Abstract:China has been developing food safety risk assessment system in accordance with Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China since 2009. Some significant progress has been made on risk assessment basis including practical guidelines, original data, applicable models and methodologies, on which risk assessment practices were carried out last decade. These practices in response to regulatory requirements provided risk-based support for governmental risk management and played important roles in improving science-based decision-makings in food safety administration. But working mechanism, fundamental data and scientific capacity in risk assessment need to be improved. Both the scientific progress in 21th century and scientific demands from national food safety governance have much pressure on risk assessment. China will face many challenges when further developing food safety risk assessment in the future, including how to improve risk assessment quality, how to apply advanced science in risk assessment and to integrate ‘big data' derived from new technologies, and how to contribute to international harmonization of risk assessment methodology.

Abstract:Objective To construct armored RNA reference material containing target RNA of group A Rotavirus (RV) based on Qβ bacteriophage, to determine the value and to test the homogeneity and stability of such material. Methods DNA fragment named QβSNRV which contained maturase-coding gene, capsid protein-coding gene, packing site of Qβ bacteriophage, detection target sequence of group A Rotavirus and multiple clone sites from the 5′ end to the 3′ end was synthesized, and then subcloned into pET-28a (+) expression vector. The recombinant plasmid was pET-QβSNRV that was identified by enzyme digestion and sequencing, and then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells and expressed. The expressed product, virus-like particles of Qβ bacteriophage containing RNA of RV, named AR-RV, was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE). AR-RV was centrifuged and purified by CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation and sephacry gel chromatography. The morphology of AR-RV was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The valuation, homogeneity and stability of AR-RV were tested according to the GB/T 15000.3-2008. Results SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular mass of the expressed protein product was about 14.1 kDa. The virus-like particles of AR-RV, 25 nm in diameter, with typical morphology could be observed under electron microscope. AR-RV samples prepared in this study were valued as (1.02±0.3)×10⁷ copies/μl and behaved well in the homogeneity test, F=0.66＜F0.05(9,0). The stability test indicated that the sample was stable at 37 ℃ for 15 days, 25 ℃ for 15 days, 4 ℃ for 50 days, -20 ℃ for at least 270 days, -80 ℃ for at least 360 days with no significant decrease. Conclusion The group A Rotavirus armored RNA based on Qβ bacteriophage was successfully prepared and had good uniformity, stability and high copy number. This method could supply with a good and biologically safe reference material candidate for the Rotavirus virus RNA detection.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the toxicity of genistein (GEN) on oocyte maturation in mice. Methods In vivo test, mice were randomly divided into 4 groups and administrated with genistein (0,0.5,5.0 and 50.0 mg/kg BW)for 7 days. After superovulation, the ovulated oocytes picked up from oviduct ampulla were counted, and the estradiol (E₂), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum were detected. During in vitro test, cumulus-oocyte complex (COCs) and denuded oocytes (DOs) were collected from super-ovulated mice and cultured by different concentrations of GEN to evaluate the influence of GEN on oocyte meiotic maturation. Results The number of superovulated oocytes in animals was significantly decreased by GEN treatment, while sex hormone remained unchanged. GEN produced an evident impact on the meiotic process of in vitro cultured COCs but DOs. Conclusion Our result confirmed the influence of GEN on oocyte maturation of mice, with its potential mechanism in ovary.

Abstract:Objective To study the toxicity and species of the Gymnothorax caused the ciguatera fish poisoning in Xiamen. Methods Epidemiological investigation was conducted and five kind of Gymnothorax were collected from the market and determined by mouse bioassay, Cigua-Check kit and high performance liquid chromatograph y-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The mtDNA were extracted from Gymnothorax, and Ctyb gene segment were amplified using PCR techniques and sequenced. Results The result turned out to be not detected (ND)-0.052 MU/g in muscle, and ND-0.23 MU/g in viscera by mouse bioassay among five species. P-CTX-1 was not detected by HPLC-MS/MS. Five species of Gymnothorax were identified, and the toxic Gymnothorax implicated in food poisoning was Gymnothorax undulates. Conclusion This food poisoning was caused by ciguatoxin-carrying Gymnothorax and the species was determined to be Gymnothorax undulates based on sequence analysis.

