huai'an was serious, and the isolates showed high antibiotic resistance and high carriage rate of enterotoxin genes, which may result in potential risks to food safety.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for determination of 5 aminoglycoside residues in milk by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The sample was extracted by matrix solid phase dispersion with silicon and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt. After the elution using 0.1% formic acid, the sample was detected by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The conditions of elution for mobile phase and analysis for mass spectrometry were optimized. Results The recoveries of three spiked were at 65.7%-96.5% and the relative standard deviations of detection were at 4.3%-8.6%(n=6). The limits of quantification and detection were 8.0-80 μg/kg and 2.5-25 μg/kg. Conclusion The method is simple, accurate, sensitive and it can meet the determination requirements of drug residues in foods.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of the residues of four chlorophenols compounds (2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, pentachlorophenol) in food paper products by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted by ultrasonic 0.5% formic acid in methanol and purified by mixed anion exchange solid phase column. The target compounds were separated on HSS T3 column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm), and detected under negative ionization and multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. Four compounds were identified by retention time and the ratio of characteristic ions, and were quantified by using the internal standard method. Results The calibration curves of the four compounds were linear within the range from 5 to 100 μg/L. The correlation coefficients of the four compounds were above 0.99.The limits of detection(LOD)were in the range of 0.01-0.02 mg/kg,and the limits of quantification(LOQ)were in the range of 0.03-0.06 mg/kg. The average recoveries of paper samples at spiked levels from 0.03 to 0.14 mg/kg were between 80.1% and 110.4%, and the relative standard deviations (n=6) were between 3.2% and 9.9%. Conclusion The pretreatment of sample was simple. The method was accurate and sensitive, which could be used to determine chlorophenols compounds in food paper products.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for the determination of pentachlorophenol in wooden chopping boards and wooden chopsticks by vortex-assisted pre-column derivatization gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Methods The sulfuric acid solution was added to convert sodium salt into molecular pentachlorophenol, which was extracted with a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane(2∶8,V/V), purified by concentrated sulfuric acid, and derivatized with acetic acid pyridine solution. HP-5MS column(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm) was used for separation and GC-MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for determination. Results In the range of 0-200 μg/L, pentachlorophenol had a good linear relationship (r=0.999 8), the detection limit was 0.2 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.7 μg/kg. The recoveries and precisions of the three concentrations (n=6) showed an average spike recovery ranged from 90.0% to 103.6% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.5%-3.6%. Conclusion This method was accurate, highly sensitive and rapid. It is suitable for the accurate detection of pentachlorophenol in wooden chopping boards and wooden chopsticks.

Abstract:Objective A new liquid liquid extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of sodium pentachlorophenolate in chopping board. Methods Samples were ultrasonic extracted with 50% methanol/aqueous solution(1% ammonia)for 10 min, followed by extraction with n-hexane-dichloromethane(8∶2,V/V). Then the analyte was evaporated to dryness and dissolved with 0.01% ammonia-methanol. After being ultra performance separated on a column using mobile phase, the analytes were detected under electrospray source negative ion (ESI-) multi reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by tandem mass spectrometry. Results The limit of detection for sodium pentachlorophenolate was 0.2 μg/kg. The result showed that the average recovery at spiking level of 1,4,20 μg/kg ranged from 101.4% to 108.9% and the relative standard deviation was 3.5%-7.8% (n=7).The method had been successfully applied to the measurement of sodium pentachlorophenolate in 60 chopping board samples shopped from Lishui markets, and one of the samples had sodium pentachlorophenolate with 1.16 μg/kg . Conclusion The liquid liquid extraction method is easy, economic and efficient. The ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method is rapid and accurate to confirmatively detect sodium pentachlorophenolate in chopping board.

Abstract:Objective In order to improve the health food laws, regulations and management measures, enhance the uniformity and professionalism of health food supervision, promote the healthy and orderly development of the health food industry. Methods This paper combed the specific method of Japanese health functional food management through literature research, expert discussion and enterprise research. Results It could be seen that Japanese health functional foods were divided into three categories:specific health foods, functional label foods and nutritious functional foods. Different categories adopted different product approval models, and some raw materials have achieved standardized management. Conclusion The ingredient of health functional foods in Japan were managed by different classifications of products. At the same time, the practice of enterprises undertaking the main responsibility has certain implications for the management of ingredient for health foods in China.

