Abstract:To improve national food safety standards system upon the requirement of new launched Health China 2030 Strategic Plan, and make proposals.Methods The article reviewed the output of food safety standard from 2011-2015 and challenges faced in existed food safety standard system. Results Some recommendations are made to improve food safety standard management framework, including:to develop new food safety standards; to fully apply food safety risk analysis principle when developing standards; to innovate food safety standard management mechanism; to innovate enterprise food safety standard recording mode; to conduct cost-benefit analysis and training of food safety standards; to participate international standard development actively; to speed up the establishment of independent food safety standards authority.Conclusion Two key principles including compliance to the Food Safety Law and application of food safety risk analysis will still apply on the establishment of science based, reasonable and practical Chinese national food safety standard system from 2016-2020 which will fit the food safety reality in China.

Abstract:The compression sensing method reduces the times of sample inspection by sample mixing process, thus improving the sampling efficiency, reducing the sampling cost and shortening the sampling time. Methods Based on the characteristics of sparse data, the compression sensing method was applied to the food safety risk monitoring sample detection. The mixed samples were detected, and the original data was then reconstructed according to the corresponding algorithm with R statistical software. Results The detection values of 125 original samples were reconstructed using the compression sensing method, and the sum of squared errors was 3.782 652 × 10-29. There were 117 original samples lower than the detection limit were accurately reconstructed. The 8 samples which were higher than the detection limit were slightly larger than the real value, but the error is very small and can be neglected. Conclusion Compression sensing methods could reduce the testing number of samples by mixing samples and reconstruct the contaminant content of each original sample from several mixed samples.

Abstract:To observe the effect of the genetically modified wheat harboring GmDREB1 gene on intestinal microflora in sprague dawley (SD) rats.Methods Based on gender and weight, sixty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:genetically modified (GM) wheat group (group A), non-GM wheat group (group B) and AIN-93 control group (group C). They were fed for 12 months. Feces samples were collected during the experiment period. Culture of fecal flora and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to investigate the bacterial profiles of the three groups. Results Compared with pre-experiment, the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus of group A and B increased significantly, which was significantly higher than those of group C (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between group A and group B in the number of the five feces flora, bands and Shannon's index (P>0.05). UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that group A and group B showed a high degree of similarity.Conclusion It was concluded that the genetically modified wheat with GmDREB1 gene had no detrimental effects on the intestinal microflora in SD rats.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of lutein intervention on cognitive competence in mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the related mechanism.Methods Use 5-month male senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) as a natural model of AD. SAMP8s were randomly assigned into 1 AD model group and 3 lutein intervention groups; senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1(SAMR1) were used as control.15,0, 60 mg/kg BW lutein was given to the 3 intervention groups, once a day via intragastric administration for 8 weeks. Cognitive competence was assessed by the Morris water maze after intervention. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in brain tissue were measured. The pathological observation of the hippocampus was performed. Results Medium and high level of lutein intervention lowered the escape latency SAMP8(P＜0.05). Lutein intervention increased the levels of CAT, GSH, AchE and lowered MDA(P＜0.05). High level lutein reduced the number of abnormal cells in hippocampus(P＜0.05).Conclusion Lutein can improve the cognitive competence of SAMP8 and one of its possible mechanisms was by enhancing oxidation resistance and reducing oxidative damage.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to explore the distribution of Salmonella species in a man-made river and their antimicrobial resistance and provide knowledge for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases.Methods River water samples were processed including centrifugation concentration, enrichment with buffered peptone water, selective cultivation with selenite-cystine broth and chromogenic plate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion method. β-lactam resistance genes and intI1 gene were tested using PCR. Results From January 2014 to October 2015, a total of 105 Salmonella isolates of 12 different serovars were recovered from 48 river water samples. The most frequent isolated serovars were typhimurium (n=26), Derby (n=14), Rissen (n=8), enteritidis (n=4), Agona (n=4), Stanley (n=4) and Agama (n=4). Other 41 strains were other serovars and untypables. Overall, about 66.7% strains were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial drug. The antimicrobial resistance rates were as following:ampicillin (53.3%), tetracycline (42.9%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (32.4%), gentamicin (11.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.8%), cefotaxime (4.8%), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (4.8%). Four types of β-lactam resistance genes were detected, including TEM (n=52), OXA (n=6) and CTX-M (n=3). Up to 58.1% (n=61) of 105 strains were positive for class-1 integron.Conclusion High occurrence of Salmonella contamination and high level of antimicrobial resistance were detected in a man-made river. It was noteworthy that some serovars were important foodborne pathogens. These strains showed high level of antimicrobial resistance and carried several resistance genes. This situation called for future attention about the risk caused by the widespread of resistant Salmonella species in aquatic environment.

