Abstract:Objective To study the effects of Chrysanthemum ethanol extract (CME) on rat offsprings with continuously exposure during parental, intrauterine, lactation and post-weaning. Methods CME was mixed into the feed to feed rats, which were divided into control, low, medium and high dose groups with dosage of 0,1, 3,9 g/kg BW. Extended one-generation was carried out according to OECD TG 443 with 20 pregnant rats and 40 offspring in each group (half female and half male). CME was continuously given to offspring rats for 13 weeks after weaning. During the experiment, growth, reproductive development, hematology, biochemistry and histopathology were measured. Results The eyes opening time of the infant rat in the middle and high dose group of CME was significantly later than that of the control group. The weight of female offspring rats from postnatal day(PND)56-112 was significantly higher than that of the control group. In the high-dose group and low-dose group of female offspring rats, red blood cell(RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) were decreased. In the high-dose group of female offspring rats, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(ALT)increased. In the high-dose group of female rats, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase(AST) and serum phosphorus(P) increased. The glucose (GLU) decreased and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, in CME treated female offspring group. The potassium(K⁺) decreased in males offspring rats of high and low dose groups. The spleen coefficient in the high dose group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The above differences were statistically significant (F=2.818-42.75, P<0.05). Conclusion Low dosage CME promotes the body growth, the RBC, HGB and LDH were affected in female offspring rats; middle and high dosage CME affects development, liver function of infant rat,high dosage affects spleen coefficient in male and female offspring rats.

Abstract:Objective To trace the cause of a Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infected patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Beijing, and to study the serotype,antimicrobial resistances and molecular characteristics of the associated strains. Methods The two strains isolated from peripheral blood of the patient at different times and the strain isolated from environmentally smeared sample were characterized by serotyping with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).Results Three isolates belonged to 1/2a-3a serotype,also had the same antimicrobial susceptibility result. All the strains were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, meropenem and erythromycin. They had the same PFGE pattern and MLST type ST155. Conclusion The living environment of patient was contaminated by LM. It was highly suspected that the strains isolated from lymphoblastic leckemia patient and the environmental smear sample had the same source.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the infection in marine fishes from the local markets in Liaoning Province and identify the third larvae of Anisakis by molecular biological method. Methods The microscopically morphologies were performed after the larvae of Anisakis were detected by direct dissection. The rDNA internal transcribed space (ITS) sequences of Anisakis were extracted and amplified, and the sequences of ITS1 and ITS2 in the ribosome gene spacer were compared and analyzed. Results The larvae of Anisakis was detected from 70 fishes, the infection rate was 31.53%(70/222). Larimichthys polyactis and Trichiurus haumel had higher infection rates, and the highest degree of infection was 233 larvae per fish. The larvae were divided into different genus by sequence alignment and evolutionary analysis. Five Anisdkis nematodes including Anisakis simplex, Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis typical, Hysterothylcaium aduncum and Hysterothylcaium amoyense were identified. Conclusion The infection situation of marine fish was quite serious in Liaoning Province, and the dominant species of infection was Anisakis pegreffii.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the characteristics of Clostridium perfringens(Cp) from 87 healthy people in Shunyi District of Beijing. To study the prevalence of cpe and the β2 toxin gene in the bacterial strain and the distribution characteristics of Cp. It will provide a baseline for the determination of foodborne diseases caused by Cp. Methods The stool of 87 health people were collected for Cp isolation culture, plate count and cpe and β2 genes test. Statistical analysis was performed on the test result. Results The detection rate of Cp in 87 stool samples was 64.37% (56/87). The detection rate showed no significant difference among different sex, age and month(P＞0.05). The result of 57 fecal specimens were above the detection limit(10 CFU/g), and the maximum quantitative value was 4.12×10⁶ CFU/g. The mean value was 1.70×10⁵ CFU/g, the median value was 5.30×10³ CFU/g and the 95% percentile value was 7.00×10⁵ CFU/g. The detection rate of cpe gene was 0.00%(0/56), and that of the β2 gene was 73.21% (41/56). Conclusion High Cp detection rate was found in 87 healthy people, the carrying rate of β2 gene was high. The foodborne diseases caused by Cp required more in-depth biological marker identification or quantitative analysis data to conduct research.

Abstract:Objective A method for the quantitative analysis of eight kinds of nitroimidazoles and their metabolites in milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with simple protein precipitation was established. Methods One gram milk sample was precipitated by trichloroacetic acid, and then stratified by high-speed centrifugation. The middle layer of the supernatant was filtered through a hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. The analytes were separated on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm), and detected in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode via positive electrospray ionization. The matrix matching and internal standard method was used for quantification. Results The nitroimidazoles and their metabolites showed good linearity in the range of 0.3-10.0 ng/ml, and correlation coefficients were above 0.998 5. The limits of detection of the nitroimidazoles and their metabolites in milk were between 0.1 and 0.2 μg/kg. The recoveries at spiked levels of 0.5,2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg were within 83.6%-111.8%, the intra-day relative standard deviation(RSD)were within 2.7%-9.1%, and the inter-day RSD were within 1.0%-9.3%. Conclusion The method was accurate, fast, cheap, easy, and could satisfy the requirements of high-throughput monitoring nitroimidazoles in milk.

