Abstract:To investigate the contamination levels and emetic gene analysis of Bacillus cereus in infant formula from 2012 to 2014 in Jiangxi Province.Methods 397 food samples were collected randomly from supermarkets, department stores, convenience stores, the farmer′s markets, online stores, wholesale markets in 13 selected cities and countries of the province. The emetic genes of isolated strains were analyzed by propidium monoazide multiplex PCR and internal amplification control. Results The detection rate was 13.10% (52/397), and the contamination was the highest in 2013. Different locations had significant difference (P<0.05), while the different origins of the samples, circulation and infant formula for different ages had no statistical difference (P>0.05). 2 emetic bacillus cereus were detected in 52 positive samples and the rate was 3.85%. Conclusion The contamination for Bacillus cereus and emetic Bacillus cereus in infant formula in retail locations was a potential risk for infants. The supervision should be strengthened to prevent the foodborne diseases.

Abstract:To understand the prevalence of genes conferring aminoglycoside resistance in foodborne strains of Proteus.Methods 124 strains of Proteus were collected from food samples of markets in Shijiazhuang from 2011 to 2014, which resisted toamikacin (AK) or/and gentamicin (CN). 6 kinds of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes (AMEs) and 3 kinds of 16S rRNA methylase genes were analyzed by PCR. Results The prevelence of the AMEs genes , aacC2, aacA4, aadA1 and aphA6,was 95.2% (118/124), 80.6%(100/124), 73.4% (91/124) and 5.6%(7/124) respectively. The prevenlence of 16S rRNA methylase gene rmtB was 87.1% (108/124). Other genes conferring aminoglycoside resistance, such as aacC1, aadB, armA and rmtC gene were not detected. Conclusion The spread of AMEs gene aacC2 and 16S rRNA methylase gene rmtB plays an important role in aminoglycosides resistance of foodborne Proteus.

Abstract:To understand the epidemiological characteristic of foodborne disease in Suzhou.Methods The data of foodborne disease outbreaks occurred during 2001-2013 that were reported by 10 health departments from district or county was reviewed and descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted. Results During 2001-2008, Suzhou CDC received 343 reports of foodborne disease outbreaks, which resulted in 7 213 reported cases of illness, no death. Foodborne disease outbreaks were reported every year with a large peak (46.9%, 161/343) from July to September. The largest outbreaks occurred in institutional settings (56.6%, 194/343). Reporting rate of foodborne disease outbreaks was decreased during the surveillance period. A single confirmed or suspected etiologic agent was reported for 214 outbreaks. Of the 214 outbreaks, 70.1% (150/214) were caused by bacteria or suspicious bacteria, 16.4% (35/214) were caused by toxic agents, and 13.6% (29/214) were caused by chemical. 83.3% (140/168) of the 168 outbreaks with confirmed etiologic factors were caused by 10 etiologic factors. The most etiologic factor was Vibrio parahaemolyticus (36.3%), which resulted in 1 436 cases. During 2009-2013 could be assigned to one of 5 commodity categories:aquatic product (33.3%, 24/72), meat and its product (23.6%, 17/72), others (15.3%, 11/72), blended foods (13.9%, 10/72) and vegetables (13.9%, 10/72). The pathogen-commodity pairs most commonly responsible for outbreaks were scombroid toxin-histamine (or puffer fish tetrodotoxin) and fish, organophosphorus and natural plant toxic-fruits/vegetables, nitrite-seasoning, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and aquatic product. Conclusion Analysis of foodborne disease outbreak investigations reported provides information that enhances understanding of the epidemiology of foodborne disease in Suzhou. These findings underline the importance of targeted prevention measures for the specific foods that are associated with the most outbreaks and illnesses. Most foodborne illnesses are preventable, and timely investigation and reporting of foodborne disease outbreaks provides information that might help to reduce foodborne illnesses. Perfect report information management system can improve outbreak reporting.