Abstract:To quantitatively investigate the contamination and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in chicken carcasses in broiler slaughterhouse in Qingdao.Methods A total of 141 chilled chicken carcasses were collected from 2 slaughterhouses in Qingdao of Shandong Province once a month from October to December in 2014. All samples were enumerated for Salmonella. Presumptive isolates were serotyped according to Kauffmann-White scheme. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 11 antimicrobial agents against Salmonella isolates were determined by broth microdilution method.Results Overall, 105 samples (74.5%, 105/141) were positive for Salmonella and the median load was 43 MPN/100 g with the minimum value of 3.6 MPN/100 g and the maximum value of >1 100 MPN/100 g. A total of 355 isolates were obtained. Salmonella enteritidis was the most common serovar detected (220 isolates), followed by S.indiana (88 isolates) and S.agona (19 isolates). 90.4% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 88.7% (315/355) of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. Of all 220 S.enteritidis isolates, 219 isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 2.7% (6/220) were multi-drug resistant. Of all 88 S.indiana isolates, 85 isolates were multi-drug resistant, and the predominant resistant profile was GEN-CHL-CIP-NAL-AMP-SAM-CAZ-CTX-SXT. Of all 19 S.agona isolates, 18 isolates were susceptible to all 11 antimicrobials, while one isolate resistant to NAL.Conclusion The contamination rate of Salmonella in broiler slaughterhouse in Qingdao is high. S.enteritidis, S.indiana and S.agonist were the main serotypes. The overall drug resistance rate of Salmonella was higher and showed multi-drug resistance.

Abstract:To optimize and determine the protein microarray detection condition for bovine lactoferrin (Lf) in milk.Methods Protein microarray technology and sandwich method was used to optimize the detection condition by probe experiment, homogeneity of the spots of the probes experiment, chessboard titration experiment, concentration dilution experiment, limit of detection and biologic limit of detection experiment. Results The 75# mouse monoclonal antibody was chosen as the printing probe, the pre-printing number was 46 points and the printing stable zone was from 46th to 90th point; the concentration of probe is 0.5 mg/ml, the valence of detection antibody was 1∶2 000; the dose-response relationship appeared the S curve from 0.6 to 612 ng/ml and the linearity range was from 9.56 to 306 ng/ml, respectively; the limit of detection and biologic limit of detection was 1.68 and 3.59 ng/ml, respectively; finally, the regression equation with an optimum determination coefficient (r=0.998) and the standard curve were established.Conclusion This study optimized the protein microarray detection condition for bovine Lf in milk, and these detection conditions were the basis of the further study for establishing the relevant protein microarray plat.

Abstract:To investigate the contamination situation of Staphylococcus aureus(SA) and the drug resistance of epidemic strains in animal food market of Nanning in 2015, and to provide data support for foodborne disease surveillance.Methods A total of 383 samples of different kinds of animal derived foods were collected and identified by national standard method. The drug resistance of 28 strains of Staphylococcus aureus was detected by K-B disk method, and the resistant gene was detected by PCR. Results The results of drug resistance test of 28 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 383 animal food samples showed that 10 of them were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, twenty-eight strains were of different degree of antibiotic resistance, and four resistance genes were detected. Conclusion Staphylococcus aureus contamination in commercial animal foods poses a risk of food poisoning. The results of drug resistance test of isolates can provide reference for the food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus in Nanning.