Abstract:Objective To provide basic data for molecular tracing of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus by genotyping of isolates from airline food in Baiyun Airport during 2013-2015. Methods Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method targeting coagulase gene and enterotoxin genes,the enterotoxin genes included five traditional enterotoxin genes(sea, seb, sec, sed, see)and six newly discovered genes(ser, seg, seh, sei, sej, sep). Results Six Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from airline food were separated into two genotypes and three subtypes according to coagulase gene. The traditional enterotoxin genes (including sec and sed) and the newly discovered enterotoxin genes(including ser, seg, sei and sej)were detected from two Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from airline food. Conclusion The result of the genotyping of coagulase gene displayed the same genotypes existing in different time and different collection sites, suggesting the maximum possibility of cross contamination of Staphylococcus aureus. Six strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from airline food were tested for 11 enterotoxin genes, and 2 isolates contained enterotoxin gene isolated from airline food, suggesting that Staphylococcus aureus genotype was diversified, and should strengthen the detection of the new discovered toxin gene.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the serotype and drug-resistance of Salmonella isolated from patients with infectious diarrhea in the sentinel hospital of Quanzhou City from 2013 to 2016,and provide references for the rational clinical medication. Methods Traditional glass agglutination and liquid suspension array were used for the serotyping of Salmonella isolated from patients with infectious diarrhea, and micro broth dilution method was used for the analysis of drug-resistance. Data was analyzed with Excel software. Results A total of 73 Salmonella strains were isolated from 460 specimens and divided into 11 serotypes, among which the prevalent serotypes were Salmonella saintpaul (42.47%,31/73), Salmonella arechavaleta (16.44%,12/73) and Salmonella blegdan (12.33%,9/73). For the traditional glass agglutination assay,61 serotypes (83.56%,61/73) were identified, with 12 undetermined, while for the liquid suspension array, 71 serotypes (97.26%,71/73) were identified, with only two undetermined. Analysis of the drug-resistance showed that all the isolated strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefotetan and tobramycin, 95.89%(70/73)to the amikacin, and 84.93%(62/73)to the gentamicin. In contrast, all the strains were sensitive to ertapenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Conclusion Clinical isolates of Salmonella from patients with infectious diarrhea in Quanzhou City from 2013 to 2016 were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Early identification of the serotypes and drug-resistance would contribute to the rational clinical medication

Abstract:Objective To study the epidemiologic characteristics and the causes of food poisoning in Shenzhen from 2015 to 2017, and to provide scientific basis for food poisoning prevention strategy. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method were used to analyze all cases of food poisoning collected by Shenzhen foodborne disease outbreak monitoring system from 2015 to 2017. Results From 2015 to 2017,there were 37 reported food poisoning events, 329 cases were involved and 1 death case. Most food poisoning cases were reported from May to September, and there were 24 reported food poisoning events (64.86%, 24/37) occurred in that period of time with 223 cases (67.78%,223/329). There were 11 food poisoning events (29.73%, 11/37) occurred in restaurants with 124 cases (37.69%, 124/329), which was the most frequent location. The main cause of food poisoning was microbe, and most cases were caused by Salmonella. Conclusion Prevention and control strategy for food poisoning should focus on reducing microorganism food poisoning and places such as canteens and restaurants, strengthening the public education and supervision of food safety in between May and September.

Abstract:Objective A novel facile method for on-site detection of main ingredient (e.g. melatonin, vitamin B₆) in health-care food for promoting sleep using thin layer chromatography (TLC) combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was reported. Methods Firstly, main components were separated with substrate in health-care food by TLC initially, the mobile phase was cyclohexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol (5∶3.5∶2, V/V); detected and located by UV under 254 nm. Then trace substances were qualitatively detected by SERS, the excitation wavelength was 780 nm, and the surface enhancer was aqueous phase silver sol. The effect of matrix on the melatonin and vitamin B₆ was investigated by TLC-SERS in the positive experiment, and the detection limits of melatonin and vitamin B₆ were also investigated. In addition, four commercially available health-care food products to improve sleep were tested, randomly. Results The characteristic peaks of Raman spectra of melatonin and vitamin B₆ obtained by TLC-SERS method were nearly consistent with the reference substance. The matrix of health-care food to add ingredients was no interference on the target substance. The limit of mole tection (LOD) of melatonin and vitamin B₆ were 10 and 5 μg. The TLC-SERS of main components was the same with melatonin or vitamin B₆ substantially. Conclusion This method was accurate, sensitive, fast, and simple. It provides an effective method for the qualitative identification and detection of complex components such as mixed samples.