Abstract:Objective To understand the baseline of spices (Chinese prickly ash, pepper, star anise) and to provide the basis for quality and safety inspection of spices. Methods 106 batches of spices were freshly picked from different origins and then dried naturally. They were preprocessed into two groups:grinded and ungrinded group, which were determined by titration and ion chromatography respectively.SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis to evaluate the baseline of sulfur dioxide. Statistical differences were analyzed between grinded and ungrinded group and between titration and ion chromatography methods. Results The mean baseline of sulfur dioxide in 106 batches of Chinese prickly ash, pepper and star anise were 0.141,0.079,0.202 g/kg, the content range in 0.03-0.30,0.01-0.16 and 0.04-0.41 g/kg. The confidence intervals under the 95% confidence probability were 0.131-0.152,0.073-0.085 and 0.189-0.215 g/kg. There were no statistical differences between the two determination result of grinded and ungrinded group(t=0.768,P>0.05). There were no statistical differences between the two detection method of titration and ion chromatography either(t=0.692,P>0.05). Conclusion The three kinds of spices all have the baseline of sulfur dioxide. The maximums of confidence intervals under 95% probability were used as the baseline of sulfur dioxide content of the three spices.

Abstract:Objective The epidemiological characteristics of Norovirus infection in diarrhea cases in Beijing in 2017 were analyzed to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of Norovirus infection. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological information of the collected diarrhea cases and the result of Norovirus detection in 35 sentinel hospitals(2 490 cases) in Beijing. Results Among the 2 490 sample, the positive rate of Norovirus was 14.30%(356/2 490), with the GⅡ genotype accounted for 87.08%(310/356). The first season and the second season were the peak of Norovirus infection (17.77%, 99/557; 20.69%, 149/720). Norovirus infection had no significant gender difference(P＞0.05), and the positive rate of Norovirus in different age groups was statistically significant different(P＜0.05), and positive rate of 15-24 age group was the highest (21.66%,81/374). The proportion of nausea (18.40%,188/1 022) and vomiting (22.87%,145/634) symptoms in Norovirus infectious cases was significantly higher than that in other diarrhea cases. Conclusion GⅡ genotype is the main infection type in diarrhea Norovirus cases monitored by sentinel hospitals, the first season is the peak of infection, and the susceptible population is the youth groups.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal-based complementary foods and its health risk in infants and young children. Methods 360 samples of cereal-based complementary foods, including 183 rice flour samples, 91 biscuit samples, 67 noodle samples, and 19 other types, were collected from 6 provinces in China. The concentration of DON, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-Ac-DON) in each sample was analyzed. Point estimate and simple distribution estimate were applied to evaluate the acute and chronic exposure risk, respectively. Results The positive rate of DON in all samples was 60.3% (217/360), with the average and maximum levels of 116.3 and 1 198.7 μg/kg, respectively. The average DON concentration in noodles, biscuits and rice flour samples were 342.7,3.0 and 12.0 μg/kg, respectively. Acute DON exposure from noodles had the risk of exceeding the group acute reference dose. The average DON exposure from cereal-based complementary foods was 0.27 μg/(kg·d) in infants and young children, and there were 7.3% (243/3 320) of individuals exceeding the group provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. The average exposure in each age group were 0.22 μg/(kg·d) for 0-<1 years, 0.31 μg/(kg·d) for 1-<2 years, and 0.37 μg/(kg·d) for 2-<3 years. Noodles contributed a major proportion (77.8%) to the average DON exposure from cereal-based complementary foods. Conclusion DON exposure from cereal-based complementary foods carried health risk in infants and young children, which needs to be concerned.

Abstract:Objective To develop the quantitative food microbial risk ranking model in Jilin Province and further verify it. Methods Based on the real consumption data, parameters for cross-contamination and cooking habits, the food pathogen monitoring result from Jilin Province in 2014 was used as an example, a deterministic risk ranking model and matrix were used to prioritize the microbial hazards and food types combination, and Risk Ranger was used to further verify the risk. Results There was medium health risk caused by Salmonella in marinated raw pork and Listeria monocytogenes in milk and sandwich. 41.67% of the illness was salmonellosis and 69.06% of the cases were attributed to the Chinese vegetarian salad and 75.22% of the cases were caused by under cooked food. Risk Ranger further verified that priority should be given to the risk assessment of the “marinated raw pork-Salmonella” combination and under cooked food and interventions were the key aspects of the assessment. According to the annual incidence rate, about 36 000 people suffered from foodborne diseases each year among Jilin's 27 million population. Conclusion A quantitative risk ranking model for food microbial was preliminary developed in Jilin Province which needs further modification on the model parameters for more accurate estimation.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate dietary exposure of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate and their potential health risks of residents in Jiangxi Province. Methods The concentration data of sorbic acid of 28 kinds of foods were obtained from food safety monitoring in Jiangxi Province in 2012-2016. The food consumption data were obtained from food consumption survey in Jiangxi Province in 2016. Based on the deterministic assessment model,the dietary exposure of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate of residents in Jiangxi Province was calculated. Results The average dietary exposure of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate was 0.031 mg/kg BW per day,only accounting for 1.03% of acceptable daily intake(ADI). The large portion exposure (P95) of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate was 0.085 mg/kg BW per day,only accounting for 2.83% of ADI. It was indicated that the main dietary sources of sorbic acid were cakes,rice products and cooked meat products,which were contributed more than 75% of total dietary exposure of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate.If the application of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate in food followed National Food Safety Standard for Food Additive Use (GB 2760-2014),the average exposure would decrease by 25.7%-49.5%,P95 exposure would decrease by 14.5%-27.9%. Cakes, fruit or vegetable juices and new soybean products were the main dietary sources of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate. Conclusion It suggested that the potential health risks caused by dietary exposure to sorbic acid and potassium sorbate of residents in Jiangxi Province was at an acceptable level,but the abuse of food additives needed to be concerned.

