Abstract:Objective To study the acute cytotoxicity of four kinds of Alternaria toxins alternaiol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TEN) on human esophageal epithelium cell Het-1 A in vitro. Methods Het-1 A was treated with different concentrations of 4 kinds of Alternaria toxins. The effects of 4 kinds of Alternaria toxins on cell proliferations, cell apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (capase-3) activity were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide(MTT), annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide(Annexin V-FITC/PI)double staining method, PI single staining method and spectrophotometry, respectively. Results The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of AOH, AME, TeA and TEN on Het-1 A was 54.31,3.38,1.91 and 141.96 μmol/L, respectively. The 4 kinds of Alternaria toxins could induce the apoptosis of Het-1 A and also could affect the cell cycle distribution through increasing the percent of G₂-M phase. AOH and AME could enhance the activity of caspase-3 in a positive dose-dependent manner to induce the apoptosis of Het-1 A. Conclusion AOH, AME, TeA and TEN could cause acute cytotoxicity on Het-1 A through inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing cell apoptosis and G₂-M cell cycle arrest etc.

Abstract:Objective Develop the identification method for puffer fish species and explorethe applicability of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ(COI) and cytochrome b(cytb) gene in species identification of Takifugu and Lagocephalus. MethodsCOI and cytb sequences of Takifugu and Lagocephalus were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic tree was built by MEGA 6.0 to determine the species of puffer fish. Several poisoning samples of roasted fish fillet were tested by the established method. Results Total 57 samples were classified into 9 species. Phylogenetic tree which were built based on COI and cytb gene could effectively distinguish most species except Lagocephalus spadiceus and Lagocephalus gloveri, Takifugu obscures and Takifugu coronoidus respectively. Lagocephalus lunaris were detected from poisoning samples. Conclusion DNA barcode method could effectively identify puffer fish and make up the defects in morphological identification.

Abstract:Objective To probabilistically estimate the epidemiological burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection in Shanghai and to provide decision-making basis for enacting appropriate foodborne diseases prevention policy. Methods Sixty streets/towns in Shanghai were randomly sampled, and annual incidence and hospital-visiting rate of people with acute gastroenteritis were obtained by questionnaire survey. Multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to extract 23 hospitals, and patient stool sampling rate, laboratory testing rate, and positive rate of Salmonella were obtain. Positive case reporting rate of Salmonella was obtained from National Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NNDRS). Annual incidence and epidemiological burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella were calculated by Monte-Carlo simulation according to the epidemiological burden pyramid model, and the active surveillance and passive report system were compared. Results The annual incidence of acute gastroenteritis among residents in Shanghai was 23 261 cases per 100 000, and hospital-visiting rate was 20.47%(26/127). Patient stool sampling rate from surveillance hospital was 21.66%(5 974/27 587),and positive rate of Salmonella was 3.53%(211/5 974). Positive cases reporting rate of Salmonella in active surveillance was about 81.04%(171/211).The annual incidence of passive reporting system was estimated only 5 cases per 100 000. It was probabilistically estimated that the annual incidence of nontyphoidal Salmonella from passive report system was 270 cases(95%CI:185-399)per 100 000, with 0.062 1 million cases(95%CI:0.042 5-0.091 8)and the total underestimation coefficient was 60∶1. While the estimated annual incidence of nontyphoidal Salmonella from active surveillance was 686 cases(95%CI:549-843)per 100 000, with 0.157 8 million cases(95%CI:0.126 4-0.194 2)and the total underestimation coefficient was 154∶ 1. After comparison, the estimates from active surveillance were 2.54 times to passive report system. The incidence of Salmonella infection had obvious seasonal character. The speak season was from May to August. Conclusion The estimated annual incidence of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection from foodborne diseases active surveillance was much higher than that from passive report system. It showed that active surveillance had a good advantage for better understanding of the morbidity, hospital-visiting and epidemiological burden estimation for foodborne diseases. At the same time, the hospital-visiting rate was the biggest factor affecting the total cases of Salmonella infection. This study further demonstrated that epidemiological burden pyramid model was feasible for foodborne diseases in china, especially single category diseases.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the genotoxicity of Coreopsis tinctoria(C.tinctoria) Nutt.extract and provide scientific basis for its edible safety. Methods The test subject was a concentrated solution of C.tinctoria Nutt., equivalent to 1 g of dry matter per milliliter. 0.008,0.04,0.2,1 and 5 mg C.tinctoria Nutt.extract groups were set in Ames test,and the number of reversional mutation colony was counted directly in culture medium.C.tinctoria Nutt.extract 1.25,2.5 and 5 mg/ml groups were set in chromosome aberration test of mammalian cells in vitro, chromosome aberration cell number was directly counted. C.tinctoria Nutt.extract 5,0 and 20 g/kg bodyweight groups were set in micronucleus test, and sperm abnormality test and chromosome aberration test of spermatogonial cell or spermatocyte in mice. 1 000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE),1 000 complete sperms and 100 metakinesis cells per animal were observed by microscopy,PCE count with micronuclei count, type of malformed sperms and chromosome aberration cell number were recorded. Results The result of genetic toxicity test were negative. Conclusion C.tinctoria Nutt. extract did not cause any measurable genotoxicity.