Abstract:Objective A rapid method for determination of ethylenethiourea (ETU) residues in vegetables by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. Methods The samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing NH₃H₂O, and cleaned up by GCB adsorbents. The resulting samples were separated on a Shim-pack XR-ODSIII C₁₈ column (2.0 mm×150 mm, 1.6 μm), and detected under positive polarity multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode. Results The matrix-matched external standard calibration curves were used for quantitative analysis. The result indicated that the line arities of ETU was in the concentration range of 0.005-1.0 mg/L with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999 1. The average recoveries of ETU in three vegetables samples at three spiked levels of 0.010,0.10 and 0.50 mg/kg were in the ranges of 73.7%-93.3%,and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 0.8%-6.6%, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) for these three vegetables were in the range of 0.002-0.005 mg/kg,and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of ETU was 0.010 mg/kg which was the lowest spiked concentration. Conclusion The method was simple, accurate, economic and friendly to the environment, and could meet the requirements for rapid determination of ETU residues in vegetables.

Abstract:Objective To establish a new method for determination of migration of hexavalent chromium in food contact materials. Methods After immersion in food simulants, ammonium chloride-ammonia solution was used as the eluent. The IonPacAS7 (4 mm×250 mm) anion analysis column was used for separation, and directly detection was performed by the ultraviolet (UV) detector at 350 nm wavelength. Results This method showed a good linear in the range of 0.001-0.5 mg/L, the linear equation was y=10.8554x+0.00472, r=0.999 9. The detection limit was 0.000 3 mg/L, the limit of quantification was 0.001 mg/L. The recovery rate was in the range of 88%-113%, and the relative standard deviation was in the range of 1.9%-9.0%(n=6). Conclusion This method had the characteristics of high sensitivity, good accuracy, low detection limit and easy operation. It was suitable for routine sample detection.

Abstract:Objective To study and compare the separation effect of four types of selective culture media for Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans, including potato dextrose agar (PDA), modified potato dextrose agar (mPDA), Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans agar (PCFA) and tremella yolk chloramphenicol agar (TYCA), and provide technical support for the national standard GB/T 4789.29-2003. Methods Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans was inoculated on four types of media, the colony morphology and the growth rate were observed. Specificity test of growth status was carried out on four types of media by inoculating ten types of pathogenic bacteria and common environmental bacteria. The separation effect of four types of media was verified in different standard strain-added samples, including stool food and soil, by directly coating and enrichment streaking. Results The growth of 8 and 6 pathogenic bacteria could be inhibited respectively on mPDA and PCFA, and the growth rate of Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans could reach above 75%.The target bacteria in mPDA and PCFA had showed apparent difference compared with most of the interfering bacteria; while the difference of their colonies was not significant in PDA medium and TYCA. In the standard strain-added experiments, both directly coating and enrichment streaking of different samples such as stool, soil and food, the detection rate of mPDA and PCFA was above 80%,and was significantly higher than that of PDA and TYCA. Conclusion The separation effect of mPDA and PCFA was significantly better than that of PDA, and these two selective media could be added to the revised standard.

Abstract:Objective To develop a method for determination of fipronil and its metabolites in egg and chicken by QuEChERS-solid phase extraction(SPE)-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Egg and chicken samples were extracted by water-acetonitrile, the organic phase were salted out by QuEChERS,then cleaned up by SPE, loaded on a shimadzu XR-ODS column (50 mm×3.0 mm, 2.0 μm). Acetonitrile-water was used as the mobile phase gradient elution with negative ion spray mode ionization and multi-reactive ion monitoring (MRM) method for qualitative and quantitative detection. Results The matrix-matched calibration curve of fipronil and its metabites showed a good linear within the concentration range from 0.5 to 20.0 μg/L(r>0.999 2), the average recovery of fipronil and its metabolites at the spiked levels of 0.5,2.0 and 10.0 μg/kg was from 84.1%to 105.2%,and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 1.3% and 6.1%.The detection limits of fipronil, fipronil sulfone, fipronil sulfide, fluoronitrile were 0.2,0.05,0.05,0.05 μg/kg, respectively. Conclusion The method is simple rapid, highly sensitive and accurate. It is suitable for the detection of fipronil and its metabolites in egg and chicken.

