Abstract:This article introduced the standard system for food additives in China, which was part of China ntional food safety standard system. This food additive standard system was composed by standards for use of food additives, specifications for food additives and the standard for labeling of food additives. All relevant safety standards of food additives in China were introduced in the article. Moreover, the food additive standard system in China was compared with the food additive standard systems of CAC, Europe Union, Japan, USA and Australia. Finally, the characteristics and deficiencies of the system were analyzed, and suggestions were given on the perfection of the food additive standard system.

Abstract:To study the migration of zinc, lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, nickel and manganese from food contact aluminum and aluminum alloys in food processing equipment.Methods Samples were collected from the markets, and migration was conducted by different soaking conditions, then analyzed according to GB/T 5009.72-2003 Method for Analysis of Hygienic Standard of Aluminum-Wares for Food Contact. Results The influences of migration conditions were depended on the elements. Different elements had different migration in the same condition, zinc, chromium, nickel and manganese tended to migrate under high temperature, especially for the zinc, and the migration increased along with the soaking time.Conclusion Different elements had different characteristics, it was easier for them to migrate under the condition of high temperature. It suggested that aluminum and aluminum alloys products shouldn't be put at high temperature for a long time in order to avoid the risk of elements migration.

Abstract:Because of lacking of domestic fusarium mycotoxins reference materials for quality control, the certified reference materials (CRM) of deoxynivalenol was prepared and certificated.Methods According to the requirements of JJG 1006-94, the wheat flour samples were homogenized, packed and sterilized. Homogeneity, stability studies and assignment of the certified mass fraction were based upon an in-house study using high-performance liquid chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, an inter-laboratory comparison study involving eight laboratories was conducted in order to support the in-house certification study. Results Three samples from 16 randomly selected packages were quantitatively analyzed. Shelf life at a storage temperature of 25 ℃ for one year (long-term stability) or 44 ℃ for 14 days (short-term stability) was considered. The data were evaluated by ANOVA test. There was no significance of homogeneity and stability. The certified values and the corresponding uncertainty was (2 366±187) μg/kg.Conclusion The natural reference material was produced with a certified deoxynivalenol in wheat flour showing relevant mass fractions. The intended purpose of this reference material, for deoxynivalenol, is not only attributed to laboratory internal quality control but also in facilitating the validation of new analytical methods.

Abstract:To explore the valuable of space-time scan statistics for detecting the clustering of wild mushroom poisoning and to provide early warning for officials.Methods The approach is based on both retrospective and prospective scan statistics which were respectively tested with data in 2011 and 2012; and the analysis was implemented at the county level. Compare the results of traditional epidemiology analyses and retrospective analysis and compare the results of prospective analysis and real-time monitoring. Results Based on the retrospective space-time analysis, in 2011, the clustering time of wild mushroom poisoning was from June to August,the most significant cluster was from 12^th, July to 18^th, July and occurred in Qiubei County, in the Wenshan Municipal area. The number of expected was 0.051. LLR(Log Likelihood Ratio)value was 149.330 and P=0.001. In 2012, the most significant cluster was from 5^th , July to 18^th, July and occurred in Malipo County and Xichou County. The number expected was 0.057. LLR(Log Likelihood Ratio)value was 91.767 and P=0.001. When analyzing the early warning results from 1^st, June to 1^st, July, we found that the warning signals were set out daily from 1^st, June to 1st , July. Within the 7 days scan parameter, the number of expected cases was 0.039, as calculated by the model. LLR(Log Likelihood Ratio)value was 24.234 and P=0.001.Conclusion The retrospective space-time scan statistics could take advantage of temporal and spatial information to make detecting results more accurate and effective and prospective space-time scan statistic could be applied to provide an early warning analysis.

Abstract:To detect staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in combination with Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) in an investigation of a suspected staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) event.Methods According to epidemiological investigation, SEs were detected in the suspected food using ELISA and strains from food and patients' vomits were isolated. The presumptive isolates were identified using Vitek2 Compact and coagulase test. The identified isolates were further analyzed for the excretion of SEs and the typing of SE genes using ELISA and PCR. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was conducted for clustering analysis of the identified isolates. Results 2 and 11 S.aureus isolates were recovered from food and patients, respectively. The results of PCR and ELISA assay showed that 12 out of 13 isolates harbored enterotoxin genes of SEA, SEB, SED, SEE and expressed them simultaneously. PFGE results suggested 12 enterotoxigenic S.aureus isolates were highly homologous. Conclusion The SFP incident discussed here was caused by a S.aureus strain with unique enterotoxin phenotype. During laboratory investigation of SFP incidents, SEs detection combined with pathogen source analysis could provide reliable scientific information for such public health events.