Abstract:Objective To establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)method for rapid and simultaneous determination of 11 fungicide residues in plant foods. Methods The plant foods were extracted by acetonitrile with homogenate and high speed centrifugation and purified by QuEChERS reagent. The 11 fungicides were separated on a HSS T3 column (2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm) with 0.1% formic acid water-acetonitrile as mobile phase. The identifications were performed by electrospray ionization with positive scanning mode(ESI⁺) under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and the internal standard method was used to quantify the analytes. Results The calibration curves of the 11 kinds of fungicides showed good linearity in the concentration range of 0.1-50.0 μg/L, with the correlation coefficient (r²) above 0.999 1. The detection limit was 0.2-2.0 μg/kg. The average recoveries were between 63.1% and 116.3%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 12.1%. Conclusion The method was simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate. It was suitable for rapid determination of various fungicides in a large number of plant foods.

Abstract:Objective A method for the simultaneous determination of 14 plant growth regulator residues in cucumbers and tomatoes, etc. by QuEChERS-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was developed. Methods The samples were extracted by CH₂Cl₂-CH₃CN (1∶1,V/V) containing 0.5% formic acid, and purified with dispersive solid phase extraction. Chromatographic analysis was carried out on Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈ column (4.6 mm×100 mm, 2.7 μm) with acetonitrile-0.05% acetic acid as the mobile phase using gradient elution, and detected at 220 and 254 nm. Results Rapid separation of 14 analytes could be performed in 12 minutes. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves were above 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.005-0.076 mg/kg and 0.02-0.32 mg/kg. The average recoveries varied from 71.9% to 113.8% with relative standard deviations less than 5.0%. Conclusion The method was rapid for simultaneous determination of varied residues. It was simple,reliable and cost-effective and was suitable for quantitative screening of large quantities of samples.

Abstract:Objective To develop a method for determination of Alternaria in wheat products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The samples were added NaCl and then extracted by acidized acetonitrile. The purification was carried out on a solid phase extraction (SPE). The separation was performed on an HSS T3 column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)using a mobile phase of 0.15 mmol/L ammonium bicarbonate aqueous solution-methanol by gradient elution. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was employed in mass spectrometric detection. The matrix-matched external standard calibration was used for quantitation. Results Good linearities of the method were achieved over the concentration of 0.040-50 μg/L, with correlation coefficients above 0.99. The method detection limits (MDL) were 0.10,0.01,0.03 and 0.01 μg/kg for 4 kinds of Alternaria toxins. Average recoveries at three spiked levels were 85.7%-102% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.8%-11.0%. The method was finally used to analyze Alternaria in wheat products and 4 target compounds were detected at a concentration range of 0.02-185.00 μg/kg. Conclusion This method could be applied in simultaneous analysis of Alternaria in wheat products.

Abstract:Objective An analytical method for determination of five N-nitrosoamine in water samples was developed using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were pretreated with Cleanert pesticarb SPE solid phase extraction column, then separated by DB-35MS(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm) chromatographic column under, select ion scanning mode(SIM). The determination of five N-nitrosoamine in drinking water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established by the optimization of ion effect, pH and eluent flow rate. Results The result showed that all five N-nitrosoamine had good linearities in the range of 0.05 to 1.00 μg/ml,the detection limits for 5 nitrosamines were 0.001,0.001,0.000 5,0.02 and 0.002 μg/L(S/N=3). The average recovery rates measured by standard addition method were in the range of 70.32%-96.39% with the relative standard deviation (n=6) in the range of 2.98%-5.29%. Conclusion The method had high sensitivity, wide linear range and optimized the detection conditions of five N-nitrosoamine in drinking water, and it was suitable for the detection of N-nitrosodamine in drinking water.

