Abstract:The food data of the whole life cycle from farmland to dining table implies the spatial geographic attribute. Compared with the classical statistics, spatial statistics can utilize effectively this property to realize the food safety of cross-border integration and correlation analysis, and it has more advantages on achieving multidisciplinary integration, inspiring professionals for depth-thinking, utilizing the multidimensional data fully, approximating to the truth. Nowadays it is gradually used in pollution of agricultural regions spatial sampling and distribution pattern analysis,food-borne diseases aggregation analysis,early outbreak detection and early warning, food emergency prevention and control , food safety supervision and decision-making and so on. With the arrival of the era of big data, it will become an important tool for food safety big data analysis.

Abstract:To evaluate the sub-chronic oral toxicity and maximum no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of L-alanine from fermentation broth in Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain rats.Methods According to procedures and methods for toxicological assessment of food (2003 edition), a total of 96 4-week-age cleaning grade weanling SD rats were divided randomly into 4 groups, 12 male rats and 12 female rats in each group. Rats were fed the diet containing 0.00,1.25,2.50 and 5.00 g/kg BW L-alanine from fermentation broth for 90 consecutive days respectively. On the 45^th day, blood samples collected from inner canthus veniplex were used for complete blood count. At the end of the experiment, samples of blood were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis, respectively. Livers, spleens, kidneys and testicles (ovariesy) from all rats were weighed, furthermore, and the ratio of these organs to body weight was determined. The brain (including cerebrum, cerebellum and pons cerebelli), heart, thymus, lung, liver, kidneys, adrenal gland, spleen, stomach, duodenum, testicles, ovariesy and uterus (horn and cervix) were removed for histopathological examinations. Results The growth and development of all rats in four groups generally performed well with normal growth and development. There were no significant differences between three experimental groups and the control group (P>0.05), including the final body weight, total food intake, total food utilization, the cardinal organs/tissues’ wet weight and organ coefficient. No sample-related significant changes were observed on haematology and serum biochemistry parameters at the mid or final term. Histopathological examinations showed no damage caused by L-alanine from fermentation broth, except for a few of the common spontaneous lesions.Conclusion The NOAEL of male and female SD rats in oral sub-chronic toxicity study for L-alanine from fermentation broth were 4.58,5.56 g/kg BW respectively.

Abstract:To analyze the virulence related-genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus isolates in Guangzhou, and to establish regional PFGE database which would support molecular epidemiology of Vibrio vulnificus and traceability of foodborne disease.Methods 68 Vibrio vulnificus strains were characterized by the virulence related-genes and PFGE typing. Finger printing of each strain was analyzed by BioNumerics. Results All Vibrio vulnificus strains were positive for hemolysis A gene (vvhA).Five genetypes were detected, they were CB, EA, CAB, CA and EB type. 42 BT1 nucleic acid positive strain were detected. The 68 strains of Vibrio vulnificus were divided into 52 PFGE patterns.Conclusion The PFGE pattern of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from seafood was diversed, and CB type was the predominant virulence related-gene. It is necessary to strengthen the detection of Vibrio vulnificus in marine products to prevent the outbreak of Vibrio vulnificus infection.

Abstract:To study the subtyping, antimicrobial resistances and molecular characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from patients in Beijing.Methods 32 strains isolated from patients from 2013 to 2015 were characterized by serotyping with PCR, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results 32 Listeria monocytogenes isolates included 4 serotypes of 1/2b (17 strains), 1/2a (12 strains), 4b (2 strains) and 1/2c (1 strains). Digested by Asc I, 23 PFGE patterns were identified and divided into 4 clusters. The PFGE patterns of the same Listeria serotype were in the same cluster. The consistency of the two classification methods was 93.75% (30/32). All strains were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin. Most of the strains had low MIC values to the other 8 kinds of antibiotics, but a few strains had high MIC values to oxacillin and tetracycline, even to 32 or 64 μg/ml.Conclusion The dominant serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from patients in Beijing were 1/2b and 1/2a. There were some correlations between serotypes and PFGE patterns. Resistance rate was low, but more attention should be paid to the resistance trend monitoring.