Abstract:A method for the determination of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in aquatic foods using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was been established.Methods The samples were extracted by 1% acetic acid-methanol and diluted with phosphate buffer, followed by the purification and concentration process by immunoaffinity columns (IACs). The separation of TTX was carried out on a column of TSK-gel Amide-80, and detected by positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the SRM mode. The external solvent standard calibration curves were used for quantitative analysis. Results The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1-1 000 μg/L for TTX, with the detection limit of 1 μg/kg and the quantification limit of 3 μg/kg. The average recoveries were between 73.6% and 95.2% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged from 5.37% to 10.7%.Conclusion The matrix effect was substantially eliminated and the stability of retention time were improved obviously. The proposed method could be used to quantify and identify TTX in fish products with excellent sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility.

Abstract:A simple and rapid method for determination of aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂, M₁ and M₂ in animal foodstuff by UPLC were developed.Methods Sample was extracted and diluted with methanol-water after immune affinity column chromatography purification. Components were completely separated within 5 min on a C₁₈ chromatographic column (3.0 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm) with mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile-water (gradient elution), and detected by a fluorescence detector. The retention time was used for qualitative analysis and peak area for quantitative analysis. Results6 kinds of aflatoxins were completely separated into aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂, M₁ and M2, and detection sensitivity were 0.038,0.010,0.062,0.010,0.110 and 0.016 μg/L respectively. Standard curve were linear, the recoveries were between 73.2%-94.1%, and precision between 0.2%-3.8%.Conclusion The method was simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and could be recommended for simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of aflatoxins in the animal foodstuff.

Abstract:To establish a solid phase extraction (SPE)/high-resolution benchtop Q Exactive mass spectrometry (HRMS) method for rapid analysis of muscarine in human urine.Methods Samples were pre-concentrated and cleaned up directly with SPE. The chromatographic analysis was performed on an HSS T₃ column with 0.1% formic acid and 4 mmol/L ammonium formate in water/acetonitrile as the mobile phase with gradient elution, and external standard calibration was used for quantification. Results The linearity was within 0.05-5 μg/L, and the coefficient of determination (r) was not less than 0.999 for muscarine. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.02 and 0.05 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of the spiked samples at the levels of 0.05,0.1, and 0.5 μg/L ranged from 73.2% to 97.9%, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 2.5% to 10.2%.Conclusion The proposed method is rapid, simple, sensitive and specific enough for the rapid analysis of muscarine in human urine, which is sufficient to meet the requirements of clinical medicine and forensic toxicology.

Abstract:To establish a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination method for lubricant migration from food contact materials.Methods Using iooctane, 95% ethanol and MPPO as three kinds of lipids alternatives for food contact materials, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection was conducted after trifluoroacetic anhydride derivation. Results The oleic acid amide and stearic acid amidea had good linear relationship within 0.2-20 mg/L, erucic acid amide and behenamide had good linear relationship within 1.0-30 mg/L. The limits of detection ranged from 0.026 to 0.14 mg/L. The recoveries were in the range of 76.2%-97.3% with the relative standard deviation of 1.2%-6.3%.Conclusion The method was simple, rapid and accurate, and suitable for the detection of lubricants migration from food contact materials in lipid food stimulants.

Abstract:A method for simultaneous determination of vitamin A, D and E in function foods by a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established.Methods Vitamins in the sample were saponified in the protection of nitrogen. After concentrated by rotary evaporation, and then dissolved by mobile phase, samples were determined by using HPLC-MS/MS selective reaction monitoring (SRM) determination of positive ion mode. Results The linear ranges were 10-1 000,2-100,1-100,5-2 000,5-500,5-500 and 5-500 μg/L for vitamin A, vitamin D₂, vitamin D₃, α-vitamin E, β-vitamin E, γ-vitamin E and δ-vitamin E respectively. The coefficient of variance of the method was in the range of 1.3%-5.5% (n=6). The average recovery in function foods was in the range of 90.4%-105.0%. Detection limits of seven vitamins were as follows, 2.0 μg/kg for vitamin A, 2.0 μg/kg for vitamin D₂, 0.2 μg/kg for vitamin D₃,0.2 μg/kg for α-vitamin E, 0.5 μg/kg for β-vitamin E, 0.5 μg/kg for γ-vitamin E, and 1.0 μg/kg for δ-vitamin E.Conclusion The method could be used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of vitamin A, D and E in function foods. Precision, recovery rate and detection limit of the method could meet the practical requirements. It could be used for daily monitoring of vitamin A, D and E content in function foods or in other foods.