Abstract:Objective To develop a new method for the determination of five anions in drinking water by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect ultraviolet detection. Methods The water samples were directly injected without filtration. The separation was carried out on an uncoated fused-silica capillary (75 μm×80 cm, effective length:70 cm). The separation buffer consisted of 20 mmol/L phthalic acid, 100 mmol/L diethanolamine and 0.5 mmol/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Results The corrected area and the mass concentrations had good linear relationships in the ranges of 0.5-100.0,0.2-20.0,0.5-100.0,0.2-4.0 and 0.2-5.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients of 0.998 8,0.999 9,0.999 7,0.999 7 and 0.999 8, respectively for Cl-, NO₃-, SO₄2-, F- and H₂PO₄-. The limit of detection was all 0.05 mg/L and the limit of quantitation was 0.15 mg/L for all of the five anions. The relative standard deviations of the method were all lower than 5%(n=6). The average spiked recoveries at three concentration levels were in the ranges of 81.6%-108.6% with relative standard deviations of 0.6%-3.7% (n=6), respectively. Seven samples were analyzed and the result were compared with those of ion chromatographic (IC)method. They agreed well except that the result of Cl- in mineral water was lower than that of IC determination. Conclusion The method was simple without any consumption of organic solvents. The drinking water sample could be directly injected without filtration. It provided a new alternative method for the routine determination of five anions in drinking water. But it was not suitable for the analysis of drinking water samples with low Cl- concentration.

Abstract:Objective For implementation of labeling regulations, a construct-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for quantitative detection of ArcticTM apple was established in this study. Methods Primers and TaqMan probe were designed based on the specific sequence of ArcticTM apple. The specificity, sensitivity and repeatability of the developed method were examined, respectively. Results The specificity test of this method showed it specific to ArcticTM apple; The limit of quanification was 20 copies and the amplification efficiency was 96%. It had good repeatability. Conclusion This construct-specific real-time PCR method was suitable for the identification of ArcticTM apple.

Abstract:Objective Comparing and studying accurate and applicable detection method of advantame in food. Methods Quantitative detection method by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector(HPLC-FLD) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) were developed for the determination of advantame in processed foods. The detection limits, accuracy and precision of the method by HPLC-DAD, HPLC-FLD and LC-MS/MS were compared. Results The limit of quantification (LOQ) of method by HPLC-DAD was high (0.8 mg/kg), and it did not meet the requirement of advantame limit test in food. The LOQ was 80.0 μg/kg by HPLC-FLD and 0.8 μg/kg by LC-MS/MS,and they meet the requirement of advantame limit test in food. In the range of detection concentration, the HPLC-FLD and LC-MS/MS method had good linear relationship. The recovery was 85.0%-103.1% with relative standard deviation of 2.5%-9.5%. Conclusion The HPLC-FLD and LC-MS/MS method had high accuracy and good precision, and could be used for rapid and accurate detection of advantame in food.

Abstract:Objective To study the risk of microbial contamination in sausage processing, and the distribution characteristics and contamination pathways of hygienic indicator bacteria and main foodborne pathogens, and to provide basis for risk control of microbial contamination during processing of sausage. Methods 712 meat product samples (raw materials, intermediate products and final products) and environment samples were collected from 4 enterprises from 2015 to 2017. Traditional isolation and culture method were used to detect hygienic indicator bacteria and main foodborne pathogens, and serological identification of Salmonella was carried out. Results The proportion of raw materials samples with aerobic plate count(APC)above 10⁵ CFU/g and coliforms above 10³ CFU/g was 33.00% (33/100) and 29.00% (29/100) respectively. The proportion of intermediate products samples with APC above 10⁵ CFU/g and coliforms above 10³ CFU/g was 62.86% (66/105) and 36.19% (38/105) respectively. There was no samples with APC above 10⁴ CFU/g and coliforms above 10 CFU/g in final products. Conclusion This study will help to understand the contamination distribution of sausage during processing, the key control points, the formulation of good manufacturing practices and the food safety of final products.

Abstract:Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in China(except Tibet)in 2015. Methods The foodborne disease date was collected by the National Foodborne Disease Surveillance Network in 2015. Results There were 2 401 outbreaks of foodborne disease reported from 31 provinces in 2015, resulting in 21 374 illnesses,and 139 deaths. Among outbreaks for which suspected etiologic agents were identified,poisonous mushroom caused the largest percentage of outbreaks(46.2%,794/1 717) and the largest percentage of deaths(60.3%,79/131),microbial pathogens caused the largest percentage of cases(51.5%,7 861/15 250). The most common location of outbreaks was family and beverage service, responsible for the largest percentage of outbreaks(50.9%,1 222/2 401) and cases(22.6%,4 823/21 374) in the family and the largest percentage of outbreaks(43.8%,1 051/2 401) and cases(68.9%,14 727/21 374) in the beverage service respectively. Among outbreaks for which suspected food were identified,the most common food categories of outbreaks(in addition to poisonous mushroom) were vegetable product which caused the largest percentage of outbreaks(11.1%,235/2 122) and cases(14.5%,2 561/17 696),followed by meat products with 10.5%(223/2 122) and 15.6%(2 768/17 696). Conclusion Poisonous mushroom was the main etiologic agents in foodborne disease outbreaks. Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxin were the main etiologic agents in microbial foodborne diseases outbreaks. Family, restaurants and hotels were the main site of foodborne disease outbreaks,and poisonous mushrooms and aconitum tourn were the main factors causing deaths occurred in the family.