Abstract:Objective To understand the antibiotic resistance of foodborne Salmonella in Guangxi, so as to provide scientific evidence for the treatment of Salmonella infections. Methods Seventy strains of Salmonella from food and 234 from patients collected in 2016 in Guangxi were tested for susceptibility to 14 antibiotics of 8 groups by minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC). Resistance patterns were compared and analyzed. Results The Salmonella isolates from food and patients were all sensitive to imipenem (IPM) but resistant to the other 13 antibiotics different levels. The 70 strains from food showed the highest resistance to tetracycline(TET,45.71%,32/70). Among the 234 clinical isolates, resistance was most frequently observed in ampicillin (AMP,70.94%,166/234),followed by tetracycline (70.09%,164/234). The resistance to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam (AMS), tetracycline, nalidixic acid (NAL), cefotaxime(CTX) and cefazolin (CFZ) was statistically different between food and clinical isolates (P<0.05). The Salmonella isolates of both sources showed broad antibiotic resistance spectrum. The common pattern was resistance to ACTT/S(ampicillin-chloramphenico l-tetracycline-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). Conclusion The result indicated that the Salmonella strains isolated in Guangxi are highly resistant to a variety of drugs particularly penicillins, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides and tetracycline. This suggested the demand for enhanced monitoring and establishing scientific prevention and control strategy.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for the determination of 22 sulfonamides in livestock products by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods Samples were extracted by acetonitrile and the fat was removed by hexane. Then the extract was purified by cation exchange solid phase extraction. The analytes were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) and detected by positive electrospray ionization in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM). Results The method showed a good linearity within a certain concentration ranges with relative coefficient r>0.997. The detection limits of 22 sulfonamides in porcine muscle, liver, and kidney were 0.03-0.3 μg/kg, and the quantification limits were 0.1-1 μg/kg. The average recoveries of 22 sulfonamides at the spiking levels of 1,2 and 5 μg/kg were in the range of 63.0%-115.6%, with the relative standard deviations in the range of 1.2%-15.9%. Conclusion The method was rapid, simple and accurate for the simultaneous determination of 22 sulfonamides in livestock products.

Abstract:Objective A high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of four mycotoxins in grain products such as bread, steamed bun and biscuit. MethodsSamples were extracted with acetonitrile-water (84∶16, V/V), then was purified by QuEChERS approach. UPLC separation was achieved by using BDS HYPERSIL C₁₈ (4.6 mm×100 mm, 2.4 μm) chromatographic column by gradient elution at a flow rate of 300 μl/min with methanol and acetate buffer as the mobile phase. The detection was carried out by negative electrospray ionization (ESI-) mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Matrix-matched calibration was used for the quantification. The limits of detection, quantification, accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated. The method was used for detecting four mycotoxins in 60 different grains from the market. Results Under optimized condition, four mycotoxins had good linear relationships in the certain correlation ranges with the correlation coefficients all above 0.999. The average recoveries of 4 mycotoxins at three spiked levels ranged from 81.8% to 98.2% with relative standard deviations of 5.6%-9.3%. Four mycotoxins were detected in the 60 market samples. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was detected in all samples with the concentrations of 15.2-960 μg/kg, the other 3 mycotoxins were not detected. Conclusion The method was more simple and lower cost than the national standard method and the national food safety risk monitoring method, with fast speed, high sensitivity and good reproducibility, which improve the national food safety risk monitoring method.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for detection of vitamin A and vitamin E in infant milk powder with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by solid phase extraction. Methods After saponification,the saponified solution was purified by the SPE cartridge, the eluent was collected and applied a nitrogen evaporation. After redissolution, the analytes were detected by HPLC, using methanol as mobile phase, separated by Zorbax C₁₈ column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) and calculate by the external standard method. Results Vitamin A had a good linear relationship within 0.5-5.0 mg/L and 5.0-50 mg/L for vitamin E, the correlation coefficients of the standard curve of 0.999. The recoveries at three spiked levels were from 86.0%-104.6% and 89.0%-104.0%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 3.0%. The limit of detection (LOD) were 1.0 and 10 μg/100 g. Conclusion This method could be applied to the detection of vitamin A and vitamin E in infant milk powder at the same time, and it was simple, fast and accurate.