Abstract:To find out the trend and epidemiological distribution of the wild mushroom poisoning, so as to provide scientific basis for disease control and prevention, accounting for 57.9% (868/1 498), 25.1% (3 789/15 093) and 57.3% (126/220) of the total numbers.Methods Analyze the data from foodborne disease outbreak reporting system during 2011-2015 in Yunnan Province. Results A total of 868 events, 3 789 cases and 126 deaths of wild mushroom poisoning were recorded by the national foodborne disease outbreak reporting system during 2011-2015 in Yunnan Province. The largest numbers of poisoning events, cases and deaths were reported in 2015, accounting for 43.0% (373/868), 41.4% (1 570/3 789) and 26.2% (33/126) of the total numbers. Most of the wild mushroom poisonings was reported during June-August, accounting for 87.8% (762/868), 86.1% (3 262/3 789) and 87.3% (110/126) of the total numbers. The highest number of wild mushroom poisoning events, cases and deaths was occurred in rural area and households, accounting for 92.1% (799/868), 86.0% (3 258/3 789) and 93.6% (118/126) of the total numbers. Eating by mistake and inappropriate processing were the main course of poisoning events. 53.6% (465/868) events, 54.7% (2 074/3 789) cases and 82.5% (104/126) deaths happened due to eating by mistake. 45.3% (393/868) events, 44.4% (1 681/3 789) cases and 16.7% (21/126) deaths caused by inappropriate processing.Conclusion Wild mushroom poisoning is a serious public health concern in Yunnan Province, and appropriate countermeasures should be taken. The effective measures includes further research and health education.

Abstract:To understand the causes of food poisoning incidents in Guangxi, and to improve the pertinence and effectiveness of the incident prevention and control.Methods The data of food poisoning in Guangxi during 2010-2014 were collected and analyzed by the food types, pathogenesis, and pathogenic factors by using descriptive epidemiology. Results A total of 98 food poisoning incidents occurred in Guangxi, resulting in 2 446 cases and 35 deaths. The main suspicious foods were mixed foods, livestock and poultry meat and castor bean. Causes of the events were eating by mistake, inappropriate processing and cross-contamination. Bacterial poisoning was the main risk factor, and the poisonous plants had the highest mortality.Conclusion The food poisoning and the pathogenic factors caused by different food had specific patterns and characteristics. A high risk food list should be developed, and targeted prevention and control measures should be taken.

Abstract:To develop a multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay for detection Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp), Salmonella (Sal) and Listeria monocytogenes (Lmo) in seafood.Methods The primers and TaqMan probes were designed with tlh, Ompc and hly gene as target sequence, corresponding V.parahaemolyticus, Salmonella and L.monocytogenesfor the multiplex real-time PCR assay, and its specificity and sensitivity were then tested. 150 samples collected from Zhoushan were screened for V.parahaemolyticus, Salmonella and L.monocytogenes using this method compared with national standard. Results Only V.parahaemolyticus,Salmonella and L.monocytogenesstrains exhibited typical signal curves while other bacteria often concurred with them in seafoods were not amplified, and did not interfere with the detection, indicating the specificity of this assay. The detection limit of this method was 72 cfu/ml (Vp), 40 cfu/ml (Sal) and 80 cfu/ml (Lmo). In the 150 samples collected from Zhoushan, 32 samples were positive for Vp, 11 positive for Sal, 5 positive for Lmo which was consistent with national standard.Conclusion This method is specific, sensitive, rapid and easy for detection of V.parahaemolyticus, Salmonella and L.monocytogenes in seafoods.

Abstract:To establish a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 8 environmental estrogens, including bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, estrone, 17β-estradio, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, 4-octylpheno and diethy lstilbestrol in fruits.Methods Fruit samples were ultrasonic extracted by acetonitrile and cleaned up on a HLB solid phase extraction column. The extract was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, and the residue was redissolved in methanol. The gradient elution of 8 environmental estrogens was carried out by a ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) using acetonitrile-methanol (4∶1, V/V) and 0.1% ammonia aqueous solution as the mobile phase. The target compounds were confirmed and quantified by HPLC-MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with external standard method. Results 8 environmental estrogens and impurity could be well separated, and it showed good linearity in the range of 5-100 μg/L (each r≥0.99). The detection limit of the method was 0.17-0.51 μg/kg, the limit of quantification was 1.33-2.55 μg/kg, the average recovery was 67.77%-110.49%, and the precision was 1.08%-12.74%. The method was applied to fruit samples, bisphenol A was detected in all samples, most samples were detected 4-n-nonylphenol and ethinyl estradiol, some were detected 17β-estradiol and remaining 4 environmental estrogens were not detected. Conclusion The method is rapid, sensitive and accurate, and was suitable for the determination and confirmation of 8 environmental estrogens in fruit.