Abstract:To establish a sensitive quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) esters in foods by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with the pretreatment of solid phase extraction, and investigate ten types of 3-MCPD esters residues in some greasy foods from supermarket.Methods About 0.100 0 g oil sample was accurately weighted and dissolved in a mixture of 10 ml tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE)-ethyl acetate (8∶2, V/V) and spiked with internal standard. After vortex, the analyte of the extraction were purified by a Sep-pak silica cartridge and a OASIS HLB C₁₈ cartridge (preconditioned with methanol) in turn. The sample extract was separated on an acquity BEH C18 column (2.1 mm×150 mm,1.7 μm), identified by electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and then detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and quantified with internal standards. Results By the quantification of internal standard, the 18 types of 3-MCPD esters were linear in the range of 1.0～200.0 μg/L with correlation coefficient of 0.999 1～ 0.999 8. The detection limit of the method was ranged from 1.17 to 30.1 μg/kg for edible oils. The recovery of spiked samples at three levels (0.10,1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) was ranged from 80.2%～98.5% (n=7). And the relative standard derivations (RSD) were lower than 8.1%. In 50 edible oils and 12 greasy foods, 3-MCPD esters were detected at the range of 7.55～5 360 μg/kg with a detection rate of 92.0% (46/50), and in 12 greasy foods, 3-MCPD esters was detected at the range of 6.62～ 1 569.8 μg/kg with a detection rate of 75.0% (9/12).Conclusion The method could be used to detect 3-MCPD esters in edible oils and greasy foods.

Abstract:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of total fatty acid esters of 4 chloropropanols including 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD esters), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD esters), 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP esters) and 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP esters) in edible vegetable oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Methods The edible vegetable oil samples were dissolved in tert-butyl methyl ether/acetic ether, followed by ester cleavage reaction using sodium methylate/methanol as the reagent. The solution was neutralized with acetic acid and cleaned up with hexane, then purified by matrix solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction using diatomaceous earth as the sorbent. After being derivatized with heptafluoro butyrylimidazole (HFBI), the analytes were detected by GC-MS and quantified by the multi-isotopic internal standards. Results Validated by five inspection and research institutes, a good linear relationship between peak area and concentrations was obtained within the range of 0.02-0.4 mg/L with correlation coefficients(r²) above 0.999 for 4 kinds of chloropropanols esters(calculated as dissociated chloropropanols). Recoveries ranged from 78.5% to 109.8% at spiked levels ranging from 0.2 to 2 mg/kg, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 2.2%-18.8%. The limits of detection were 0.1 mg/kg for all the chloropropanols esters.Conclusion The collaborative validate test results validated by five inspection and research institutes and proficiency test results of the official Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) indicated that the method presented a good linear relationship, and is low-cost, accurate and sensitive, suitable for the determination of total fatty acid esters of chloropropanols in edible vegetable oils.

Abstract:A method was developed for the rapid screening of sildenafil, vardenafil and thioaildenafil in health liquor by electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry(ESI-IMS).Methods The samples were extracted by ultrasound with 100% acetonitrile for 20 min and then the supernatant was diluted by 90% acetonitrile. The IMS was operated in the positive mode at ambient pressure using ESI as the ionization source and air as drift gas and the analytes were quantified by the matrix-matched external method. Results The calibration curves showed good linearity within the range of 1.25-12.50,2.00-20.00,1.00-10.00 mg/L for sildenafil, vardenafil and thioaildenafil, respectively. The detection limits(LODs) of sildenafil, vardenafil, thioaildenafil were 0.50,0.80,0.40 mg/L, respectively, and the recoveries were 93.33%-121.17% with the relative standard deviations (RSD, n=6) of 2.65%-10.00%. The results were in accordance with LC-MS/MS.Conclusion The method is simple, rapid and accurate, and can be applied as a screen method for the analysis of sildenafil, vardenafil and thioaildenafil in health care liquor.