Abstract:Objective A method using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of folic acid and biotin in compound vitamin pills was presented. Methods Samples were extracted by water. The analysis was carried out on an Agilent Eclipse C₁₈(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm)column with isocratic elution using a mobile phase of 0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile at 0.2 ml/min. Mass spectrometry acquisition was done in the positive ion mode and the analytes were detected in the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode. Results Folic acid and biotin in samples could be well separated within 5 min. The calibration cures were linear over the concentration range of 42-523 ng/ml and 47-583 ng/ml for folic acid and biotin, respectively. The linear regression equations were y=1157.63x-6698.38(r²=0.999 9) and y=207.93x-3052.26(r²=0.998 2), respectively. The average recoveries were 99.9%-108.7% and 90.1%-94.5% for folic acid and biotin at low, medium and high adding levels, respectively. The relative standard deviation(RSD)were both 1.0% (n=6). The detection limit was 0.33 and 0.08 μg/g for folic acid and biotin, respectively. Conclusion The developed method was precise, accurate and sensitive, which therefore could be applied for the analysis of folic acid and biotin in compound vitamin pills.

Abstract:Objective A method was developed for measuring gross alpha radioactivity and gross beta radioactivity at the same time in food. Methods Sample was prepared after drying, coking, ashing, and the counting rate of gross alpha and beta in sample was measured through the low background alpha and beta measurement system, and quantitative comparison was made with the standard source measurement efficiency. Results The detection limit of gross alpha was 0.160-5.31 Bq/kg (fresh weight). The recovery was 82.7%-101.8%. RSD was 5.65%-7.26% (n=5). The detection limit of gross beta was 0.475-9.29 Bq/kg (fresh weight). The recovery was 88.8%-114.8%. RSD was 2.23%-9.19% (n=5). Conclusion This method could determine the gross alpha radioactivity and gross beta radioactivity in food at the same time, simply, efficiently, and is suitable for total radiation monitoring of the batch food sample.

Abstract:Objective To establish a flow injection analysis method for simultaneous determination of volatile phenol and cyanide in tap water. Methods The tap water was pretreated by a mixed solution of EDTA and ascorbic acid (20.0 g/L), and the flow injection analyzer was used for simultaneous determination of volatile phenol and cyanide. Results The result show that the mixed solution of EDTA and ascorbic acid (20.0 g/L) of 0.5 ml in 50 ml tap water was the best pretreatment. The recovery rate of the tap water was 90.0%-105.0%, and the relative standard deviation was 0.39%-5.85%. The detection limits of volatile phenol and cyanide were 0.000 2 and 0.000 4 mg/L. Conclusion This method showed good precision, high accuracy, and met the requirements of quality control.

Abstract:Objective To investigate Cronobacter spp. and Enterobacteriaceae contamination in nutritious noodles manufacture process and study the molecular typing and traceability analysis of Cronobacter spp. Methods Totally 101 samples were collected during the process of production, including raw materials, intermediate products, environment swabs, manufacturing facilities, personnel swabs and final products. Enterobacteriaceae and Cronobacter spp. were detected. And pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assay was utilized for the molecular typing of Cronobacter spp. Results The isolation rate of Enterobacteriaceae and Cronobacter spp. were 53.5% (54/101) and 29.7% (30/101), respectively. The detection rate of Enterobacteriaceae was the highest in the environment swabs(72.7%,16/22), and the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. was 50.0%(5/10)in the final products. A high degree of genetic diversity was observed among the 31 isolates with 20 pulse-types dispersed throughout the dendrogram. And the isolates could be grouped into 6 clusters. Conclusion It should be paid more attention that Cronobacter spp. contamination existed in nutritious noodles manufacturing process, which might be due to the contaminated materials. In addition, effective control strategies were supposed to be developed during the manufacturing process.