Abstract:To investigate the features and regular patterns of foodborne disease outbreak incidents in schools in Yunnan Province between 2010 and 2015, and to provide the countermeasure against these incidents.Methods Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the foodborne disease outbreak incidents in schools in Yunnan Province; the number of monthly foodborne disease outbreak incidents in 2016 was predicted by seasonal trend model. Results From 2010 to 2015, the number of foodborne disease outbreak incidents, victims and deaths in schools were 106,3 972 and 2, which accounted for 6.67%, 23.32% and 0.71% of the total outbreaks. Foodborne disease outbreak incidents were mainly distributed in the primary school and middle school of rural and township areas. The major cause was associated with toxic agents from the food of animal or plant origin and microbial contamination. The foodborne disease outbreak incidents in schools was predicted as continuous rise in 2016, and reached the peak in March, April, June and September by seasonal trend model.Conclusion The best practices to prevent and reduce the foodborne disease outbreak incidents are to standardize the operation procedures of caterers, to enhance input and management measures, to establish effective supervisory mechanisms for the catering industry, and to reinforce the education of the prevention of foodborne diseases. Seasonal trend model could be used to predict the trend of the foodborne disease outbreak incidents in schools.

Abstract:To investigate the molecular characteristics of the L.monocytogenes isolated from food in Taizhou, establish the background profile, and to provide supports for prevention and control of foodborne diseases.Methods Thirty-seven L.monocytogene strains isolated from food in recent years were divided into serogroups by a multiplex PCR assay and screened for 9 potential virulence factors including prfA, inlA, inlB, iap, flaA, hlyA, plcB, mpl and actA by single PCR. All strains were genotyped by PFGE results analyzed with BioNumerics 6.6 software. Results The serotype 1/2a or 3a was the major serovar of L.monocytogenes from food in Taizhou area. More than four types of virulence genes were detected in all strains. Fifteen L.monocytogene strains harbored all nine virulence genes. A total of 37 strains were divided into 22 PFGE patterns with Apa I digestion. Each pattern included 1-5 strains with similarity ranged from 67%-100%. Conclusion Foodborne L.monocytogenes were one of the risk factors of foodborne illness in Taizhou. The established fingerprint databases could provide technical support for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases.

Abstract:To evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. using samples from the environment and retailed raw pork from free markets in Beijing. Methods The susceptibility of 86 isolated Enterococcus spp. to 10 antibiotics was determined by broth microdilution method according to CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). Results In all 86 isolates tested, 67.44% (58/86), 54.65% (47/86), 38.37% (33/86), 26.74% (23/86), 23.26% (20/86) and 20.93% (18/86) of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, high-level streptomycin, high-level gentamicin, and chloramphenicol, respectively. It should be pointed out that 30 (34.88%) strains of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to more than 3 antibiotics, and 22 spectrums of antimicrobial susceptibility were observed. All Enterococcus spp. were susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin. According to the antibiotic profiles analysis, Enterococcus spp. isolated from different sources had significant difference on the antibiotic profiles. Moreover, daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. from food-related samples was first reported in China.Conclusion The multi-drug resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from raw pork and environmental samples of the free markets was very serious, and their antibiotic profiles presented significant difference. It was the first time to isolate a daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. from food. Therefore, close attention should be paid to drug resistance surveillance.

Abstract:To study the effect of boxthorn seed oil and flaxseed oil complex on mice immunity.Methods Chose 200 institute of cancer research(ICR)mice and divided into five groups, and 40 mice in each group were randomly divided into 4 subgroups according to body weight, including three different doses(0.25,0.50,1.50 g/kg BW)and the control. After gavage administration of 30 days, body weight, immune organ-body ratios, cell immunity, humoral immunity, mononuclear macrophage phagocytosis and natural killer(NK)cell activity index were measured. Results Compared with the control group, the medium and high dose groups had significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH)and NK cell activity(P<0.05). The high dose groups also showed a significant increase in half hemolytic content(HC₅₀)and antibody generating cell(P<0.05). There were no significant changes in body weight gains, immune organ-body ratios, mononuclear macrophage phagocytosis and lymphocyte transformation capability(P>0.05).Conclusion Boxthorn seed oil and flaxseed oil had positive effects on mice immune function.

