雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Nivalenol,NIV)是由几种镰刀孢霉菌合成产生的次生代谢物,属于B族单端孢霉烯族化合
NIV污染现象普遍,在世界各地均有报道,人和牲畜在误食被污染的粮谷类后可产生广泛的中毒反应,不仅可引起呕吐、拒食、体质量减轻,还具有皮肤毒性,会损害免疫系统和造血系统。在1973年联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization,FAO)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)召开的第三场食品添加剂和污染物的会议上将单端孢霉烯族毒素列为国际优先研究和最危险的天然食品污染物之一。除此之外,有研究表明膳食暴露于NIV与食管癌和胃癌发病率增高有关,但由于其对实验动物致癌性证据并不充分,国际癌症研究中心(International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC)将NIV列为第三类致癌
本文根据系统文献检索方法,制定检索策略,收集NIV毒理学资料,对NIV进行系统研究和危害评估。
通过检索文献型数据库和国内外专业机构网站获得NIV的相关毒理学资料。文献型数据库:中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、Toxline,国内外专业机构网站:WHO、美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)、联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives,FAO/WHO JECFA)、粮农组织/世界卫生组织农药残留联席会议(the WHO/FAO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues,JMPR)、美国国家环境保护局(US Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA)、德国联邦风险评估中心(Federal Institute for Risk Assessment,BfR)、欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority,EFSA)、澳新食品标准局(Food Standards Australia New Zealand,FSANZ)、美国农业部(US Department of Agriculture,USDA)、新西兰食品安全局、日本食品安全委员会(Food Safety Commission of Japan,FSCJ)、欧盟食品科学委员会(Scientific Committee on Food,SCF)、FAO、国际食品法典委员、IARC、中华人民共和国生态环境部、国家市场监督管理总局。
中文检索词包括:雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、单端孢霉烯族毒素、NIV毒素。检索表达式包括:限定研究对象:人+人类+人群+动物+啮齿类动物+家畜+体外细胞+作用模式+MOA+替代方法+生物标志物+分子机制;毒性:毒性+危害+急性毒性+亚急性毒性+亚慢性毒性+慢性毒性+遗传毒性+发育毒性+生殖毒性+细胞毒性+神经毒性+致癌性;风险评估:安全评价+安全评估+危险性评估+风险评估+危险评估+暴露评估+毒理学+健康+研究进展。英文检索词包括:nivalenol、NIV、Fusarium nivale、trichothecene toxins及选择相关范围:Adverse Effects、Toxicity、Cytotoxicity等。通过检索词和检索公式的组合检索文献,并追踪纳入文献的参考文献。检索时间从建库至2023年9月12日。
纳入标准:研究对象为动物或人;研究结局关注毒效应终点;通过文献质量评价后筛选高质量文献。排除标准:会议摘要,不提供全文;研究对象为植物;重复报告文献或原始数据不完整。
利用EndNote软件排除重复文献,根据文献题目和摘要进行初步筛选、再根据文献题录和原文进行二级筛选,最后提取数据汇总结局。CNKI和万方数据知识服务平台检索得到325文献,去重后共282篇文献;PubMed、Toxline数据库检索得到362篇文献,去重后共266篇文献,SCF、IARC、FSCJ、EFSA等专业机构报告共4篇,文献筛选流程如

