Abstract:National standards on food contact materials are an important part of national food safety standards in China. New standards system on food contact materials in China has been established through food standards clean-up, integration and other works. In this paper, the framework of the new standard system on food contact materials is summarized. The major changes of the new standard system are compared to the old one. The challenges confronted by the industries and the problems in the new standard system are scientifically analyzed. The suggestions for future work are proposed.

Abstract:Objective This study was to understand the structure characteristics of prophages in the genome of Enterococcus hirae R17, and also to analyze their interaction relationships with the host bacterium. Methods The gene distribution and gene encoding characteristics of prophages in the genome of Enterococcus hirae R17 were identified using the PHAST software. The virulence gene, antimicrobial resistance genes, and environmental resistance genes in the prophages were also analyzed. Results Three prophages were found on the chromosome of Enterococcus hirae,including two incomplete prophage elements (Prophage-1 and Prophage-2) and one complete prophage(Prophage-3). Some function genes of bacteria were found in the sequence of three prophages, including nucleotide transportation and metabolism related genes. One incomplete prophage carrying erythromycin- and bacitracin-resistance genes was identified in the plasmid, which suggested that prophage induced gene horizontal transfer caused erythromycin- and bacitracin-resistance of Enterococcus hirae R17. Conclusion This study laid a solid foundation for the diversity analysis of prophages of Enterococcus hirae. Prophages played an important role in promotion of antimicrobial resistance of enterococci. Scientists should pay more attention to the spread of antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity induced by prophages.

Abstract:Objective Study on the absorption, distribution, transformation, excretion and toxicity of four forms of arsenic in rats. Methods Four thousand and fifty data were obtained from 28 days animal metabolism experiments of 81 rats exposed to the four As species. Distribution, metabolism, excretion, and subacute toxicity of 4 As species were compared by analyzing the arsenate [As(V)], arsenite [As(III)], methyl arsenate (MMAV) and dimethyl arsenate (DMAV) content of rat feces (excrement and urine), blood, seven organs, and liver and kidney pathology. Results After oral administration of each As species, 82.9% of As(III), 85.1% of As(V), 95.0% of MMAV and 96.2% of DMAV were accumulatively secreted via feces and urine, while 16.2% of As(III), 14.1% of As(V), 4.65% of MMAV and 0.120% of DMAV were detected in blood. The DMAV accumulated in blood and urine after dosing As(III), As(V) and MMAV, and the content of DMAV in the blood was 8 times greater than urine. Four kinds of arsenic had effects on rat liver and kidney function, the influence on liver was acute phase effect while that on renal was cumulative effects. The effect of As(III) was the most significant, followed by MMAV. Four kinds of arsenic could cause tissue deformation and inflammatory cells infiltration, but showed no difference between groups. Conclusion The distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of the four kinds of arsenic in rats were different in varying degrees. The research of health risk for arsenic should consider its different forms.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate the role of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in repairing oxidative nerve cells, and to study the antioxidant capacity of PQQ on the oxidative damage of rats caused by apolexis, as well as the effects on learning and memory abilities of apolexis rats. Methods Oxidative damage of PC12 was induced by H₂O₂, and the repairing rate of PQQ on oxidative PC12 cells was tested by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay kit. The 18-month-old male SD rats were administered PQQ (0,0,20,0 mg/kg). After 4 weeks, Morris water maze test was used to test the learning and memory ability. After 6 weeks, serum and brain tissue related indicators and antioxidant capacity were recorded. Results The survival rate of PC12 cells increased from 59.1% to 90.5% with 200 nmol/L PQQ. Compared with the apolexis model group, the latency of the PQQ group (20,0 mg/kg) was shortened in the Morris water maze experiment, the swimming distance was reduced, pass-through counts were increased, and the first secure platform pass-through was reduced. Meanwhile, the levels of malondialdehyde and lipofuscin in serum and brain tissue of PQQ group decreased, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase vitality, antioxidant capacity of PQQ group (20,0 mg/kg) were enhanced. Conclusion PQQ could repair the oxidative damage of nerve cells, and it was confirmed that PQQ could play the same antioxidant effect in body and brain, and increase the learning and memory ability of apolexis rats.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the differences and characteristics of virulence genes carried by Salmonella enteritidis from different sources in Shijiazhuang City. Methods One hundred and twenty-four strains of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from morning markets of raw and poultry stalls, slaughterhouses and food poisoning specimens in Shijiazhuang area were collected. Eight virulence genes (invA, sopE, agfA, spvR, hilA, stn, pefA, shdA) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Salmonella enteritidis might have different virulence gene profiles. The above eight virulence genes were detected in different strains. The carrying rate of virulence genes invA, sopE, stn, hilA, spvR and pefA in the food poisoning strains was higher than 94%. There was no difference in the carrying rate of 8 virulence gene between the morning raw poultry stalls isolates and the patient strains, but was different with the slaughterhouse strains. Conclusion There were more risks of food poisoning caused by Salmonella enteritidis from morning markets, and the hygiene supervision should be strengthened to prevent and control foodborne disease.