Abstract:Food rapid detection has been widely used in screening and field detecting for its simpleness, cost-saving, and supporting of basic food safety supervision. The study summarized the released of food rapid detection method , compared and analyzed the application and management of food rapid detection method in domestic and foreign food safety supervision, and analyzed the existing problems and put forward some suggestions.

Abstract:Objective A survey to assess the implementation of “National Food Safety Standards of Prepackaged Food Labeling” (GB 7718-2011), “National Food Safety Standard Prepackaged Food Nutrition Labeling” (GB 28050-2011) and “National Food Safety Standards of Prepackaged Special Dietary Food Labeling” (GB 13432-2013) in Shaanxi Province, and provide basis for revision of the standards. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted during May to October 2017 to investigate the food related production enterprises, supervisors, inspectors and researchers in Shaanxi Province by questionnaires and WeChat online questionnaires. The contents of the survey included the basic information of the respondents, the awareness of the standards, rationality and operability evaluation, the technical evaluation of the standard, the main problems encountered and modification suggestions. Results A total of 310 questionnaires were released and 305 valid responses were obtained. The total awareness rate of the 4 types of people to GB 7718-2011, GB 28050-2011 and GB 13432-2013 were 76.1%(86/113), 73.5%(83/113), and 64.6%(51/79), respectively. 90.7%(78/86), 84.3%(70/83), and 78.4% (40/51) of the respondents believed that GB 7718-2011, GB 28050-2011 and GB 13432-2013 were basically reasonable. Some of the respondents put forward some detailed suggestions. Conclusion The awareness rates on GB 7718-2011 and GB 28050-2011 were higher, while the awareness rate of GB 13432-2013 was lower than the previous two standards. The survey also observed that the standards were not well understood, and the implementation was still not enough. There were still some problems in the application of the standard, and the current standards need to be improved.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination of foodborne pathogens in meat and meat products of Guangxi, and provide reference to the effective prevention and control of foodborne disease. Methods Five kinds of meat and meat products sold in the market were collected between 2011 and 2016 from 14 cities of Guangxi. The samples were detected for 9 kinds of foodborne pathogens according to the national standard method. Results A total of 10 927 samples were detected. The total positive rate of foodborne pathogens was 5.0%(548/10 927). The positive rates of the meat and meat products were processed meat products (33.3%, 33/99),raw livestock meat (24.5%, 73/298), raw poultry meat (24.2%, 67/277), frozen minced meat products (14.4%, 14/97) and cooked meat products (3.6%, 361/10 156). The main pathogens were Salmonlla, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. None of the Campylobacter and diarrhea Escherichia coli were found in raw poultry meat. No detection of diarrhea Escherichia coli in the processed meat products. No detection of Shigella in cooked meat products. The annual detection rate of cooked meat products was 0.9%-4.9%. Conclusion The contamination of pathogens existed in meat and meat products of Guangxi in varying degrees. And the contamination persisted for many years.

Abstract:Objective To understand the infection characteristics and the correlation of the intestinal diarrhea virus with the contamination distribution in marine shellfish and the cases of foodborne diarrhea in Zhoushan City, and provide effective suggestions and measures to prevent and control foodborne diseases. Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine Norovirus (NoV) type Ⅰ/Ⅱ, Rotavirus(RV), Sapovirus(SPV), Astrovirus(AsV) and Enteric adenovirus(AdV) from 466 marine seashells and 422 foodborne diarrhea samples. Results About 18.03%(84/466)of 466 seashell samples were positive, among which 4.08%(19/466)were NoV GⅡ, 9.67%(45/466)were SPV, 2.79%(13/466)were AsV and 1.50%(7/466)were AdV. The most detected virus were NoV GⅡ and SPV, mainly, in spring and winter. The highest positive rate (24.75%,25/101) was detected in oyster from retail markets and the lowest positive rate (10.12%,17/168) was in blood clams from aquatic farm. There were statistically significant differences in the positive rates of different viruses and the positive rates of shellfish from different sources and seasons(P＜0.05). About 15.64%(66/422)of 422 seashell samples were identified positive, among which 4.74% were NoV(20/422, mainly GⅡ), 4.74%(20/422)were RV, 3.55%(15/422) were SPV. The most detected virus were NoV GⅡ, RV and SPV, mainly, in spring and winter. The positive detection rate of different viruses and the positive rate of virus in different seasons were statistically different(P＜0.05). Conclusion The pollution situation of intestinal diarrhea virus in marine seashells of Zhoushan was severe, which had correlation with the viral infection characteristics in the foodborne diarrhea cases, according to the same prevalence seasons and main virus types.