Abstract:To analyze the characteristics and regularity of the reported food poisoning incidents in public health emergency events surveillance system from 2004 to 2013 in Jilin Province, and to suggest the corresponding prevention and control countermeasures.Methods Descriptive statistics and statistical test were used to analyze the reported food poisoning incidents. Results There were 61 food poisoning incidents reported in 2004-2013, which included 1 622 poisoning cases and 25 deaths. The fatality rate was 1.54%. The epidemical season of food poisoning incidents was the third quarter. The pathogenic factors included 31 events caused by vegetable, 15 unknown events, 9 events caused by chemical, 5 events caused by bacteria, 1 event caused by animal. The prevalence rate of the poisoning events caused by the green bean in urban areas was higher than rural areas, and the prevalence rate of the poisoning events caused by the mushroom in rural areas was higher than urban areas (P<0.05). Conclusion The highest numbers of food poisoning events were caused by vegetable in reported food poisoning incidents in public health emergency events surveillance system in Jilin Province. Poisonous animals and plants are the main reason of poisoning deaths in food poisoning events.

Abstract:A solid-phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)was developed for determination of six lipophilic marine toxins, including OA, DTX₂,YTX,DTX₁, AZA₁ and SPX₁ in shellfish.Methods Homogenised tissues were extracted twice with 80% methanol in water, and resulting extracts were cleaned-upon StrataTM-X solid phase extraction column and eluted with MeOH solutions containing 0.3% NH₄OH,followed by filtering through a ultra-filter centrifuge tube. The target components were separated and gradient eluted on a XTerraMS C₁₈ column using mobile phases of MeCN/water and water, both phase containing 6.7mmol/L NH₄OH, and simultaneously quantified by switching alternatively between positive ions and negative ions under multiple reactions monitoring mode. The matrix-matched external standard calibration were carried out for the quantitative analysis. Results The limits of quantification ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 μg/kg for six marine lipophilic toxins. The calibration curves were linear in the respective concentration ranges, with the correlation coefficients >0.995. The average recoveries for toxins at three concentration levels were 78.8%-116%, and their relative standard deviation varied between 3.8% and 14.5%.The method was applied to analyze several shellfish samples, but no one was positive. Conclusion The method developed was selective, sensitive and accurate, and was suitable for analysis and confirmation of marine lipophilic toxins in shellfish.

Abstract:A hydride generation-atomic flourence spectrometry (HG-AFS) method with program temperature graphite digestion/microwave ashing for sample preparation was developed for the determination of total arsenic in alga.Methods The alga, into which 5 ml HNO₃ was added, was heated at 190 ℃ for 30 min with program temperature graphite digestion, then ashed at 550 ℃ for 5 min with microwave using magnesium nitrate as ashing auxiliary agent. The ashes were dissolved with hydrochloric acid and total arsenic was determined by HG-AFS. Results The detection limit was 0.42 μg/L, and the RSD was less than 5%. The recoveries were between 96% and 109%. The arsenic forms were detected in digested alga by program temperature graphite digestion/microwave ashing, the results confirmed that more than 99% of organic arsenic in alga had been digested into inorganic arsenic. The method was applied to determine the total arsenic in two certified reference materials of Laminaria japonica (GBW08517) and laver(GBW10023), and the analysis results were all in the reference range. Conclusion The method had good accuracy and precision, and was suitable for the determination of total arsenic in alga.

Abstract:To optimize the ISO 6579∶2002 method using modified semisolid tetrathionate (MSTT) medium which was introduced for preliminary screening of Salmonella in poultry products.Methods MSTT medium was used for motility enrichment of Salmonella. It was loaded by capillary tube which was inserted into liquid medium (pre-enrichment medium or enrichment medium). Therefore, the semisolid medium and liquid medium were connected, and motility enrichment would proceed simultaneously with pre-enrichment or with enrichment. The optimized ISO 6579.2002 method using MSTT medium was evaluated with pure strains and actual contaminated poultry samples. Results The method could detect 98% (126/129) of pure strains, and could detect 92% (35/38) of the contaminated poultry samples, while ISO 6579.2002 method could detect 87% (33/38) of the contaminated poultry samples. Comparing to ISO 6579.2002 method, 72% (264/367) of the negative samples did not need further isolation and identification after using MSTT medium. Conclusion The optimized ISO 6579.2002 method using MSTT medium is suitable for Salmonella detection in poultry, and could save labour and resources.