Abstract:Objective By comparing the differences of honey standards of China and Russia, this paper aimed to provide a basis for carrying out risk analysis on imported honey and preventing food safety risks, as well as to provide references for the revision and improvement of China's honey standards. Methods This paper collected and sorted out the current honey standards of China and Russia, compared and analyzed the indicators and limits related to the quality, authenticity, safety and hygiene of honey. Results It showed that the honey standards indicators of the two countries were different in many aspects. Overall, the physical and chemical indicators of the Russia honey standard were more strict than those of China. The regulation of pesticide and veterinary drug residues was more extensive than that of China, but less specifically defined. Radionuclide indicators were specified in the Russia standards, while microbiological indicators were specified in China standards. Conclusion The difference of honey standards between China and Russia might be one of the unqualified reasons for the honey imported from Russia. Relevant departments were suggested to pay close attention to the difference and strengthen market access and quality supervision. The China standard of honey and the testing indicators need to be further improved.

Abstract:Objective To investigate three cases of food poisoning caused by the toxic mushroom in Nanping, Fujian Province in 2017, accumulate the experience and solutions for the investigation and disposal of wild mushroom poisoning and help to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by food poisoning incident in the future. Methods Review the clinical treatment data of the patients with poisoning, and identify the species of the mushroom samples by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) barcode identification technology. Results The epidemiological investigation, clinical characteristics analysis and ITS sequencing verification were carried out for three poisoning incidents at the end of August 2017 with 17 poisoning patients and 3 deaths. According to the result of the epidemiological characteristics of poisoning, the clinical characteristics of the poisoning patients, the changes of biochemical indexes and the identification result by molecular biology, two cases of food poisoning were confirmed to be caused by Russula subnigricans Hongo and another case was presumed to be caused by this toxic mushroom. Conclusion The molecular biology identification was firstly used to identify 2 cases of mushroom poisoning incidents owing to Russula subnigricans Hongo in Fujian Province, which is widely distributed among the mountainous areas in Fujian Province.

Abstract:Objective To investigate and trace the Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning at a hotel dinner, providing reference for the study of similar food poisoning. Methods Epidemiological and food hygiene investigation and pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE)technology were used to investigate and analyze the incident. Results Twenty-six cases of food poisoning were confirmed, and the incidence of poisoning was 3.7% (26/710). Thirteen Vibrio parahaemolyticus were detected in 26 cases and 16 chefs in the hotel. The serotypes were O3∶K6, and the PFGE fingerprints were the same. Conclusion The food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus was identified by comprehensive analysis of epidemiological and food hygiene investigation and laboratory test result. Food safety supervision departments should strengthen the supervision and management of catering enterprises and prevent the recurrence of such accidents.

Abstract:The mineral oil hydrocarbons (mineral oil hydrocarbons, MOHs) are complex mixtures comprising various type of hydrocarbons. Toxicological data for MOHs is currently relatively lacking. It is still controversial whether toxicological data from animal experiments can be extrapolated to the human body. The main concern about the toxicity of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) is their bioaccumulation effect, MOSH with carbon number in the range C₁₆-C₃₅ are able to accumulate in tissues and cause microgranulomas. Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) containing 3 to 7 aromatic rings are considered to be potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic, and are potential endocrine disruptors. Thus, European Food Safety Authority concluded that the exposure to hydrocarbon minerals may pose a health concern. Food contact materials is one of main source of mineral oil contamination in foods. The contamination of mineral oil caused by use of recycled food packaging paper requires special attention and further control. In order to perform an accurate risk assessment on mineral oils, toxicological studies and exposure assessment on mixed and specific components of mineral oils should be carried out based on chemical composition rather than viscosity character.

Abstract:Crab is one of the common allergic foods, the allergens of crabs are the source of crab sensitivity. Currently, the researches on the nature of allergens and the method of purification of allergens has attracted more and more attention, the major crab allergens are tropomyosin, arginine kinase and hemocyanin. The use of food processing technology to reduce allergenicity of crab is increasing, and many method including heating treatment, irradiation treatment, enzymatic treatment and high-pressure treatment have been developed to reduce the allergenicity of crabs. In this paper, the classification of allergen, preparation of allergenic proteins, cross-allergenicity between crabs and other crustaceans and method of reducing allergenicity were summarized, so as to provide theoretical basis for the diagnosis and prevention of the crab allergy, and offer a reference for the development of crabs with low allergenicity.