Abstract:To establish a method of purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of cyanide in liquor.Methods Sodium hydroxide was added to the sample to adjust the pH to above 12, then the sample was water bathed to dry, and detected by purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after adding chloramine T and phosphoric acid. Results Cyanide was in the range of 10-200 μg/L with good linearity, the linear equation was y=42563x+24231 with r=0.999 2. The spiked samples were 50,0 and 150 μg/L, and the recovery rate was 75.8%-92.8% with RSD of 3.1%-7.8%. The detection limit was 10 μg/L.Conclusion The method is simple, accurate, and suitable for the determination of cyanide in wine.

Abstract:A method was developed for determination of amprolium residues in animal origin food by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-tandem mass spectrometry and solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample preparation.Methods The samples were extracted with 1% trichloroacetic acid-acetonitrile (3∶7, V/V). The extract was purified with HLB column. The separation was performed on a SeQuant ZIC-HILIC (150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm) column by using 0.1% formic acid-5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution/acetonitril (40∶60, V/V) as the mobile phase. The analytes was detected by tandem mass spectrometry under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) and quantified by the matrix-matched external standard method. Results The method showed a good linearity in the range of 0-500 ng/L with the linear relative coefficient above 0.999, the limit of quantification was 10 μg/kg. The average recoveries of spiked levels in chicken meat, chicken liver, chicken kidney, eggs, beef, beef liver and beef kidney, milk and beef fat were 73.2%-101.0% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.09%-11.93%.Conclusion This method had good precision, sensitivity, and could be used to quantitative and qualitative detection for the amprolium in animal origin food.

Abstract:To develop a national standard method for rapid determination of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) in food contact papers.Methods When the sample didn't obvious blue or purple fluorescence, FWAs in the sample were extracted by an alkaline solution, the extract was adjusted to acidic and absorbed by gauze,and the fluorescent intensity of the gauze was tested by UV light with the wavelength at 365 nm. Results UV irradiation method could qualitatively determination the high level of FWAs in the sample. UV irradiation method combined with gauze absorption could qualitatively determination the low level of FWAs in the sample and exclude the interference from the natural fluorescent background and other fluorescent pollutants, the limit of detection of FWAs was 10 mg/kg.Conclusion This method was simple, reliable, and suitable for the qualitative determination of FWAs in food contact papers.

Abstract:To establish and optimize a method for determining diacetyl content in popcorn, and determine the diacetyl content in popcorn sold in Weifang.Methods Popcorn pretreatment, diacetyl distillation extraction time, and absorption spectral scan condition were optimized to establish the method for the determination of diacetyl content in popcorn. Diacetyl content of 6 kinds of popcorns was determined with the method. Results The optimum extraction conditions of diacetyl content in popcorn were 40 meshes material granularity, 1∶5 materiel-liquid ratio, 30 min extraction time, 20 min reaction time, and 335 nm wavelength detection. The diacetyl content of 6 kinds of popcorns was 7.15,0.85,5.05,7.50,7.40 and 6.25 mg/kg respectively.Conclusion The method is simple and easy to operate, and it has good regression and reproducibility. The diacetyl content of 6 kinds of popcorns was within the prescribed scope of Flavour Extract Manufacturers′ Association (FEMA).

Abstract:To find out the contamination status of heavy metal, microbe and pesticide in health foods.Methods Health food samples from 2008 to 2013 were tested by GB/T 5009, GB 5009, GB/T 4789 and GB 4789 for heavy metals, microbes and pesticides, followed by statistical analysis. Results The violation rates of Pb, As and Hg were 6.67%, 6.12% and 1.32% respectively. The rates of Pb and Hg declined during the 6 years while As had no statistical difference. The violation rates of bacteria, fungi and yeast were 5.25%, 3.55% and 0.32% with a tendency to decline while coliforms had no statistical difference. The unqualified samples with were mainly made from vegetable and animal material. The violation rates of Pb, As, Hg, bacteria, coliforms and yeast were higher in pill samples. The mean contents of Pb in vegetable, animal and nutrient supplement samples were 0.71,0.74 and 0.31 mg/kg, the contents of As were 0.41,0.39 and 0.12 mg/kg, and the contents of Hg were 0.07,0.04 and 0.03 mg/kg. No pathogens were found in all the samples. Benzex and DDT were found in 377 samples but not exceeded the limit.Conclusion Heavy metal contaminations were more serious but trended to decline. There were some microbial contaminations declining. There were more risks in vegetable, animal and pill samples. Benzex and DDT contaminations were slight.