Abstract:Objective Cadmium content in rice originated from Yangze watershed was analyzed with spatial statistics, which aimed to provide scientific basis for source control of grain cadmium contamination. Methods The spatial auto-correlation indicated the spatial clustering of cadmium contamination. Results The result illustrated the rice planted around Xiang River, Min River, Pei River, Tuo River, Qingyi River and Dadu River hold a higher level of cadmium content than other places. The Moran's I is 0.596 (p with statistical significance), which presented a medium spatial clustering to the rice cadmium contamination. Therefore, Xiang River and Min River watershed presented “high-high” clustering while Yachi River presented a low-low clustering. Conclusion The rice cadmium contamination around Yangze watershed emerged a medium clustering while some areas presented spatial variability.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the natural occurrence of four kinds of aflatoxins including AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂ in a total of 738 edible vegetable oil samples collected from eight regions of China. Methods Based on the quick screening of aflatoxins concentration in edible vegetable oil samples using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was employed for the quantification of four kinds of aflatoxins in positive samples. Results The concentrations of total aflatoxins were within 0.06-221.00 μg/kg with the mean level of 19.30 μg/kg. AFB₁ was predominant and the positive rate was 17.21% (127/738)with the mean level of 16.20 μg/kg, followed by AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂. Peanut oil was the most heavily contaminated by aflatoxins than other kinds of edible vegetable oil, and the violation rate of AFB₁ was 11.57% (25/216). The samples from Guangxi Province also had higher aflatoxins concentrations, and the violation rate of AFB₁ was 19.23% (20/104). Moreover, the aflatoxins concentrations in unpacked oil were higher than prepackaged oil. 95.45% (126/132) of the positive samples were detected with more than one type of aflatoxins. Conclusion There were simultaneous occurrence of four kinds of aflatoxins in edible vegetable oil collected from China. AFB₁ was predominant. Peanut oil, samples from Guangxi Province and unpacked oil contained relatively high concentrations of aflatoxins, suggesting better monitoring.

Abstract:Objective Screening characteristic elements in wheat starch for geographical origin. Building foundation for developing mature and effective food traceability technology by analyzing the data of food safety risk monitoring. Methods The concentrations of 10 elements in 173 wheat flour samples from Hebei, Xinjiang and Jiangsu Provinces were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis(PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA)and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)models were implemented for data analysis. Results The result of PCA model could be separated. The samples from Xinjiang were isolated from other provinces in PCA score scatter plot. The samples of the three provinces could achieve separation by each other in PLS-DA score scatter plot. The samples from Hebei and Xinjiang could be isolated in OPLS-DA score scatter plot as well as Jiangsu and Xinjiang. Conclusion Cu, Fe, and As were the characteristic elements for determining the geographical origin of wheat flour by multivariate data analysis such as PCA, PLS-DA and OPLS-DA.

Abstract:Objective The change and regularity of spatial pattern distribution of pesticide residues in vegetables were analyzed, the gathered hot region was found, for the monitoring, and it could provide scientific basis for supervision. Methods The pesticide residues in vegetables in 2014-2016 was analyzed by spatial statistical method for spatial distribution and spatial clustering. Results The detection rate and violation rate of pesticide residues in the vegetables were in the same distribution pattern in 2014-2016. However, the change in the past three years was relatively large. The areas with high detection rate were concentrated in the southwest and the northeast. The violation was distributed in the southwest and north. In 2014, the detection rate had an overall positive correlation in the monitoring area (P<0.05, Moran's I=0.410), and the local correlation was mainly distributed in the southwest, north and south. The violation rate had an overall positive correlation (P<0.05, Moran's I=0.111) in 2016, and the local correlation was mainly distributed in the southwest region. In 2016, the detection rate had a negative correlation (P<0.05, Moran's I=-0.087), and the local correlation was mainly distributed in the central region. The time and space scan statistics analysis showed that the violation rate and detection rate in the monitoring area were clustered. There was a clustering area (LLR=27.11, P<0.05, RR=20.04). The detection rate had two clustering areas. Class I cluster area (LLR=43.24, P<0.05, RR=6.9) was distributed in the northeast and south counties. Class II clustering area (LLR=19.13, P<0.05, RR=4.13) was distributed in the southwest area and counties. Conclusion The detection rate and violation rate of pesticide residues in vegetables showed a consistent decline during 2014-2016. The result of spatial autocorrelation and space-time scanning statistics showed the existence of aggregation. The gathering area was mainly located in the northeast and southwestern neighboring counties. The relative risk of the gathering area was greater than 4, indicating that the risk of pesticide residues in these districts was higher than that in other counties, which was a hot area for regulators to pay close attention.