Abstract:Objective To study the pollution condition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Norovirus in some of bivalve mollusks sold in the market in Shunyi District and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of infectious diarrhea. Methods The bivalve molluscs in the market of Shunyi District were collected from July to October of 2017. The appropriate samples were taken to separate the digestive glands, and virus RNA was extracted and real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was used to detect Noroviruses. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus was examined in the remaining samples following the national food safety standard GB 4789.7-2013.The genetic testing of virulence gene, drug resistance analysis and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) test were carried out on the isolated Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Results A total of 18 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were detected among 50 samples of shellfish with the positive rate of 36.0%. Eight samples contained Norovirus. The virulence genetype of one isolate was tlh-tdh-trh- and the others were tlh+tdh-trh-. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to some other antibiotics. The PFGE patterns of different strains were polymorphic and belong to different clones. Norovirus was detected only in October and distributed in oysters, scorpions, and scallops, which are GⅡ-type nucleic acid positive. Conclusion The Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Norovirus of GⅡ were present in commercially available bivalve molluscs in Shunyi District. The isolated Vibrio parahaemolyticus was polymorphic, but the virulence genes had a low rate and were sensitive to most antibiotics.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the current risk assessment approaches on genotoxic carcinogens in food, so as to provide methodology support for the establishment of genotoxic carcinogens risk assessment system in China. Methods The current reviews and guidelines for risk assessment approaches on genotoxic carcinogens in foods were collected and the advantages and disadvantages as well as the applicability of different methods were analyzed and compared, the content that could be used or referred for risk assessment in China were investigated. Results Currently, risk assessment approaches for genotoxic carcinogens include as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), threshold of toxicological concern (TTC), low dose extrapolation of data from rodent carcinogenicity bioassays, and margin of exposure (MOE). Although ALARA principle is easy to understand, it fails to provide any guidance on measurement of risk level and thus is unable to provide reliable evidence to make practical risk management suggestions. TTC approach, within its range of application, can be used for screening assessment when there was lack of dose-response data. When there were sufficient dose-response data from animal studies, both MOE and low dose extrapolation approaches can be applied, yet MOE approach was preferred. Conclusion China should actively participate in international risk assessment for genotoxic carcinogens in food, develop in-depth scientific research into genotoxic carcinogens, and establish technical system for risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens in food as soon as possible.

Abstract:Objective To establish the aggregated exposure approach and to apply it in the assessment of potential health risk of bisphenol A (BPA) among Chinese infants aged 0-6 months as a model chemical. Methods Aggregated exposure approach was established by incorporating the oral, dermal and inhalation pathway. BPA concentration data of different exposure routes were obtained from literature, the consumption data of dietary and non-dietary routes were referred to the recommended intake of water by World Health Organization(WHO)(0-12 months), and the exposure factor handbook of Chinese population (0-5 years). The aggregated exposure level and potential health risks of the three feeding patterns were assessed, that is, breastfeeding, infant formula feeding with polycarbonate(PC) bottle, as well as infant formula feeding with BPA-free bottle. Internal BPA exposure was calculated by backward method and forward method. The internal result of two approaches were then compared. Results Daily BPA exposure ranged from 129.82 to 4 093.40 ng/kg BW for three feeding patterns. Except the high exposure for infant formula with PC baby bottle feeding pattern, other feeding patterns were all lower than the temporary-daily tolerable intake (t-TDI). For the total BPA (sum of conjugated and unconjugated BPA) intake, dietary exposure contributed the most, followed by textile. While for unconjugated BPA which was of toxicological concern, dietary exposure still contributed the most, followed by indoor air. The internal exposure calculated from the forward method and the backward method was similar. Conclusion Except the high BPA aggregated exposure for feeding pattern of infant formula with PC bottle, the mean and high exposure for other feeding patters were all below t-TDI, suggesting infants in China had low health risks exposed to BPA, while the use of PC baby bottles could increase the risk.