Abstract:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of acute gastroenteritis in Beijing.Methods The household interview about the incidence, symptoms and risk factors of acute gastroenteritis was conducted among the respondents selected by multi-stage sampling in 6 areas from April 2012 to Match 2013. Results Totally 10 204 people were interviewed. The average monthly prevalence of acute gastroenteritis was 1.25% (95%CI:1.04-1.47) and the incidence was 0.16 per person-year. The adjusted average monthly prevalence was 1.34% (95%CI:1.12-1.56) and the weighted incidence was 0.17 per person-year. It was estimated that 333.4 thousand cases of acute gastroenteritis occurred every year in Beijing. The disease burden of acute gastroenteritis was heavy in Beijing. In the multivariable model, age, education and season were significant risk factors of AGI. 58.59% of the cases were possibly caused by contaminated food.Conclusion The burden of acute gastroenteritis is significant and the ratio of foodborne cases is high. Further research is needed to estimate the burden of foodborne disease by targeted prevention and control measures.

Abstract:Health and Family Planning Commission of Zhejiang Province had received 114 standard proposals from 2011 to 2015. The number of food products, hygiene practices and test method was respectively for 62 (54.4%), 11 (9.6%) and 41 (36.0%). 21 of 114 proposals were approved, and most of them was for food products (66.7%, 14/21). In the process of development, 13 proposals were suspended, and the rest of 8 had been released as local food safety standards or under development. During the 5 years, the quantity of received and approved proposals declined. The standards development could also dynamically adjusted. In this paper, all standard proposals were sorted and analyzed, and some suggestions about local food safety standards application and development were proposed.

Abstract:To investigate the chloramphenicol residue in aquatic products in 7 cities of Guangdong Province, provide reference for regulation and guidance for the consumers.Methods According to the national standard GB/T 22338-2008, chloramphenicol residues in aquatic products were determined by HPLC-MS/MS.Results The detection rate of chloramphenicol in total 150 samples was 11.33% (17/150). Unqualified samples could be found in every city. The detection rates of chloramphenicol in the aquatic products from different cities were from 5.00% to 20.00%. Compared by the species, molluscs had the highest detection rate of 36.00% (9/25). Crustaceans had the lowest detection rate of 5.56% (1/18).Conclusion Chloramphenicol residues were found in aquatic products in Guangdong Province, which may cause food safety problems and was worthy of attention.

Abstract:To explore the aluminum contamination in some foods in Guangxi, and assess the dietary exposure risk of aluminum.Methods Surveillance data of aluminum content in some foods was collected from 2009 to 2013. According to the average food consumption from nutritional and health status survey of Guangxi residents in 2002, the dietary aluminum exposure was assessed by the actual content. Results 5 679 food samples of 10 categories were tested. The average aluminum content was 132.17 mg/kg, the detection rate was 73.01% (4 146/5 679) and the violation rate was 29.51% (1 676/5 679). The detection and violation rate of jellyfish, laver and fried bread stick was higher then other food, so was the content of aluminum. The average aluminum content of fried bread stick was the highest (382.18 mg/kg) which was 3.8 times of the standard. The average weekly aluminum intake from 10 food categories was 0.426 mg/kg BW, and was lower than PTWI (2 mg/kg BW) recommended by JECFA. Aluminum exposure of population with high consumption of steam bread, jellylish, fried bread stick and deep-fried dough cake was 3.07,2.40,2.23 and 1.23 times of PTWI, respectively. Conclusion The aluminum residue in fried bread stick, jellyfish and laver was serious in Guangxi. The dietary aluminum exposure of gernal population was lower than PTWI, but the high consumption population was at risk. In order to reduce dietary aluminum intake, technical guidance on scientifical and rational application of aluminum-containing food additives should be strengthened.