Abstract:Objective To detect 10 kinds of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) and compare their amounts during lactational stage. Methods Breast milk samples in different stages of lactation as colostrum (day 0-7 postpartum), transitional milk (day 8-15 postpartum), and mature milk (day 16-180 postpartum) were collected and 10 HMOS in those samples were detected and quantified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection after fluorescence labeling by using standard curves. Correlations between HMOS and lactation day were conducted by Person correlation analysis method , while the differences among three stages were calculated by ANOVA test. Results Ten HMOS were successfully separated and quantified under chosen chromatographic parameters. 2′FL,3′SL, 6′SL, LNT, LNnT and LNFP-I were negatively correlated and 3′FL was positively correlated with lactation days. They were different in three lactational stages (P<0.05), while PI, LNFP-V and LNnFP-V showed no correlation and difference (P>0.05). Conclusion The amount of HMOS changed during lactational stages. Seven HMOS were correlated with lactation days and different in three lactational stages (P<0.05).

Abstract:Objective To analyze the relationship between virulence genes and traditional Kanagawa phenomena,based on the virulence genes carried by Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from different sources of serovar O3,to provide basic data for further studies on the pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Methods Multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and Kanagawa phenomenon assay were performed to detect the existence of virulence associated genes tdh and trh as well as haematolysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar O3 strains with different origin. The correlation between tdh and trh genes and Kanagawa phenomenon were verified based on test. Results Among 183 Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar O3∶K6 strains, tdh gene was detected in 182 strains and trh gene exists in the remaining strain, detection rate of the two genes were 99.45% (182/183) and 0.55% (1/183), respectively. The positive rate of Kanagawa phenomenon was 100.00% (183/183). Among 57 Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar O3 non-K6 strains, detection rate of tdh gene was 3.51% (2/57), trh gene was not detected. Furthermore, the positive rate of Kanagawa phenomenon was 10.53% (6/57). Significant correlation between tdh gene and Kanagawa phenomenon was verified (χ²=1.78, P>0.05), meanwhile, similar between trh gene and Kanagawa phenomenon was not detected (χ²=186.01, P<0.05). Conclusion Significant correlation between tdh gene and Kanagawa phenomenon was verified in Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar O3∶K6 strains, and pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus can be detected by using PCR method rapidly.

Abstract:Objective Discuss the studies of infant nutrition problems of 6 to 24 months old infants in poverty areas and make reasonable suggestions. Methods Collect research reports about child malnutrition at home and abroad, and analyze the monitoring data of nutrition improvement program for children in poor areas carried out by Natiend Institate for Nutrition and Health for of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Discuss the nutritional status and related risks of infants aged 6-24 months in poor areas. Results The nutritional problems of rural children in poor areas were prominent. The growth retardation rate of infants aged 6-24 months was 7.6%. Anemia, overweight and obesity are becoming increasingly prominent. Conclusion The nutrition status of 6-24 month old infants in poor areas in China should be paid attention.

Abstract:Objective In order to analyze of poisoning causes, a new method was established utilizing hydrophilic liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HILIC-MS/MS) coupled with dispersive solid phase extraction for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of tetrodotoxin in nassarius and shellfish. Methods Sample(1.0 g)was extracted with 0.1% acetic acid in boiling water bath, purified by dispersive solid phase extraction with 50 mg hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), 5 mg graphitized carbon black (GCB) and protein precipitation with acetonitrile, and then filtered through a polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)membrane. The analytes were separated on a HILIC column, and detected in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode via positive electrospray ionization. The matrix matching and external standard method was used for quantification.Results Tetrodotoxin showed good linearity in the concentration range between 2.0 and 40.0 ng/ml, the correlation coefficient was higher than 0.999. The detection limit of tetrodotoxin in seafood was 10.0 μg/kg. The rates of recovery varied between 74.2% and 87.9% with relative standard deviations from 2.3% to 9.1% at spiked concentrations of 25,0 and 200 μg/kg. The proposed method was applied in the detection of tetrodotoxin in shellfish and nassarius from coastal cities of Zhejiang Province. Conclusion The method was accurate, fast, easy to operate, which could meet the requirements of public health emergency testing or routine testing.