图1 文献筛选流程图
Figure 1 Process diagram of literature screening
NIV是一种倍半萜烯类结晶状化合

图2 NIV的化学结构式
Figure 2 The chemical structural formula of NIV
NIV与脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)化学结构高度相似,不同之处在于NIV在单端孢霉烯骨架上含有环氧环,而DON则缺乏这个环氧环结构。DON又被称为呕吐毒素,化学结构式见

图3 DON的化学结构式
Figure 3 The chemical structural formula of DON
NIV为无色结晶化合物,可溶于极性溶剂和碳酸钠水溶液。因此,目前去除NIV的有效方法是使用碳酸钠溶液。用1 mol/L的碳酸钠溶液冲洗谷物样品可有效去除至少70%的NIV;1 mol/L碳酸钠溶液浸泡谷物样品24 h可去除42%的NIV,且随着浸泡时间越长,NIV去除的越彻底,浸泡72 h后,NIV可完全去
膳食摄入被镰刀菌感染的谷物及其制品是动物和人类暴露NIV的主要途径,NIV产生和污染受到环境因素的广泛影响,包括气候条件、食品处理及储存
NIV是全球性的谷物污染物,目前全球的NIV污染分布(
地区 | 样品 | 污染率/% | 平均值/(μg/kg) | 污染范围/(μg/kg) | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
亚洲 | 中国,薏仁米 | 100.0 | 149.00 | 20.40~783.00 |
[ |
中国,11个麦区小麦 | 100.0 | 273.44 | 73.35~393.70 |
[ | |
中国,13省小麦粉 | 88.4 | 8.08 | 0.30~218.20 |
[ | |
中国,13省玉米制品 | 93.4 | 11.92 | 0.30~382.00 | ||
中国,西藏青稞 | 0.7 | 33.10 | 33.10 |
[ | |
韩国,谷物豆类及加工产品 | 77.1 | 59.00 | 4.6~370.80 |
[ | |
日本,小麦 | 55.8 | 7.00 | 1.00~27.00 |
[ | |
非洲 | 埃及,玉米粉及面粉 | 54.8 | 131.00 | <LOQ~462.00 |
[ |
尼日利亚,谷类产品 | 25.0 | 2.00 | 1.80~2.50 |
[ | |
美洲 | 巴西,玉米 | 10.0 | 335.00 | 33.28~683.00 |
[ |
阿根廷,小麦 | 18.9 | 0.22 | 0.10~0.60 |
[ | |
加拿大,小麦 | 7.0 | 57.50 | 22.10~114.60 |
[ | |
欧洲 | 波兰,啤酒 | 56.0 | 2.40 | 0.50~7.60 |
[ |
奥地利,小麦 | 12.9 | 34.10 | 20.20~45.90 |
[ | |
英国,小麦 | 25.0 | 10.00 | 10.00~157.00 |
[ |
注: LOQ为定量限
值得注意的是,NIV通常与其他B型单端孢霉烯,特别是DON共存,并在不同的食物基质中被同时检测到。
来源 | 样品 | 联合污染毒素种类 | 共污染率/% | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|
巴西 | 小麦 | DON+NIV | 3.8 |
[ |
ZEN+DON+NIV | 74.0 | |||
苏格兰 | 燕麦 | T-2+DON+NIV | 8.3 |
[ |
T-2+NIV | 25.0 | |||
中国 | 小麦 | T-2+DON+NIV | 100.0 |
[ |
ZEN+NIV | 100.0 | |||
薏仁米 | NIV+BEA | 100.0 |
[ | |
NIV+FB1 | 92.5 | |||
NIV+T-2 | 50.0 | |||
瑞士 | 小麦 | DON+NIV | 36.0 |
[ |
加拿大 | 大麦 | DON+NIV | 22.5 |
[ |
T-2+NIV | 2.5 | |||
OTA+NIV | 2.5 |
所纳入的文献通过体内外试验方法,包括对NIV的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程及毒作用机制的研究,并对其一般毒性、免疫毒性、内分泌干扰、遗传毒性以及致癌性等多种毒效应开展定性和定量分析。