Abstract:To establish a method for determination of 6 plant growth regulator residues in fruits by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using the isotope internal standard.Methods The sample was extracted by acetic acid in acetonitrile and homogenized. After dehydration reagent treatment, the sample was centrifugated and cleaned-up by dispersive solid phase extraction tube. The supernatant was detected by vortex mixing and centrifugation. The conditions of elution for mobile phase and analysis for mass spectrometry were optimized. Results The recovery test of the spiked sample was used with 3 concentrations, 0.6,0 and 50 μg/kg. The spiked sample recoveries were at 80.1%-115.0% and the relative standard deviations of detection were at 4.3%-9.9%. The limits of quantification and detection were 0.2-4.0 and 0.06-1.5 μg/kg.Conclusion The method is simple, accurate, sensitive and it can meet the determination requirements of pesticide residues in foods.

Abstract:To establish a method for the determination of amantadine, rimantadine, memantine, oseltamivir, moroxydine and aciclovir in animal derived food by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).Methods The residues of antiviral drugs in the samples were extracted with buffer (ammonium acetate pH=4.8). After being cleaned up with QuEChERS, the residues were detected by HPLC-MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) via positive ionisation mode. Results The limit of detection for amantadine, rimantadine and memantine was 0.1 μg/kg, 0.3 μg/kg for oseltamivir and 0.5 μg/kg for moroxydine and aciclovir. 6 antiviral drugs showed a good linearity over the range of 0.5-100 μg/kg, with r>0.992. The average recoveries at 3 spiked levels were above 50%, while the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 0.8%-5.7% (n=6).Conclusion The method was highly sensitive, accurate and rapid and was suitable for the detection of antiviral drugs in animal derived food.

Abstract:A method for the determination of eight antibiotic residues in animal food by the ultra pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established.Methods The analytes were extracted by ethyl acetate, and the identification was achieved by electrospray ionization in positive and negative mode (ESI+/ESI-) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The quantifications were performed by the matrix matched internal standards. Results Under the optimum experimental conditions, the calibration curves of the eight analytes showed a good linearity in the concentrations of 0.05-50.0 μg/kg with r² above 0.995. Recoveries were between 56.8% and 108.2% with RSD less than 15.4%. The limits of detection were 0.05-0.1 μg/kg.Conclusion The method had the advantages of simple pretreatment, high sensitivity, and lower matrix effects, which was suitable for rapid, high-throughput quantitative food analysis.

Abstract:A method was developed for the determination of twelve mycotoxins in cereal-based complementary foods for infants and young children by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using QuEChERS approach.Methods Sample was extracted with acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (84∶15∶1, V/V). The extracted solution was purified by QuEChERS approach and separated by using Synergi 4μ Fusion-RP C₁₈ (50 mm×2.0 mm,4 μm) chromatographic column, then was determined by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Matrix-matched calibration was used for the quantification.Results Twelve mycotoxins had good linear relationships in the certain correlation ranges with the correlation coefficients all above 0.999. The average recoveries of 12 mycotoxins at three spiked levels ranged from 80.5% to 106.4% with relative standard deviations of 5.3%-9.5%.Conclusion The method is rapid, simple and can be used for the determination of mycotoxins in cereal-based complementary foods for infants and young children.