Abstract:Tetracycline in eggs need to be detected to ensure food safety.Methods Spectrophotometry was improved in the experiment. Tetracycline from 6 different samples was extracted respectively with suitable extraction reagent and enriched, and then determined by spectrophotometry. Results The average contents of tetracycline in the 6 samples were 237.2,3.1,8.0,1.8,9.4 and 252.3 μg/kg respectively and the recovery was above 98%. Conclusion The method was easy to operate and the equipment was simple. It is suitable for detection of tetracycline in eggs in local inspection departments, poultry farms and units without high performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract:A method for determination of hymexazol in vegetables and wheat flour by SPE-GC-MS was investigated.Methods Hymexazol was extracted with acetonitrile. The extracts were purified by SPE(2 g/10 ml)and derivatized with BSTFA. The residues of hymexazol were estimated on a DB-5ms capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) by GC/MS under selected ion monitoring mode. Results This method was validated at two different levels of 0.010 and 0.100 mg/kg. Average recoveries obtained from vegetables , wheat flour, brown rice and watermelon samples at two fortified levels were 63%-101% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 10%. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) in these samples were 0.005 mg/kg. Conclusion The method was successfully applied to determine hymexazol in vegetable , wheat flour, brown rice and watermelon.

Abstract:To investigate the contamination of pathogenic Vibrios in oyster in Beijing markets.Methods Two hundreds of samples were obtained from 80 batches marine products in a wholesale market in Beijing from February to November in 2014. Routine methods were used to detect pathogenic Vibrios in the gills and intestines of oysters. Vibrios parahaemolyticus isolates were serotyped. tdh, trh and tlh genes were detected with real time PCR. Results The isolation rates of pathogenic Vibrios, Vibrio parahaemolytics and Vibrio alginolyticus were 62.50%, 33.75% and 31.25% respectively. The isolation rates of pathogenic Vibrio were 67.50% and 57.50% in gill and intestine samples respectively. Nine serotypes were identified in the isolated Vibrio parahaemolyticus. tdh and trh gene were negative while trh gene was positive in all 27 Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Conclusion A large proportion of oyster sold in market were contaminated by pathogenic Vibrios and Vibrio parahaemlyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus were the predominant species. Oyster without gills and intestine were safer to consume.

Abstract:The background value of aluminum in raw starch was investigated to provide the basis for formulating and improving relevant standards of starch products.Methods Six types of 229 raw starch were collected randomly, and aluminum was analyzed according to the national standard GB/T 5009.182-2003. Results The concentration of aluminum ranged in ND-190.43 mg/kg, most of which were low. The median value was 18.14 mg/kg and the average was 36.04 mg/kg. Aluminum content in sweet potato starch seemed to be significantly higher than other samples (P<0.05), and the average content and maximum value was respectively 69.52 and 190.43 mg/kg. ConclusionThe sweet potato was rich in aluminum, and it was necessary to strengthen the supervision upon those products. This research provided the basis for understanding the background value of aluminum.

Abstract:Comparing total protein and some nutrients of lactoperoxidase (LPO) and lactoferrin (LF) between Jersey and Holstein whey from Kagawa district in Japan.Methods Lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin were purified from Jersey and Holstein whey after acid precipitation, centrifugation and SP-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography. Use Coomassie brilliant blue to confirm content, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to confirm quantity, ABTS to comfirm lactoperoxidase activity and MALDI-TOF-MS to confirm molecular weight. Results Total protein and lactoperoxidase content of Jersey whey were higher than Holstein whey. Lactoperoxidase activity(0.870 5 U/ml)of Jersey whey was higher than lactoperoxidase (0.758 9 U/ml)of holstein whey. Molecular weight of lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin from Jersey whey was 786 48.154 and 831 23.538 kDa respectively. Molecular weight of lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin from Holstein whey was 777 64.841 and 827 65.494 kDa respectively. Conclusion When considering the cheese production as well as whey protein and lactoferrin, Jersey is a better choice than Holstein for the cheese industry.