Abstract:Objective To establish a method for the determination of perchlorate in food by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The perchlorate residue in spices and condiments was extracted with water, that in vegetables and fruits was extracted with acetonitrile-water (1∶1, V/V), and that in meat, poultry, eggs, milk and aquatic products was extracted with acetonitrile-water (2∶1, V/V). The supernatant was cleaned up with C₁₈ SPE (3 ml, 200 mg), and the detection was carried out by UPLC-MS/MS with internal standardmethod for quantification. Results The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 0.3-20.0 μg/L (R²≥0.999), the recovery was in the range of 82.6%-108.6%, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was in the range of 1.0%-9.9%, and the limit of detection was 2.0 μg/kg for milk, and 10.0 μg/kg for other food. Conclusion The method was simple, accurate and highly sensitive, and suitable for the determination of perchlorate in food.

Abstract:Objective To compare four PCR genotyping method for Clostridium botulinum, and provide the reliable method for detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum from surveillance and foodborn poisoning in Sichuan Province. Methods Six strains of C.botulinum types A, B and E were used to compare four PCR genotyping method —one multiplex PCR method was from US FDA, two multiplex PCR method and one real-time PCR method were from ISO, and the differences were preliminarily analyzed. Results Three multiplex PCR method could detect C.botulinum types A, B and E in a single reaction. The expected bands for type A were vague using ISO multiplex PCR method 1, whereas bright expected bands could be obtained in the identification of C.botulinum by the other two multiplex PCR method . Real-time multiplex PCR method could detect different types of C.botulinum simultaneously; however, classification should be carried out separately because fluorescent labels were the same. Conclusion Multiplex PCR method from FDA and multiplex PCR method 2 from ISO were relatively simple and could be recommended for C.botulinum surveillance in Sichuan Province.

Abstract:Objective To determine chloramphenicol and metronidazolel in honey by isotope-labelled internal standards ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate solution, and cleaned up on a MCS cartridge. The target analytes were separated on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column with gradient elution using a mobile phase made up of methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (containing 0.05% formic acid). Detection was carried out using positive and negative electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and quantified with isotope internal standardmethod . Results The chloramphenicol and metronidazolel showed good linearity in the range of 0.05-5.00 ng/ml. The recovery at three spiked levels of 0.5,2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg were in the range of 79.3%-96.7%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 5.5%-14.8%. The limits of quantitation were 0.15 μg/kg, the limits of detection were 0.05 μg/kg. Conclusion The method is sensitive and accurate. It could be applied to the high-throughput analysis of chloramphenicol and metronidazolel.

Abstract:Objective An analytical method for rapid screening and confirmation of multiple pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit was established according to GB 2763-2014 national food safety standard-maximum residue limits for pesticides in food, using ultra performance liquid chromatography-Q-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Methods Pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit were screened by comparing the accurate mass, isotope distribution and abundance in the accurate mass database, and confirmed by comparing with the spectra in the spectra library or by the spectral analysis method. Results The method was verified by spiked samples, and all pesticides were detected at the addition level of 10.0 and 50.0 μg/kg. The recovery of 90% of the pesticides was in the range of 70%-120%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤20% (n=5). The method was applied to screen pesticides in 30 samples of vegetables and fruits. Twenty-seven pesticides were found and 2 samples exceeded the limit. Conclusion The method was sensitive, accurate and reproducible. Hundreds of pesticides in GB 2763-2014 could be screened and confirmed in a short period of time even without standard substance. It could provide an effective method for food safety control.

Abstract:Objective A rapid method was constructed for detection of 3 kinds of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors (sidenafil, vardalafil, tadalafil) in invigorative health food by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS method). Methods The characteristic ions of the PDE5 inhibitors could be used for preliminary identification and semiquantitative analysis with internal standard method using PSI-MS method. Results The 24 kinds of commercially available health-care products includes capsule, tablet, pill, powder, wine, syrup and liquid were tested. Results from PSI-MS were consistent with the HPLC-UV date. The calibration curves of PSI-MS has a good linearity in a given range. The linear coefficients of analytes were higher than 0.99. The LODs of 3 kinds of PDE5 inhibitors were lower than 1.0 mg/L. The RSDs of this method ranged from 20% to 24%. Conclusion The PSI-MS method was rapid, accurate and targeted, which is compliant for quickly screening the PDE5 inhibitors in large complex matrix samples.