Abstract:A method was developed for the determination of 23 pesticides residues in vegetables, including organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides.Methods The pesticides in samples were extracted with acetone/dichloromethane(1∶1, V/V) and cleaned up by automatic solid-phase extraction. The collected solution was analyzed by triple quadrupole gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with internal standard. Results It showed good linearity with the correlation coefficients above 0.993 3 in the range of 0.05-0.80 mg/L, the recoveries were in the range of 75.0%-105.5%, and the limits of detection(LOD) were 0.02-0.70 mg/kg. The residues of cypermethrin and cyhalothrin exceeded the standard in a few vegetable samples.Conclusion The method could be applied to the routine analysis for various pesticides in vegetable samples.

Abstract:To establish a method of rapid, sensitive, and accurate flow injection analysis (FIA) for the determination of cyanide in liquor.Methods After the sample being alkaline hydrolyzed by 2 g/L NaOH, the cyanide in liquor was determined directly by LACHAT QC8500 FIA under the optimized conditions. Results The matrix interference in liquor was successfully reduced, and the accuracy and sensitivity were improved. A significant linear correlation (r=0.999 9) existed within the range of 0.50-500 μg/L. The detection limit of the instrumental method was 0.17 μg/L. The recoveries of spiking samples and the relative standard deviations were 87.3%-97.9% and 2.2%-3.7% respectively.Conclusion The method is simple, sensitive, accurate for the determination of cyanide in different kinds of liquor.

Abstract:To develop a method for determination of nitrite in different food matrices by spectrophotometry.Methods Food samples were extracted and cleaned up according to the different matrices, and the nitrite was determined of by spectrophotometry. Results The detection limit was 0.02 mg/kg (NaNO₂) for liquid milk and yogurt, and was 0.2 mg/kg for the others. The average recovery for starch products at spiking level of 1.0-5.0 mg/kg was in the range of 77.6%-113%, with the RSD of 1.9%-13.4%. The average recovery for meat products at spiking level of 2.0-10.0 mg/kg was in the range of 77.5%-111.5%, with the RSD of 2.1%-7.8%. The average recovery for pickled vegetables at spiking level of 2.0-10.0 mg/kg was in the range of 58.5%-78.1%, with the RSD of 4.0%-12.5%. The average recovery for liquid milk and acidified milk at spiking level of 0.2-1.0 mg/kg was in the range of 81.5%-98.8%, with the RSD of 1.4%-8.1%.Conclusion The pretreatment method was optimized, and the improved method was suitable for the determination of nitrite in different food with less interference, high accuracy and sensitivity.

Abstract:In order to understand the contamination status of Salmonella from broiler cultivation, slaughter and processing in Heilongjiang Province.Methods According to the monitoring manual of Salmonella from broiler cultivation, slaughter and processing, and referring to the national food safety standard, Food Microbiological Examination Salmonella (GB 4789.4-2010), 3 766 samples collected from broiler cultivation, slaughter and processing in four cities were detected. Results 339 strains were isolated from 3 766 samples and the positive rate was 9.00% (339/3 766). The positive rate of strains isolated from cultivation, slaughter, processing and distribution was 2.82% (22/781), 2.14% (11/515), 13.84% (220/1 590) and 9.77% (86/880), respectively. Among the 8 sections in slaughter process, precooled water was contaminated with the highest positive rate of 35.42% (34/96). The detected Salmonella included 9 serotypes, mainly Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella indiana.Conclusion The contamination of Salmonella in slaughter and distribution process was severe in Heilongjiang Province. The slaughter process was the key point of contamination and the precooled water was the most contaminated section in slaughter process.

Abstract:To investigate the food safety knowledge and customer satisfaction regarding to catering services in Nanchang, and provide evidence for policy making.Methods Random sampling method was used to conduct the survey in December 2015,1 012 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed by descriptive method and chi-square test. Results Among 1 012 respondents, the taste (50.89%), dining environment (44.17%) and service attitude (42.69%) were the three factors that most concerned by consumers. More than 50% of the respondents very worried about the food safety issue. When experienced food safety problem, only 17.98% (182/1 012) of the respondents appealed to the law or made formal complaints. 56.82% (575/1 012) of the respondents were willing to participate in food safety supervision.Conclusion Customers did not cared about food safety when choosing catering services, while concerned about it in the survey. The consumer rights awareness was weak, and the willingness of involvement in food safety supervision was strong.