Abstract:To analyze the surveillance results of foodborne diseases from sentinel hospitals in Wenzhou in 2014, and explore the epidemiological trend and characteristics of foodborne diseases in order to provide scientific evidence for the local health administrative departments to formulate effective policies.Methods The stools or anal swabs from outpatient and inpatient cases with diarrhea were collected from sentinel hospitals in 2014 and specific pathogens including Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, diarrheogenic E.coli and Norovirus were detected, and the relevant information of the cases were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 4 216 diarrhea patients were enrolled in Wenzhou in 2014, and 4 190 patients were sampled. 321 strains of pathogens were isolated in the lab, which included 218 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 48 strains of Norovirus, 44 strains of Salmonella, 6 strains of diarrheogenic E.coli, 3 strains of Shigella and 2 strains of Vibrio vulnificus. The surveillance data analysis showed that the peak of the incidence was during July and November, children under 5-years-old and population between 16-45 years-old were vulnerable population. Aquatic products took the largest proportion of the suspected food, followed by meat and poultry and their products.Conclusion Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the main foodborne pathogen in Wenzhou. It is necessary to strengthen the communication and cooperation mechanism between the health administrative department, CDC and the sentinel hospitals to improve the foodborne diseases monitoring network, and to enhance the surveillance capacity and health education of foodborne disease and carry out more effective preventive and control measures.

Abstract:To investigate the cross-contamination model for chicken-Salmonella in kitchens for Chinese population.Methods A matrix based cross-contamination model for chicken-Salmonella in kitchen was built with consideration of Chinese dietary habits in raw chicken meat preparation and a simplified model was validated as well. Results 31.2% of interviewed families reported to separate cutting board between raw and cooked; Those important factors (Spearman relation coefficient) to cross-contamination in kitchen were cutting cold dishes before chicken (0.925), contamination loads in chicken (0.135), cutting board separation between raw and cooked (0.106), hand washing (-0.088) and cutting board washing (-0.064). The matrix model and simplified model showed similar loads of Salmonella in cold dishes after cross-contamination and indicated the close estimated risks of salmonellosis, as well as same key factors contributing to cross-contamination. The estimated transfer rates of Salmonella from chicken meat to cold dishes by matrix and simplified model were 0.35% and 0.18%, respectively.Conclusion A cross-contamination model in kitchen for chicken-Salmonella was preliminarily built for Chinese population.

Abstract:To explore the dietary intake of cadmium and assess the potential risks to human health using the principle of risk assessment.Methods Monitoring data were provided by the office of Food Safety Commission, bureau of statistics, bureau of Environmental Protection and other relevant departments in Lianyungang. The cadmium dietary intake of the residents were calculated and evaluated using conventional risk assessment method. Results The cadmium concentrations in food and drinking water in Lianyungang City were qualified according to the national standards, but the cadmium concentrations of shellfish were found to exceed the national standards. The violation rate of cadmium in shellfish was 18%, the highest content was 3.75 times of the limit.Conclusion The overall cadmium intake of the residents were safe in Lianyungang City. The health impact of shellfish should be concerned among the consumption population.

Abstract:Aiming to find out the reason of this outbreak, and provide a reference for the future prevention and treatment.Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Case definition and case searching was carried out while clinical information such as examination, testing and treatment were collected, additional information were obtained by visiting local villagers and interviewing doctors. The relationship among the onset risk, and the time and amount of consumption was analyzed. Furthermore, the remaining wild honey was collected in order to detect the suspicious poison components. Results 12 patients were all from village S, with a critical rate 58% and a fatality rate 25%. Symptoms included abdominal pain (67%), diarrhea (58%), vomiting (58%), dizziness (58%), nausea (50%) and headache (42%). 58% cases suffered from liver, kidney, and heart damage. Epidemic curve showed that exposure was point source model. These 12 patients all had eaten the wild honey, with an attack rate of 100% while nobody was sick who had not. The median incubation period was 21 h (range:5-29 h). There was a negative correlation between consumption and incubation period (r_s=-0.69, P<0.05). Two toxic pollens of Tripterygium and Macleaya were detected in the honey.Conclusion The poisoning outbreak was caused by eating wild honey contaminated by two toxic pollens of Tripterygium and Macleaya. Bee raising should be strictly prohibited at places where poisonous plants grow and people should not eat wild honey at anytime and anywhere.

Abstract:Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) is the third abundant solid component after lactose and fat in human milk with diverse benefits. The key issue of HMOS research is the sensitive and quantitative analysis methods. Since HMOS are complex mixture with various structures and isomer, and are without inner chromophores, HMOS are difficult to identify and quantify. This review is to summarize the new and emerging methods for oligosaccharide analysis.