Abstract:Objective To preliminary assess the risk of Norovirus infections by establishing oyster-Norovirus exposure model of Beijing residents from retail to table. Methods Health risk and the influencing factors were estimated using exposure assessment model with 356 quantitative detection data point of Norovirus in oysters collected in Beijing under simulated consumption scenarios and published dose-response model derived from outbreak data. Results The contamination level of GI and GII Norovirus positive samples were 2.62×10⁴ copies/g (95%CI:3.73×10³-1.54×10⁵) and 5.02×10⁴ copies/g (95%CI:8.13×10³-2.52×10⁵). For positive histo-blood group secretor groups, the risk of consuming one raw oyster potentially contaminated with GI and GII Norovirus were 0.93 (95%CI:0.73-0.98) and 0.95 (95%CI:0.80-0.99) respectively; for negative histo-blood group secretor groups, the risk 0.37 (95%CI:0.04-0.64) and 0.57 (95%CI:0.07-0.99). The estimated risk was mainly related to the assigned contamination level for those non-detected samples with the regression coefficient of 0.49. Uncertainty analysis showed that the detection level of the method used was higher than the ID₅₀/LD₅₀, which was the main source of uncertainty. Conclusion The risk of Norovirus infections after consuming raw oyster was high for Beijing residents; increasing the sensitivity and decreasing the limit of detection could decrease the uncertainty of the risk estimation.

Abstract:Objective To conduct a quantitative risk assessment for Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat salads, and seek effective preventive measures according to the risk assessment result. Methods Combining quantitative data of Staphylococcus aureus with residents’ consumption data of ready-to-eat salads, a quantitative risk assessment was performed according to the codex guidelines with four steps:hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. A Monte Carlo simulation method was employed to analyze the health risk of Staphylococcus aureus by consuming ready-to-eat salads. Results The contamination rate of Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat salads was 3.39% (21/620) and the average concentration was 229 CFU/g. The average intake was 56.27 times per year. The estimated probability of infectious illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat salads in Shanghai was 0.04%. That indicated the number of illness might reach 518.1 thousand cases every year. Conclusion There was certain risk of Staphylococcus aureus poisoning by consuming ready-to-eat salads for Shanghai residents. Decreasing initial contamination level and controlling the storage time and temperature were the critical approaches to reduce its risk.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the excess cancer risk of semiearbazide(SEM) from the breakdown of azoformamide (ADA) as the flour treatment agent added in bread flour at the maximum usage level. Methods The concentration range of SEM in bread was estimated from the maximum usage level of ADA in wheat flour and the decomposition rate of ADA in the baking process. The time weighted lifetime average daily exposure levels were calculated based on the estimated SEM concentration range and the bread consumption data from Chinese nutrition and health survey. Extra cancer risk was calculated using linear extrapolation model based on the data from experimental animal carcinogenic experiments. Results When ADA was added in bread flour at 45 mg/kg, SEM from bread theoretically increased the extra lifetime cancer risk in the range of 1.31×10-7-1.97×10-6for consumers with average bread consumption; for the high consumption (P97.5) consumers, the SEM exposure from bread theoretically increased the lifetime cancer risk of in the range of 4.09×10-7-6.14×10-6. Based on the time-weighted daily exposure level, the extra cancer risk of SEM for different age group was within the range of 10-9-10-6. Conclusion SEM from the breakdown of ADA added in bread flour at the maximum usage level poses acceptable risk to the consumers. Thus, the current maximum usage level of ADA in the standards for use of food additives (GB 2760-2014) can effectively protect the consumers in China.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁) in fermented tea, including dark tea, black tea and oolong tea, and evaluate their health risk. Methods The sampling was determined by the simple random sampling method. A total of 260 tea samples(dark tea, black tea and oolong tea)were collected from supermarkets, wholesale markets, tea shop and online store in 9 prefecture-level cities of Guangdong Province. AFB1 concentrations were examined according to GB 5009.22-2016. By using the method of margin of exposure (MOE) and mathematical modeling, the AFB₁ dietary exposure in tea was assessed. Results The detection rate of AFB₁ in 260 fermented tea samples was 1.15% (3/260), and the detected content range was from 0.26 to 0.56 μg/kg. The three AFB₁ positive samples of were Pu'er tea samples. There was no significant difference in the detection rate between three kinds of fermented tea (Fisher exact probability method, P>0.05). The average dietary exposure of AFB₁ from tea of the total survey population and the tea consumption population were 0.000 352, and 0.000 981 ng/kg BW, respectively. The dietary exposure was 0.005 73,0.016 0 ng/kg BW for the total survey population and the tea consumption population when using the maximum value of AFB₁ in this study. On the basis of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) criterion, the MOE values were both greater than 10 000, indicating that the health risk associated with AFB₁ in tea in Guangdong was relatively low. The evaluated liver cancer risk was 0.000 010 9-0.000 674 caners per one hundred thousand persons. Conclusion The detection rate and the content of AFB₁ in fermented tea in Guangdong Province were both low. And the health risk associated with AFB 1 in tea was relatively low, either.