Abstract:Objective To establish the exposure parameters of food contact materials for liquor in China. Methods Using liquor consumption surveillance data in 9 provinces and cities in China in 2013, food consumption factor (CF) and food-type distribution factor(fT) was derived through calculation of consumption of liquors based on food contact materials type and food type. Results Food contact materials of liquors consumed by Chinese population mainly include glass, metal (coated), metal (without coating), plastic and ceramics, and the consumption factors are 0.29,0.28,0.06,0.22 and 0.15, respectively. The contact materials for liquors consumed by Chinese population are mainly glass and metal (coated), accounting for 57% of the consumption of liquors.Among consumers who drink glass-packaged liquors, 80% are low alcohol and 20% were high alcohol. Conclusion The food contact material exposure assessment parameters based on actual food consumption could be the technical support for Chinese food contact material risk assessment.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the problems and shortcomings of current safety management mode of food contact (FC) raw materials, and provide specific advices. Methods The management modes of China, the USA, Japan and Europe were compared, and the merits and demerits of different management mode in each country were analyzed to provide suggestions for the perfection of FC safety management mode in China. Results The present management mode of FC raw materials in China was dominated by polymers, supplemented by monomers and initiators. The management mode was unified, and it was unsuitable for special materials. Moreover, new varieties applying for administrative license increased greatly recently, which brought great pressure for both enterprises and government. Monomer management mode was applied in Europe, while polymer management mode was applied in the USA and Japan. Conclusion Monomer management mode was infeasible for China at the present stage, and polymer management mode was recommended. It was suggested to apply special management mode for special materials, clarify the scientific definition of “new varieties”, accelerate the development of risk assessment system, and strengthen the supervision to optimize the polymer safety management mode of FC raw materials.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the outbreaks causing by gelsemine in Guangxi in 2015-2017 and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of gelsemine poisoning. Methods The monitoring data of gelsemine poisoning of Guangxi in 2015-2017 was collect, and the causes, suspicious food, clinical characteristics, treatment method were analyzed. Results During 2015 and 2017,7 people were exposed, 21 were attacked and 10 were dead with the fatality rate of 47.6%, the mean incubation period was 30 minutes. In the case distribution, men accounted for 61.9% (13/21), 50-60 years old accounted for 47.6% (10/21). Nonlocal people accounted for 71.4% (15/21), and migrant workers accounted for 61.9% (13/21). The main clinical symptoms were dizziness and blurred vision (100.0%, 21/21). All the roots, pollen and leaves of the gelsemine plants were poisonous during the exposure. The self-brewing wine with gelsemine got the highest fatality rate (77.8%, 7/9). Conclusion There were different ways of gelsemine poisoning. Nonlocal people (migrant workers) were more likely to suffer from gelsemine plants. Health education should be strengthened to improve the awareness of prevention.

Abstract:Objective Laboratorial detection were performed on a case of a food poisoning. Meanwhile, pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out for pathogens obtained. Methods Suspected milk and ice cream, vomitus and feces specimens were tested for Salmonella, Shigella, diarrheogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Norovirus in accordance with the method of national food safety standard and others. Analysis of enterotoxins, PFGE and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were performed. Results Totally, twelve strains of Staphylococcus aureus from milk and ice cream specimens, four strains from the vomitus and the fecal specimens of the patient were cultured. All these strains were found to be able to produce type A, C, and E enterotoxins. Further molecular subtyping by PFGE analysis showed that these strains produced indistinguishable pulsotypes. Moreover, these strains were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin. Conclusion This food poisoning outbreak was associated with the milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus stains and produced large amounts of enterotoxin, and the ice cream processing centers used the contaminated milk.It is recommended that the supervision department should strengthen the supervision of the food producers especially in rural areas and milk supply stations in order to prevent the outbreaks of similar incident.

Abstract:Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs) are a group of hexadepsipeptides mycotoxins produced by several species of Fusarium, which show strong toxic effects on epithelial cells, immune cells and ovarian cells. The morphology and the molecular genetic characteristics of toxin-producing Fusarium species are introduced, as well as the environmental conditions, such as temperature and substrate, which can influence BEA and ENNs production. The differences in genetic level and the amino acid level about synthetase of two types of mycotoxins, and their influencing factors about mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species are expounded emphatically. It will provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of two types of mycotoxin and mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species.

Abstract:Coffee is one of the three largest beverages in the world, which has been drinking for more than 1 000 years. With the change of dietary habits and the influence of western culture, coffee has become more and more popular in China. This article reviews the production and consumption of coffee, the main bioactive components of coffee, the health promotion and the potential risk of drinking coffee, which aims to provide a reference for a deeper understanding of the relationship between coffee and health and the value of coffee.