Abstract:A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 20 sulfonamides and 8 quinolones antibiotic residues in meat by QuEChERS and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).Methods The analytes were extracted with 1% formic acid acetonitrile and cleaned up with dispersive-solid phase extraction. The target analytes were separated by Waters C₁₈ column with gradient elution. The analytes were detected by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry after positive electrospray ionization by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). External standard method was used to determine the results. Results The correlation coefficients of 28 antibiotics ranged from 0.997 5 to 0.999 6 in the linear range. The limits of detection were 0.17-0.91 μg/kg (S/N=3). The recoveries of sulfonamides and quinolones were 70.9% to 115.2% and 71.3%-112.3% respectively. The RSDs of sulfonamides and quinolones were 2.8%-15.9% and 2.5%-14.6%(n=6) .Conclusion The method was effective, rapid, sensitive, and suitable for the monitoring of multi-antibiotic residues in animal derived foods.

Abstract:This study was aimed to compare several potentially reliable extraction methods for norovirus (NoV) in ready-to-eat raw fish meat. Methods Several methods of viral elution, viral concentration, RNA extraction and real-time reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were compared and optimized by artificial contaminated NoV type GII in raw salmon sashimi, in order to improve the NoV detection. Results It was shown that viral particles could be well extracted and PCR inhibitors could be eliminated by a combination elution of Tri/Glycine/Beef extract solution, PEG/NaCl precipitation and chloroform-butanol (1∶1,V/V) extraction. In addition, the optimized extraction and detection method in this study could increase the average recovery rate of NoV type GII from no more than 3% to 15.15% in ready-to-eat raw fish meat, and the detection sensitivity was 17.3 RT-PCRU/25 g.Conclusion This optimal method has a better performance in repeatability and reproducibility, and it is suitable for rapid detection of NoV in ready-to-eat raw fish meat.

Abstract:To develop a rapid method for determination of chloramphenicol and metronidazole in chicken and egg by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and provide analytical methodology for chicken and egg in Ningxia.Methods Samples of chicken and eggs were protein precipitated with acetonitrile, then extracted by ethyl acetate and acetonitrile, and cleaned up by Oasis MCX column. Chloramphenicol and metronidazole were separated on ACQUITY BEH C₁₈ chromatographic column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) with mobile phase of acetonitrile-water on gradient elution, then determined and quantified by mass spectrometry. Results Average recoveries of chloramphenicol and metronidazole at three spiked levels were 96.3%-110.5% with relative standard deviations less than 7.0%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for both chloramphenicol and metronidazole were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.3 μg/kg.Conclusion The method was accurate, reliable, and could be used as a quality control method for chloramphenicol and metronidazole in chicken and egg.

Abstract:To establish a method for detection of ten common mycotoxins in corn flour with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) pretreatment and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).Methods The samples were extracted by acetonitrile-water (90∶10, V/V) and evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, reconstituted by cyclohexane/ethyl-acetate mixture (1∶1, V/V), then purified by GPC and concentrated. The reconstituted solution was filtered through 0.22 μm nylon syringe filter. Chromatography was performed using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm). Quantitation was performed in the electrospray ionization mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Results Quantified by matrix matching external standard method, all mycotoxins had good linear relationship within linear ranges, the correlation coefficients of the standard curve were 0.995 9-0.999 8. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) of ten mycotoxins were 0.003-1.2 μg/kg, the recoveries at low, middle and high spiked levels were from 71.3%-91.3%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 3.1%-13.2%.Conclusion The method was high sensitive, accurate, safe, low cost, simple and suitable for determination of mycotoxins in corn flour products.

Abstract:To develop a high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of maleic acid and fumaric acid in flour products.Methods The flour product samples were extracted with 50 ml of 10% methanol and water, then centrifuged and filtered with 0.45 μm membrane. Waters Atlantis T3 chromatographic column was used to separate the sample with 0.1% phosphoric acid and methyl alcohol (95∶5, V/V) as the mobile phase. The samples were detected by UV-detector, the column temperature was 30 ℃ and the wavelength was 210 nm. Results Under the optimized experimental conditions, the calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 0.1-25 μg/ml. The regression equation is y=147008x-1316.8 (r=0.999 5, n=6) for maleic acid, y=176689x-670.1 (r=0.999 6, n=6) for fumaric acid. The detection limit was 2.0 mg/kg with the recovery rate in the range of 86.88%-93.02%, and the relative standard deviation of method was 0.67%-1.08%.Conclusion The method was simple, accurate, and could be applied to the determination of maleic acid and fumaric acid in flour products.