Abstract:To understand the behavioral risk factors related to acute diarrhea in the migrant population.Methods From migrant population colony, we collected data from the dining and kitchen environment, food purchasing, food processing, eating habits and food store, with 38 indicators. Case control was used to investigate diarrhea cases, and stratified Cox model was used for data statistics and analysis. Results Case control study showed that buying fresh food (OR=0.165,95%CI:0.051-0.537), cleaning hands before handling food (OR=0.192,95%CI:0.038-0.981), adequate heating food remains before eating (OR=0.238,5%CI:0.057-0.990) were protective factors. Eating cooked food with blood left (OR=4.288,5%CI:1.143-16.080), having breakfast in the stalls, roadside shop and sidewalk snack booth (OR=31.323,5%CI:1.323-741.570), eating deli from store (OR=4.640,5%CI:1.538-14.000) were the major risk factors. Conclusion A good habit of personal health and cooking as well as eating at home can control acute diarrhea in the migrant population.

Abstract:To evaluate the contamination and hazards of Salmonella in broiler industry and provide basic data for the risk assessment and control from farm to table.Methods Different samples were collected from broiler industry of incubation, cultivation, slaughter, sales and distribution process, and all samples were tested according to GB 4789.4-2010. Results 298 strains of Salmonella were isolated from 1 267 samples, and the total detection rate was 23.5%.The detection rates of incubation, cultivation, slaughter, sales and distribution process were 4.6%, 8.4%, 32.8% and 31.3%, respectively. The main serotypes were Salmonella Indianas and Salmonella enteritidis. Conclusion Salmonella was detected in the whole chain of broiler industry. There was no statistic significant in the detection rate of different seasons. Cross-contamination may be existed in slaughter process and this process is important to control Salmonella contamination for chicken and chicken products.

Abstract:To understand the current status of nutrition label on prepackaged foods in Guiyang city.Methods Taking photographs or transcribing the logos on prepackaged foods in 10 supermarkets of Guiyang to record the information of nutrition label. Results A total of 572 kinds of pre-packaged foods were selected, 548 kinds were using nutrition label, and the labelling rate was 95.8%. 548 kinds of foods were false labeled with the ratio of 14.1% and nutrition claims is not standard rate 38.4%. Initiative labelling rate was 18.6% and drinks had the highest rate (33.3%). Conclusion Since Pre-packaged Food Nutrition Labels General was implemented, the rate of food nutrition labels has greatly improved and the label were more standardized, but there are still many problems. Initiative labelling rate was low in prepackaged food and false labeling may occur.

Abstract:To investigate the aluminum content of deep-fried dough sticks and dough cakes, and to understand the situation of food additives abuse.Methods Using the method from the national standard, the aluminum residue was detected in deep-fried dough sticks and fried dough cakes in Puyang city during 2012-2013, the results were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software and the national standard GB 2760-2011. Results 130 samples were detected, the detection range was 0.5-1 196.2 mg/kg, the average was 164.27 mg/kg, 50 samples exceeded the standard, and the violation rate was 38.5%. 75 deep-fried dough sticks were detected, the mean value was 237.5 mg/kg, and 39 samples exceeded the standard with a violation rate of 52%. 55 dough cakes were detected, the mean value was 64.4 mg/kg, and 11 samples exceeded the standard with a violation rate of 20%. The aluminum content from farmers' markets and street vendors was significantly higher than that from restaurants (P<0.05). Conclusion The violation of aluminum residue in fried products was seriously, especially deep-fried dough sticks, food management should be strengthened in the markets and street vendors.