Abstract:This article analyzes the concept, the formation process, the main content of the United States food defense plan, the duties of stakeholders and the key points of the implementation. This article also summarizes the characteristics, similarities and differences between China and the United States in terms of food defense system, discusses the difficulties and put forward some suggestions for the food defense plan in China.

Abstract:The definition and function of epidemiological investigation report on food safety accident is described and its impact on the business behavior, civil liability, administrative responsibility, and criminal responsibility of food producers, marketers, supervisory and management department is presented. It suggests that center for disease prevention and control should give attention to timeliness, authenticity, accuracy, normalization of epidemiological investigation report on food safety accidents and cases. The purpose is to avoid accountability on investigation of food safety accidents and ensure the epidemiological investigation report not been challenged in legal proceedings as evidence.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial contamination situation in infant formula powder during the processes of production. Methods A total of 880 samples were collected from Gansu Province, which included raw materials, manufacturing facilities, personnel swabs and final infant formula powder. The detection method conducted in this study were complied with the standard of the SN/T 0738-1997 and GB 4789, and the microbial species detected in this study included Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacter sakazakii, and Bacillus cereus. Results The detection rate of Enterobacteriaceae was 28.41%(250/880), the detection rates of Enterobacter sakazakii and Bacillus cereus were 0.46%(4/872) and 16.94%(31/183) respectively. The prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae (40.00%,40/100) was the highest in raw materials. Four Enterobacter sakazakii strains were isolated from the pretreatment workshop, equipment and environment surface. The prevalence of Bacillus cereus was 22.73%(10/44) in final product. Conclusion The microbial contamination was existent widely in infant formula powder and the production procession. Rigid laws and managements should be conducted to reduce the microbial contamination in raw materials, production processes and the environment, which might improve the quality of infant formula powder.

Abstract:Objective To provide suggestions for the safety management of printing inks and the establishment of food safety standard for food contact materials. Methods The laws, regulations and directives related to printing inks from different countries were collected and the differences among different management models were analyzed and compared. Results The safety management models of European Union, Switzerland, Germany, US and Japan were generalized and their experiences in the management measures of printing inks were summarized. Conclusion Safety standard of printing inks for food contact materials should be established on the basis of industry status and the various safety risks of different inks. Management experiences of other countries should be considered and the participation of industry associations should be encouraged.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to determine the content of phthalate in disposable plastic tableware sold on Chengdu market, and to provide primary data for safety evaluation. Methods Sample selection was based on stratified sampling. Sixteen phthalate compounds were investigated in 60 disposable plastic tableware, divided into seven groups. The analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results In this survey, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate were detected, while the other 12 phthalate compound were not. The positive rates of the four detected phthalate were 6.7% (4/60), 10.0% (6/60), 46.7% (28/60) and 28.3% (17/60) respectively, and the highest concentrations were 10.3,6.4,7.2 and 65.6 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion The observed level of detection rates and maximum concentrations were relatively high in this survey. In addition, some subgroups of PAEs that were not allowed to use in food contact materials were detected. Therefore, the migration in different food simulant would be analyzed in the next step for further health outcome assessment.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study was to analyze of the prevalence of Norovirus in the foodborne disease surveillance population in Baiyin City in 2015, and provide scientific basis for the prediction, early warning, prevention and control of foodborne diseases caused by Norovirus. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on the cases of foodborne disease surveillance. Fecal specimen were collected, and Norovirus GI and GII were detected by real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Three hundred and forty-four foodborne disease cases were reported, 78 cases were positive, and the detection rate was 22.7%. Five cases were positive for Norovirus GI, and 71 cases for GII.Two cases were positive for both GI and GII. Forty-six cases were male and 32 cases were female. The oldest patient was 83 years old, and the youngest was only 3 months with an average age of 20.3. Conclusion Norovirus was one of the main foodborne pathogens in the city, and the main epidemic was GII in autumn and winter. Public education and health monitoring should be strengthened.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the content of cadmium in shellfish in Guangdong Province and make dietary exposure assessment of cadmium in shellfish. Methods The shellfish samples were collected from Pearl River Delta, Eastern and Western Guangdong Province using random sampling method. Point assessment method was used to evaluate the exposure of dietary cadmium intake from shellfish. The risk of dietary cadmium exposure from shellfish were evaluated. Results Three hundred and seven samples were included in the analysis. The median concentration of cadmium in shellfish was 0.630 mg/kg and the exceeding standard rate was 23.8% (73/307). The exceeding standard rates in Eastern Guangdong, Western Guangdong and Pearl River Delta were 19.4% (13/67), 23.5% (16/68), and 25.6% (44/172), respectively. The corresponding median concentration of cadmium were 0.530,0.806 and 0.853 mg/kg, and the difference was not statistically significant (χ²=0.94, P>0.05). The average (P50) and high level (P97.5) daily intake of cadmium from shellfish by the total survey population was 0.957 μg/d, and 4.511 μg/d, respectively. The monthly intake of cadmium associated with shellfish calculated from average and P97.5 exposure doses accounted for 1.91% and 9.02% of PTMI, respectively. Conclusion The cadmium content of some shellfish in Guangdong Province exceeded the standard. However, the cadmium intake from shellfish by the survey population was not high.