Abstract:Objective To analyze media reports on food safety standards from 2008 to 2016 for measuring effects of media reporting. Methods All the news reports on food safety standards were screened with keyword search on Baidu news database, then were categorized for statistical analysis from six aspects such as numbers, genres, themes, forms, sources and reporting tone. Results Since 2009, the number of reports on food safety standards has risen and become a specific news topic. However, relevant reports were obviously narrowed to short news with lack of in-depth reporting which could not catch real social concern. Misunderstanding of food safety standards still exists in some reports. On the other hand, websites of the government and social organizations have become important and authoritative news resources. Conclusion Since food safety standards have specialty in some degree, strategic communication must be used for risk communication for food safety. At the meantime, agencies must take full use of new media such as official website of government and professional organizations for a better and scientific public opinion environment for food safety.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to derive the health-based guidance values for nonylphenol (NP), which would lay the foundation for further evaluating the human health risk of nonylphenol. Methods According to the principles and method ology of risk assessment and systematic review, using a weight of evidence approach, high-quality studies was selected into database by systematically reviewing of toxicology data and uncertainty factors. Results After comprehensive assessment, the toxicity information is provided by a high quality multi-generation reproductive toxicity study and lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) method was choen. Renal toxicity was selected as the critical effect, and a LOAEL was considered as the point of departure for extrapolation. Conclusion The tolerable daily intake value of 0.025 mg/kg BW was recommended as the final health-based guidance value for NP.

Abstract:Objective To investigate and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the poisoning incident, identify the poisonous mushroom species, put forward the prevention and control measures, and to explore measures to prevent the recurrence of poisoning incidents. Methods This poisoning event was analyzed by case definition, case search, case interview, recipe survey, field sampling and morphological identification of poisonous mushrooms. Results Five migrant workers picked and ate about 150 g of the wild mushrooms. 8.3-10 hours later, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and other gastrointestinal symptoms appeared, and the clinical examination showed liver damage. After 2 days of symptomatic treatment including gastric lavage, plasma exchange, activated carbon absorption, fluid infusion and protecting liver and stomach for clearance of toxic substance, 2 cases were found to have pseudo-recovery period. One day later, these 2 cases had a sharp deterioration. In the next few days all patients progressed to liver failure and died of multiple organ failure, both morbidity and mortality were 100% (5/5). The recipe survey showed that there was no other poisoning food except the mushrooms. The morphological identification result showed it was Amanita rimosa. The food poisoning incident was due to mistaken eating of wild mushrooms collected from park M, and the poisonous mushroom was virulent Amanita rimosa. Conclusion This poisoning incident of mistaken eating of Amanita rimosa was reported in Guangdong Province for the first time. The natural disease history of Amanita rimosa poisoning was described comprehensively in this study. The appearance of these fungi was extremely similar with those of some edible fungi, and was difficult to distinguish them, which cause the mistaken eating very easily. The health education should be further strengthened to remind people not to eat wild mushrooms, and it was the most basic way to prevent mushroom poisoning.

Abstract:Rhabdomyolysis is a multiple pathological change syndrome that striates muscle cells and cell membrane channels are damaged by a series of factors.Haff disease is one kind of rhabdomyolysis due to eating cooked seafood within 24 h and serum creatine kinase (CK) level is markedly(fivefold or greater above normal levels) elevated, and CK muscle/brain (MB)fraction is less than 5%. At present, the experimental research reports of the disease is relatively scare and most of them were mainly based on case reports and epidemiological investigation. Now, the pathogenicity factor of such disease has not been found. Because of the disease has individual differences and some regional differences, this paper summarizes the existing case reports of haff disease that including the research progress related with crayfish eating in China. We hope this paper can provide some reference to the study of this disease.