Abstract:To investigate the status of synthetic pigments in processed meat in Wuhan city. Methods Stratified sampling was used to collect processed meat products, such as pork, beef, poultry, mixed meat from supermarket, country fair and boutique. The synthetic pigments (lemon yellow, amaranth, carmine, sunset yellow, brilliant blue, new red, allurared, red 2G, acid red, erythrosine, acid orange) in processed meat were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The synthetic pigments were detected in 1 308 processed meat samples, and the detection rate was 28.06%. The detection rate in sausage was the highest, which was 54.90%. The detection rate of synthetic pigments in suburb and development area was higher than the central city. The detection rate of synthetic pigments in country fair was higher than others. Conclusion The illegal use of synthetic pigments was serious in Wuhan, and the authorities should strengthen supervision.

Abstract:This paper summarizes the global legislation management pattern of contact materials for infant food, analyzes the major rules and considerations of risk management and put forward the problems in the Chinese standards. The suggestions for risk management pattern of contact materials for infant food in China are discussed.

Abstract:This study aims to investigate the rare earth elements (REEs) levels in brick tea and green tea, and estimate the intakes of REEs to the tea consumption population.Methods Altogether 30 tea samples were collected from southeast of Hubei Province. REEs in brick tea and green tea were detected by microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results The concentration of REEs in brick tea and green tea were 4.09-8.01 and 0.53-1.42 mg/kg, respectively, and the content of REEs in the brick tea which were made by older tea leaves was significantly higher than green tea. Ce, La, Nd, Y and Sc were the main elements among 16 REEs, all together accounting for 82.60% (4.51/5.46) in brick tea and 88.12% (0.89/1.01) in green tea. Conclusion In the average exposure level, the exposure of REEs from green tea and brick tea were 0.05 and 0.27 μg/kg BW. In the high exposure level, the exposure of REEs from green tea and brick tea were 0.17 and 0.91 μg/kg BW. All the exposure were less than the current advised ADI values.

Abstract:To investigate lead, cadmium and total mercury contamination in vegetables in Shaoxing, provide basic evidence for formulating the control measures.Methods During 2007 to 2014,4 vegetable samples were collected from farmers′ markets and supermarkets in seven monitoring sites in Shaoxing, all the samples were analyzed for lead, cadmium and total mercury by national standard methods, and the results were evaluated by GB 2762-2012.The contamination of heavy metals in vegetables was evaluated by single factor contaminant index and Nemero comprehensive contaminant index. Results The detection rate of lead, cadmium and total mercury were 68.4%(673/984),92.0%(905/984)and 37.6%(370/984) respectively, the violation rates were 2.9% (29/984), 1.2% (12/984) and 5.8% (57/984) respectively, and the mean values were 0.040,0.017 and 0.0040 mg/kg respectively. The violation rates of total mercury from 2009 to 2011 were higher than other years,which were 17.3%(19/110), 24.7% (19/77) and 10.1% (12/119)respectively. The violation rates of lead and cadmium in bulbous vegetables were 14.0% (6/43)and 11.6% (5/43) respectively, which were the highest in all kinds of vegetables. The comprehensive contaminant index of all kinds of vegetables was less than 0.7. Conclusion The overall contamination of heavy metals in vegetables was not high in Shaoxing, but should be concerned in some kinds of vegetables, and control measures should be strengthened.

Abstract:To develop a method to determine the nitrofuran metabolites in foods of animal origin by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) and investigate the nitrofuran contamination situation in foods of Shaanxi.Methods 737 samples were collected in Shaanxi Province according to the principle of representation, timeliness and randomness. The samples were determined by UPLC-MS/MS after derivated with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and purified by solid-phase extraction. Results The nitrofuran metabolites were detected in 29 out of 737 samples,with apositive rate of 3.93%. The highest detection rate was 8.05%from chicken and the detection rate of AMOZ was the highest among all metabolites which was 2.04%. Conclusion Some foods of animal origin of Shaanxi Province was contaminated by nitrofurans. Supervision and inspection should be strengthened in food production to ensure food safety.