Abstract:Pretreatment for bisphenol A (BPA) in plastic bottled lactic acid drinks was discussed and a method for the determination of BPA by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)was established.Methods Samples were protein precipitated under alkaline condition before solid phase extraction. The elution was separated by column with water and methanol as the mobile phase(volume ratio 40∶60). LC-MS/MS ion electrospray ionization mode(ESI-)was adopted together with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and external standard quantitative analysis. Results The method had good linearity within 2.0 to 100.0 μg/L; The instrumental detection limit was 0.01 ng; The method detection limit was 0.001 μg/kg with the sample mass of 10 g; Recoveries of Bisphenol A of high, medium or low concentration (80、50、10 μg/L) were 100.9%-107.5%. The coefficients of variation were 6.2%-7.6%.Conclusion This method is suitable for the determination of trace amounts of BPA in plastic bottled lactic acid drinks with high sensitivity, simple pre-treatment, batch testing, and high-speed.

Abstract:This paper summarizes the history and present situation of food safety liability insurance, and analyzes the existing problems of the pilot programs, such as low enthusiasm for the participation of enterprise, lack of attractiveness of the insurance product, lack of a strong means of implementation and so on. In view of the existing problems, this paper puts forward some strategies and suggestions to promote the food safety liability insurance pilot work:to develop the exclusive liability insurance products, improve the market-oriented operation mechanism, strengthen the related mechanism by inspection and the capacity-building of risk management services and so on, encourage to explore innovative extension model according to local conditions, and strengthen the publicity summary and supervision.

Abstract:To investigate the concentrations of lithium (Li), strontium (Sr) and metasilicic acid and analyze the suitability of the three components as boundary index of the packaged drinking spring water in Hebei Province.Methods Forty-seven samples of packaged drinking spring water were collected from supermarkets in six cities. The samples were detected for Li, Sr and metasilicic acid with national standard methods. Results All 47 samples had detectable strontium, the concentration of 31 samples were above 0.2 mg/L and 16 samples were in the range of 0.15-0.2 mg/L. Twenty-eight samples had detectable metasilicic acid, the concentration of 2 samples were above 25 mg/L, 2 samples were above 13 mg/L, and the other samples were below 13 mg/L. None samples had detectable lithium. Strontium and metasilicic acid were labeled in 27 and 33 samples as boundary index respectively. The detected concentrations of Sr in 4 samples and metasilicic acid in 29 samples were not accordance with the label.Conclusion Strontium was universal contained in the natural spring water with a relatively stable concentration and suitable as a boundary index. The levels of metasilicic acid in spring water varied greatly with the sources of the water. Therefore, manufacturers should carefully label metasilicic acid based on the actual detection results.

Abstract:After the Food Safety Law was released, the mandatory food codes of hygienic practices were being revised and the internationally accepted concept of “microbial monitoring” was introduced, which would strengthen the management of the production environment and process control, and embody the principle of prevention. This paper summarized the background, function and requirements of microbiological monitoring in domestic and foreign food laws and regulations, analyzed and discussed the microbial monitoring requirements and consideration in the national food safety standards. The suggestions for implementation were discussed.

Abstract:The export of food contact materials in China faces severe technology trade barrier after foreign countries setting up the restriction regulations and standards for bisphenol A (BPA). This paper introduces the regulations, limits and detection methods of BPA in many countries and organizations, such as USA, Canada, European Union, Japan, France and so on, as well as Chinese food contact materials. With reviews of the domestic and foreign regulations, standards and detection methods for BPA limits in the food contact materials, their differences were analyzed and summarized, some suggestions on BPA restriction regulations and detection methods in China were proposed. It could provide effective guidance to domestic companies, testing organizations, standardization committees and regulatory authorities.