Abstract:Objective To assess the risk of cadmium exposure through vegetables in Shenzhen, and to analyze the main causes and possible control measures. Methods The content of cadmium in vegetables was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Based on the data of vegetable consumption in Shenzhen in 2008 and the data of cadmium pollution in vegetables in Shenzhen from 2015 to 2016, the @risk software was applied to simulate and analyze the exposure for Shenzhen residents through vegetables.The main causes of cadmium exposure were analyzed by regression analysis, and the possible control measures were explored by stress analysis. Results 95% of Shenzhen citizens were exposed to cadmium by vegetables less than 0.296 6 μg/kg BW.Assuming 14% of the total dietary cadmium intake were from vegetables, 18.20% of the Shenzhen residents were exposed to cadmium through vegetables beyond the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) value suggested by WHO.The cadmium pollution level and the consumption of leafy vegetables were the most important factors affecting the exposure of cadmium through vegetables.By controlling cadmium contamination in leafy vegetables within 80% of the existing pollution level, the total exposure of cadmium through vegetables would decrease by 35.58% in mean value and 40.19% in P95, and the proportion of people with cadmium intake above PTMI would reduce to 10.50%. Conclusion The exposure level of Shenzhen residents to cadmium through vegetables was a relatively high risk. By controlling cadmium pollution in leafy vegetables, the risk of cadmium exposure through vegetables could be reduced.

Abstract:Objective Taking the content of copper in meat and meat product in Henan Province as an example, to demonstrate how to evaluate the dietary intake of copper from meat and meat product and its potential health risks in Henan population using the simple distribution assessment method. Methods 309 meat and meat product were randomed collected in 16 cities in Henan Province from 2014 to 2015. The copper contents were detected according to National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors in Risk Monitoring Manual. Using the published contribution rate of meat and meat products to dietary copper for reference, the dietary intake of copper in Henan population was evaluated by simple distribution model method with the 2010-2012 Chinese nutrition and health surveillance data. Results The mean concentration of copper in meat and meat product was 0.556 mg/100 g, and the median of that was 0.060 mg/100 g, the mean concentration of copper in entrails (1.561 mg/100 g) was the highest, while that in pork (0.068 mg/100 g) was the lowest. The mean and high level (P95) daily intake of copper from meat and meat product by Henan population were 0.046 and 0.144 mg/d, respectively. The copper intake from meat and meat product was adjusted to the copper intake from the full diet using a published data, and the result showed that the mean and P95 daily copper intakes from the full diet were 0.638 and 1.977 mg/d, respectively. The individual copper intake assessment result showed that 21.12% (801/3 792) of the population had a diet copper intake between recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and tolerable upper intake level (UL), 8.10% (307/3 792) of the population had a diet copper intake between estimated average requirement (EAR) and RNI, 69.75% (2 645/3 792) of the population had a diet copper intake below EAR, only 1.03% (39/3 792) of the population had a diet copper intake over UL. Conclusion There was a high risk of dietary copper deficiency in the whole Henan population, while the risk of excess dietary copper was very low.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the foodborne diseases caused by paralytic shellfish toxin poisoning outbreak causes and epidemiological characteristics, summarizes the survey disposal experience, to provide a basis to guide the prevention and control work. Methods The incident investigation and disposal process was reviewed, and the epidemiological characteristics and the prevention and control effect was analyzed and evaluated. Results This incident was caused by sea shellfish during red tide with 164 cases, the total number of people over 50 was 57.9%(95/164), the major clinical manifestations were breath limbs numb (100.0%,164/164), fatigue (75.0%,123/164)the shortest incubation period of the patient was 10 min, the maximum incubation period was 24 h, and the average latency was 3 h, the suspected pathogenic food was the shellfish, such as fresh food and oyster, and 8 out of 10 samples were detected paralytic shellfish poison. After comprehensive prevention and control measures, the incident was controlled. Conclusion Relevant departments should increase the publicity of red tide damage, expand the scope of red tide surveillance, timely release warning of hazards, and reduce the risk of shellfish poisoning.