Abstract:To preliminarily understand the incidence and epidemic trend of foodborne disease in Lishui city, so as to enhance the ability of early warning and control.Methods Surveillance data was collect from sentinel hospitals and analyzed for epidemic feature of foodborne disease in Lishui city. Results A total of 3 492 cases were reported, the male patients were 2.85 times as many as female among 6-15 age group, and female patients were 1.56 times as many as male among 46-55 age group. The number of the peasants were 1 547, and the children were 802. Except for diarrhea, bellyache took up 62.29%(2 175/3 492). Cases were mainly concentrated from May to October, 2013. The average time consume of children to visit a doctor was significantly different compared with the peasant, the government staff and workers, the students and the teacher (P<0.05). The difference among the peasants, the government staff and workers, the students and the teachers was not significant (P>0.05). 216 cases were confirmed by laboratory testing, and strain identification coincidence rate was 50.27%(189/376). Conclusion Foodborne disease active surveillance could inflect foodborne disease epidemic situation, but it should be further improved.

Abstract:To understand the contamination level of mercury in all kinds of foods, and to assess the daily intake of total mercury and the possible adverse health impact.Methods 2 047 samples, including grain, vegetable, fruit, meat, fish and other foods were collected from Shaanxi Province, according to the surveillance plan. The dietary intake of total mercury was calculated using the test results and the results of total diet study in Shaanxi in 2002, using the PTWI recommended by WHO as reference. The health risk was assessed by using USEPA health risk assessment model. Results The content of mercury ranged from 0.001 31 to 0.013 3 mg/kg, the detection rate and the violation rate were 60.57% and 0.93%, respectively. The average and the higher dietary intake of mercury were 3.51×10-5 mg/kg and 1.61×10-4 mg/kg, respectively, and both of them were less than the dietary mercuric PTWI recommended by WHO. The individual health risk of mercury was lower than the standard of ICRP, which means the Shaanxi inhabitants’ total diet was safe. Conclusion Overall, the market food of Shaanxi was safe, and the health risk of dietary mercury was negligibly small.

Abstract:To discuss the investigation, disposal and information release for a cross regional food poisoning event, and to provide references for similar events.Methods Analyzing the reasons and risks of a Ⅲ level cross regional food poisoning event, discussing the process of investigation and the operation of information release. Results The food poisoning event was caused by eating Salmonella enteritidis contaminated mousse cakes, and Salmonella enteritidis was brought into mousse cakes in production processes. Conclusion Secondary operations of mousse cake had food safety risks, and HACCP management should be strengthened. Investigation and information release of cross regional food poisoning event should be carried out objectively, quickly and publicly coordinated by higher administration.

Abstract:To investigate an outbreak of acute upper respiratory tract infection in a kindergarten, and help to better manage the future outbreaks.Methods Epidemiology data, clinical information and laboratory test results of all the cases were analyzed with descriptive epidemic method and statistics method. Results The attack rate of adults were 56.92% (37/65). No children got sick. The main symptoms were pharyngeal hyperemia, pharynx aches, fatigue, fever and acute tonsillitis, etc. Drinking yoghourt was the main risk factor (OR=3.34,95%CI:1.08-10.32). The Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) was detected in the cases′ pharynx swab samples and the detection rate was 76.92% (10/13). Conclusion SDSE was the pathogen of this food poisoning. The outbreak of acute upper respiratory tract infection with SDSE-contaminated food seldom occurs in China. Isolation and identification of SDSE is the key to its rapid diagnosis.

Abstract:This paper summarizes migration, enrichment purification methods, detection methods for hindered phenolic antioxidants in food contact material.

Abstract:Chromium is an essential trace element in human body, but excessive intake of chromium will do harm to human health. In recent years, the chromium contaminati on food and drug has triggered a series of security incidents, which attracts the public's concern. This paper reviews the current concerns of the chromium contamination in food, analysis of the contamination sources and the risk assessment in order to provide constructive suggestions for strengthening the corresponding surveillance and management.