Abstract:To investigate the contamination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in raw food in Pudong New Area, Shanghai.Methods In 2015, nine kinds of raw food were collected for the detection of pathogenic bacteria, and the isolates were serotyped. Results A total of 41.10% (494/1 202) food was contaminated, and 587 pathogenic bacteria were isolated. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (194), Aeromonas (134) and Listeria monocytogenes (131) were the most prevalent pathogens. The highest detection rate was in the second quarter (47.85%) and in shrimp (64.71%). The distribution of major pathogenic bacteria in foods was different. The dominant serogroup/serotype/species were O∶1-O∶5 (Vibrio parahaemolyticus,81.96%), O∶8 and O∶5 (Yersinia enterocolitica,50.00%), A.veronii (Aeromonas,67.91%), C.jejuni and C.coli (Campylobacter,89.29%). The distribution of Salmonella serotypes was various.Conclusion The contamination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in raw food was serious in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The distribution of pathogens was diverse and seasonal, and co-contamination occurred.

Abstract:To investigate the virulence gene, serotype and antibiotic resistance of Vibiro parahaemolyticus from different sources in Wuxi.Methods For 92 strains of Vibiro parahaemolyticus, PCR was used to detect virulence gene. Serotype was determined by serum agglutination test. Antibiotic resistance was performed by disc diffusion method. Results The detection rate of tdh gene among food poisoning strains was 85.7%(12/14). The detection rate of tdh among sentinel hospital strains was 88.6%(39/44). But the detection rate of tdh among environment strains was only 14.7%(5/34). Serotype O3 was found to be the dominant serotype among the strains from food poisoning(85.7%,12/14) and sentinel hospital(65.9%,29/44), while there was no dominant serotype found in environment strains. The rate of ampicillin resistance among food poisoning strains was 35.7%(5/14). The rate of ampicillin resistance among sentinel hospital strains was 65.9%(29/44)and was 11.8%(4/34)among environment strains. All strains were 100.0% sensitive to ampicillin/sulbactam, gentamycin, iminodiaeetic, thienamycin.Conclusion The virulence gene, serotype and antibiotic resistance of V.parahaemolyticus isolated from different sources were different. Ideal antibiotic for treatment of V.parahaemolyticus were ampicillin/sulbactam, gentamycin, iminodiaeetic and thienamycin.

Abstract:To investigate dibutyl phthalate(DBP)concentration level in food, assess the dietary exposure of DBP among Chinese population and its potential health risks. Methods Using simple distribution method to estimate DBP dietary exposure in Chinese population, DBP concentration level of 24 food categories was collected during 2011 to 2013 and the consumption data were taken from China National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002. Subsequently, the risk was characterized by calculating the exposure and comparing with the tolerable daily intake (TDI, 0.01 mg/kg BW) of DBP.Results DBP concentration level in foods was in the range of not detected to 46.50 mg/kg, and the mean was 0.11 mg/kg. The mean dietary intake of DBP in general population was 1.21 μg/kg BW, accounting for 12.08% of TDI. The dietary intake of DBP high-consuming populations was 2.84 μg/kg BW, accounting for 28.42% of TDI.The major food contributors to DBP were rice (20.30%) and instant noodles (15.34%) for the general population.Conclusion This results suggested that the DBP exposure in Chinese population was considerably lower than the TDI and the health risk caused by DBP at this intake level was quite low.

Abstract:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of food poisoning events in Xiamen from 2011-2015, and to provide basis for prevention and control.Methods Data of food poisoning events in Xiamen during 2011-2015 were collected through foodborne disease outbreak reporting system.The general situation,seasonal and monthly distribution,pathogenic factors and locations of the food poisoning were analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological methods. Results There were 77 reported food poisoning events,with a total of 806 victims and 1 death.Poisoning events were more often in the third quarter of the year,and the peak was in the August.The most common reason for food poisoning was microbial food poisoning, accounting for 62.34%(48/77), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was the main pathogenic factor. Food poisoning caused by Norwalk virus was reported from 2012 in Xiamen. Food poisoning events were mainly traced back to catering services in the Siming District.Conclusion It's necessary to strengthen efforts to promote awareness of food safety risks, strengthen the surveillance of restaurants, and establish the effective emergency response mechanism to prevent and reduce food poisoning in Xiamen.