Abstract:To improve the standard of additives in food contact materials, adapt the changes of laws and regulations in China, meet the needs of the supervision authority and the market, and promote the safety of food contact materials.Methods Key technical problems were identified through public comments. Revision comments were combined according to industry investigation, regulation research and experts consultation. Results Standard title, terms and definitions, structure of appendix A, positive list of additives were proposed to be revised. Five key points, standard scope, SML(T), paper coating, dual function additives and phthalate were proposed for revision. Conclusion The revision suggestions of GB 9685-2008 was conformed to the principles of scientificity, practicability and coordination.

Abstract:To optimize the work of the enterprise food safety standards, the data of the enterprise food safety standards in Guangdong Province in 2015 were analyzed, the main problems and suggestions were discussed.Methods The general situation, food catalogues and problems of the enterprise food safety standards were analyzed. Results There were 7 536 copies of the enterprise food safety standards of Guangdong Province in 2015 in total, and 2 802 were modified. For the modified ratio, the ratio in the category of the foods for special dietary uses was the highest, accounting for 57.32% (94/164); the ratio in the category of the tea was the lowest, accounting for 27.55% (27/98). The main problems were the typographical errors, the problems of raw materials, the standard name unclearly indicating the true nature of the food, and the incompliance of usage of food additives and contaminants limits.Conclusion There were many mistakes in the enterprise food safety standards in Guangdong Province. Therefore, more efforts should be paid on the improvement of the capacity by the enterprises of formulation and revision of enterprise food safety standards and the training of food safety standards.

Abstract:To detect boron in some aquatic products from Zhejiang Province.Methods The aquatic products were collected from supermarkets and free markets in 11 cities of Zhejiang Province. The contents of boron were detected according to the second method in GB/T 21918-2008. Results In this study, 296 samples were detected. Among them, the positive rate was 66.2% (196/296). The median, P25, P75 and maximum value of boron content were 0.19, 0.025,0.47 and 26.8 mg/kg respectively. Both the content and positive rate of aquatic products in saltwater were higher than that in freshwater. In saltwater, there were no statistically significant differences in content and positive rate among crustaceans, fish and mollusks. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were found between crustaceans and fish in freshwater. There were also no statistically significant differences between shrimps and crabs in freshwater. Conclusion Freshwater aquatic products were all alive and marine aquatic products were ice fresh. The former measurement of boron content could be considered as background value, while the latter could not. Therefore, it could not be sure that the different living environment might affect the enrichment of boron in the organism. However, the determination of boron content in freshwater aquatic products will be beneficial for developing a standard of boron limitation in aquatic products.

Abstract:Aluminum residue in starch products was investigated to provide the basis for revising the standard and strengthening the safety supervision of starch products.Methods A total of 256 samples, including vermicelli, cellophane noodle and other packaged or bulk starch products within shelf life were collected randomly from large and medium-sized supermarkets, greengrocer in residential area, wholesale markets and terminal-market in Zhengzhou and its surrounding counties to detect aluminum residues according to the national standard GB/T 5009.182-2003 Entitled Determination of Aluminum in Flour Products, and were evaluated by GB 2760-2011 Food Additive Standard and with 100 mg/kg as reference according to GB 2762-2005 Food Allowable Level of Pollutants for flour products (dry weight). Results Among 60 cellophane noodle samples, the detection rate was 66.67%, the content was ranged in 0-267.50 mg/kg with the mean value of 27.16 mg/kg and the median of 16.40 mg/kg. Among 114 vermicelli samples, the detection rate was 92.11%, the content was ranged in 0-696.30 mg/kg with the mean value of 171.36 mg/kg and the median of 123.50 mg/kg, and the highest content was about 6 times of the limit. Among 12 jelly sheet samples, the detection rate was 75.00%, the content was ranged in 0-1 041.80 mg/kg with the mean value of 113.95 mg/kg and the median of 22.55 mg/kg. Among 10 menzi samples, the detection rate was 100.00%, the content was ranged from 46.10 to 235.20 mg/kg with the mean value of 96.88 mg/kg and the median of 69.95 mg/kg. Among 60 bean jelly, the detection rate was 90.00%, the content was ranged in 0-393.70 mg/kg with the mean value of 57.62 mg/kg and the median of 46.65 mg/kg, and the highest content was about 3 times of the limit.Conclusion There was a high level of aluminum residue in some starch products, and was mainly related to the use of aluminum containing food additives. It was necessary to strengthen the safety supervision of starch products.