Abstract:Objective This report aims to assess the exposure risk of aflatoxin B₁ in edible vegetable oil in Guangxi. Methods By using margin of exposure (MOE), the report analyzes the dietary exposure of aflatoxin B₁ in edible vegetable oil with the data from contamination survey and dietary intake survey. Results For the vegetable oil sample, the content of aflatoxin B₁ was between 0.50-320.00 μg/kg.The detection rate of peanut oil was 78.08% (114/146) which was higher than other vegetable oil, and the exceeding rate was 31.51% (46/146). For peanut oil, the average content was 30.80 μg/kg, the dietary exposure of the population was 17.30 ng/kg BW, and the MOE was 18. For the prepackaged peanut oil samples, the average content of aflatoxin B₁ was 6.33 μg/kg, which was below the limit. While for the bulk peanut oil, the average content of AFB₁ was 41.50 μg/kg, which was more than 1.08 times of the limit, and the dietary exposure was 25.59 ng/kg BW. The MOE of bulk peanut oil was 12,1/8 of the prepackaged peanut oil. Conclusion Food safety regulators should pay more attention to bulk peanut oil products, the priority in the risk management measures. At the same time, related department should also promote healthy education for the residents.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the contamination and dietary intake of the aluminium in commercial foods in Shaanxi Province, and evaluate its potential health risks in Shaanxi population. Methods Six hundred and sixty-six samples from 8 kinds of foods in Shaanxi Province were collected from 2013 to 2015. The aluminium contents were detected according to National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors in Risk Monitoring Manual, and dietary intake of aluminium in Shaanxi population was evaluated by point assessment model with of nutritional survey date. Results The average dietary intake of aluminium was 0.154 9 mg/kg BW per day, and the dietary intake of woman aged 18 to 59 years old was the highest, with an average of 0.178 5 mg/kg BW per day. When aluminum intake of the 97.5 percentile, the dietary intake of aluminium in children aged 2 to 7 years old was the highest.The margins of safety (MOS) of all age groups were smaller than 1, while the MOS of high exposure (P97.5) group was above 1. Fried and baked food were the main sources of aluminium exposure in two age groups (2-7 years and 8-12 years old group), while fried food, cold noodle and starch products were the main sources of aluminium exposure for others. Conclusion Dietary intake (P97.5) of aluminium exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The dietary intake of aluminium in women and children was high. Fried food was the main sources of aluminium exposure in all age groups.

Abstract:Objective To investigate a poisoning caused by wild mushrooms and to identify the toxin in these mushrooms. Methods Epidemiological investigation, blood test and mushroom toxin were analyzed. Results This incident was taken place in one family, and all family members were dead. Multiple organ damage was observed in all patients; amatoxins and virotoxins were detected in both mushrooms and the soup, but were not detected in blood samples because of dialysis. Conclusion The incident was caused by wild mushrooms and public education shoud be strenthened to urge people to avoid eating wild mushrooms and go to the hospital immediately if poisoning takes place.

Abstract:Classification, toxicity and determination method progress especially the pretreatment and limit of quantitation of beauvericin (BEA) and 4 main kinds of enniatins (ENNs) including enniatins A (ENA), enniatins A₁ (ENA₁), enniatins B (ENB) and enniatins B₁ (ENB₁) in food were introduced. The contamination levels of BEA, 4 kinds of ENNs and their co-occurrence mycotoxins in food from Spain, Morocco, Italy, Japan and some other countries were analyzed. Establishment of high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) determination method for the complex food matrix was suggested.