Abstract:To detect the pesticide residues in imported fruits and vegetables, and to provide scientific basis for the development of related standards.Methods In this paper, 666 pesticides were detected in 282 fruits and vegetables by GB/T 19648-2006 and GB/T 20769-2008. The samples were collected in 2012-2014 from Qingdao, Shenzhen and Dalian ports. Results Among the 282 fruits and vegetables samples, 31 samples were not detected pesticide residues, accounting for 11.0%; 251 samples were detected pesticide residues, accounting for 89.0%. 52 kinds of pesticides were detected with a frequency of 702. The residue data were analyzed according to related maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China, European Union and Japan. The pesticide residue levels of imported bananas, durian, dragon fruit and strawberry were at the safe level, but the management of imported longan, cherry and grape should be strengthened.Conclusion The detection rate of pesticide residues in imported fruits and vegetables was as high as 89.0%, but only 1.1% of the samples exceed the MRLs in China. A conclusion could be made that the risk of pesticide residues from imported fruits and vegetables are relatively low.

Abstract:To develop the quantitative food microbial risk ranking model in China.Methods Based on the real consumption data, parameters for cross-contamination and cooking habits deriving from an expert elicitation, the food pathogen monitoring results from a province in 2010 was used as an example, a deterministic risk ranking model and matrix were used to prioritize the microbial hazards and food types combination. Results There was high health risk and relative high risks caused by Cronobacter in baby formula and Salmonella in raw meat and poultry. 89.2% illness was salmonellosis and 87.0% of the cases were attributed to the raw meat and poultry consumption. It also indicated that combinations like raw meat-Salmonella were the top priority for risk assessments and the cross-contamination should be a key factor. Conclusion A quantitative risk ranking model for food microbial contamination was preliminary developed and further validation was needed.

Abstract:To evaluate the potential cumulative effects to organophosphorus pesticides(OP) that act through a common mechanism of toxicity, and to assess the long term risks for the Chinese population, including general population, 2-6 aged, 7-12 aged, male and female adolescents aged 13-17 as well as male and female adults aged 18 and above.Methods Residue data were derived from vegetable samples (N=11 171) collected national wide during 2011, and food consumption data were taken from China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. The relative potency factor (RPF) approach was used to calculate the exposure of OPs using methamidophos as index chemical (IC). The exposure was estimated using a deterministic approach. Results It was found that chlorpyrifos had the highest detection rate (6.50%) in vegetable samples. About 1.70% of the samples contained at least one OP. The mean exposure for the general population was 0.49 μg/kg BW, representing 18.35% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of methamidophos. The P95 of exposure to OPs in the total Chinese population was 1.28 μg/kg BW, while the total P95 of the cumulative intake for 6 age-sex groups was in the range of 1.04 and 2.38 μg/kg BW, and was all below the ADI of IC. Further analysis showed that there were 68 (0.10%) individuals whose exposure had exceeded the ADI of index chemical. Among the 12 kinds of OPs, methamidophos, dimethoate, phorate, “methidathion” acephate and methidathion contributed most of the total combined exposure, accounting for 71.45%, 6.03%, 5.74%, 5.46% and 5.44% respectively.Conclusion The results indicate that the cumulative chronic risk from consumption of organophosphorus pesticides from vegetables for the Chinese population is low and do no need to pose any health concern.

Abstract:To obtain the information of antimony pollution level in main food and evaluate the dietary exposure level in Hunan Province.Methods Based on the data from Nutrition and Health Status in Hunan Province in 2002 and food contamination monitoring in 2014 and 2015, the dietary exposure level of antimony in Hunan Province was calculated, and the safety of antimony intake was evaluated by the TDI established by WHO. Results 1 445 samples from 7 food categories were analyzed. The total detection rate was 80.8% (1 168/1 445). The detection values were ND-0.20 mg/kg. The median was 0.008 4 mg/kg, daily dietary intake of antimony by the general population was 0.65 μg/kg BW, and the MOS values was 9.2. The main resource of antimony was vegetable which contributed 83.09% of the exposure.Conclusion The average dietary antimony exposure from 7 food categories did not exceed the TDI, the MOS was bigger than 1 as the exposure was safe in general. However, the vegetables had a high risk to the residents, which should be paid attention to.

Abstract:To assess the risk of dietary exposure to pesticides.Methods Surveillance on pesticides in vegetables was conducted in Jinan from 2010 to 2012. According to the average vegetable intake and the ADI of pesticides in vegetables established by JMPR, the point assessment method was applied to assess the risk of exposure. Results 675 vegetable samples and 6 pesticides (dimethoate, acephate, fenpropathrin, permethrin, pirimicarb, and isoprocarb) were tested. The detection rates of organophosphorus pesticide, pyrethriods pesticide and carbamate pesticide were 3.93%, 9.91%, and 7.58%. The violation rates were 2.11%, 6.60%, and 5.30%. The pesticides intakes were lower than ADI.Conclusion The pesticides in commercial vegetables in Jinan were within the safety limit, but the violation rates should be taken seriously, and the application of pesticides should be strengthened.

Abstract:To obtain the intakes of lead, cadmium and total mercury from food in different populations in Shaoxing, and to evaluate the risk of lead, cadmium and total mercury from food.Methods The food samples were collected and the contents of lead, cadmium and total mercury were detected, the exposure levels of lead, cadmium and total mercury from food in Shaoxing were assessed by combination with the survey results of dietary consumption of residents in Shaoxing in 2008. Results The weekly exposure level of lead ranged from 5.26 to 13.1 μg/kg BW, which accounted for 21.0%-52.4% of the PTWI in different gender and age groups, and the MOE value of lead was 1.02; the monthly exposure level of cadmium ranged from 16.0 to 39.4 μg/kg BW, which accounted for 64.0%-157.6% of the PTMI in different gender and age groups, the dietary cadmium exposure of men aged 2-6 and 7-17 and women aged 2-6 exceeded the PTMI (25 μg/kg BW); the weekly exposure level of total mercury ranged from 0.67 to 2.02 μg/kg BW, which accounted for 16.8%-50.5% of the PTWI in different gender and age groups.Conclusion The dietary exposure levels of total mercury were safe, but the dietary exposure levels of lead and cadmium were relatively high, especially for the population under 18 years of age. It was necessary to strengthen the lead and cadmium surveillance in related food and provide dietary guidance for residents.

Abstract:To discuss the safety risk management measures for puffer fish from the investigation on an outbreak of puffer fish intoxication and a knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) survey on the puffer fish safety.Methods The cases were searched and all of their family members were investigated on food exposure history. A cohort study was conducted to identify risk factors. A self-designed questionnaire was used for KAP investigation. Results 14 puffer fish poisoning cases (one case died) were identified. Clinical symptoms included dizziness (100%), weakness of limbs (79%), muscular paralysis of the limbs or walking difficulty (71%), orolingual numbness (71%), and so on. Eating poisonous puffer fish was the risk factor, and fish meat and fish liver cooked together was significantly associated with poisoning (RR=1.8,5%CI=1.1-3.1). The results of KAP showed that 70% (33/47) had puffer fish consumption in the last three years. 98% (46/47) knew the puffer fish was poisonous and 94% (44/47) knew the state law forbids eating puffer fish. Meanwhile 94% (44/47) of people considered the puffer a delicacy worth to eat. Conclusion This outbreak was caused by poisonous puffer fish consumption. Local residents had a high awareness of puffer safety, but a poor compliance to the prohibition of eating puffer fish.

Abstract:Food safety is closely related to people's health, and has been an outstanding focus. One of the main risk of food safety is a wide variety of food contamination, but the hazard of the contamination are not the same. Rapid, sensitive and accurate detection of food contamination is an important tool. The detection method of gold nanoparticles has the advantages of simple operation, convenient operation, high sensitivity and high specificity. In this paper, the research of nano gold detection in food contamination is summarized, and the prospects of nano gold application is put forward.