基于小鼠、猪和肉鸡的经口暴露研究,POAPOLATHEP
NIV的I相代谢物和Ⅱ相代谢物分别是脱环氧-NIV(DE-NIV)和NIV-3-葡萄糖苷(NIV3Glc
NIV主要通过粪便排出,大鼠经口暴露NIV后观察到80%的NIV通过粪便排泄,1%以脱环氧-NIV的形式通过尿液排
基于外周血单核细胞研究发现,NIV可抑制丝裂原诱导的细胞增殖,降低抗体依赖性介导的细胞毒性,抑制NK细胞活
基于肠道相关细胞研究发现,WAN
动物急性经口暴露于高剂量的NIV后最常见的症状为呕吐、体质量减轻、拒食、便血和皮炎,此外还可能出现心跳迟缓、腹泻、出血、水肿、皮肤组织坏死、胃肠道上皮黏膜出血、造血组织破坏和免疫抑制等中毒表现。
基于C57小鼠经口暴露的研究发现,NIV的半数致死量(Median lethal dose,LD50)是38.9 mg/kg·BW,腹膜内、皮下和静脉注射的LD50为5~10 mg/kg·BW,大多数非正常早死小鼠病理结果中肠道存在明显充血和出
WU
雌性C24BL小鼠经连续24 d喂饲含30 mg/kg·BW NIV的饲料后,出现了明显的红细胞减少症和轻微的白细胞减少症。超微结构观察发现,其骨髓细胞发生了多核糖体分解。但是在连续30 d给予0.4或2.0 mg/kg·BW的NIV喂食的大鼠中,未检测到相关生物学和血液学参数的显著变化,虽然染毒结束后大鼠均出现肝脏和脾脏重量增加的现象,但在组织学上尚未观察到显著变
基于幼龄ICR衍生的肾小球肾炎(Immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis,ICGN)雄性小鼠经口暴露研究,ICGN和ICR小鼠肾脏对NIV敏感性无差异,结果提示肾脏可能不是NIV靶器
NIV的亚慢性及慢性毒性研究表明NIV的主要不良效应终点为白细胞减少及免疫系统损害。C57小鼠经口持续4或12周暴露于NIV后(0、6、12和30 mg/kg·BW),小鼠体质量增加减缓,饲料消耗减少,4周后在最高剂量组雌性动物中观察到胸腺和脾脏的相对器官重量的显著降低,12周后动物肝脏的相对器官重量降
TAKAHASHI
NIV慢性毒性研究表明NIV可引起小鼠生长抑制和白细胞减少,其LOAEL为0.7 mg/kg·BW。C57小鼠经持续1年经口暴露NIV(0、6、12和30 mg/kg·BW)后,所有处理组动物的体质量增加和饲料消耗量下降。30 mg/kg·BW剂量组的动物肝脏绝对重量明显减少,而12 mg/kg·BW剂量组的动物肾脏重量明显减少,6 mg/kg·BW剂量组的动物则在喂食1年后出现严重的白细胞减少症,但2年慢性毒性研究的小鼠中未观察到该现
目前对NIV遗传毒性尚未有明确定论,大量的体内外遗传试验结果为阴性(
试验种类 | 试验终点 | 受试对象 | 受试浓度 | 试验结果 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
体外试验 |
DNA损伤 DNA链断裂 | CHO细胞 | 50~100 µg/mL | 阳性 |
[ |
回复突变 | 鼠伤寒沙门菌菌株TA100、TA98 |
10~100 μg/plate 50 μg/mL | 阴性 |
[ | |
染色体畸变 | 中国仓鼠V79细胞 | 30 ng/mL | 阳性 |
[ | |
染色体断裂损伤 | 0.075~0.3 µg/mL | 阴性 |
[ | ||
DNA损伤 | Caco-2细胞 | 0~0.5 μmol/L |
阳性 作用于分裂期-阴性 |
[ | |
基因突变 | TK 6细胞 | 1.56~25 µg/mL | 阴性 |
[ | |
动物实验 | DNA损伤 | 小鼠 |
喂饲20 mg/kg·BW; 腹腔注射3.7 mg/kg·BW | 阴性 |
[ |
DNA损伤 微核形成 基因突变 | 小鼠 | 灌胃5~20 mg/kg | 阴性 |
[ | |
DNA损伤 | 小鼠 | 灌胃0或6 mg/kg·BW | 阴性 |
[ |
对妊娠中期的ICR小鼠行腹腔注射NIV,发现在0.5和1.5 mg/kg·BW剂量组的小鼠胚胎死亡率分别为48%和88%,未观察到胎儿畸
WANG
2013年EFSA的报告中提出免疫系统是NIV的作用靶点之
NIV急性暴露可诱导骨髓毒性,并影响淋巴器官,小鼠连续24 d暴露于3.5 mg/kg·BW的NIV,可观察到其红细胞减少、白细胞轻度减少,长期接触可致白细胞减少
此外,基于小鼠的NIV慢性毒性研究显示,小鼠血清IgA增加,同时在肾脏中观察到与人类IgA肾病相似的免疫病理学变
NIV还可对淋巴细胞数量产生影响,对ICR雄性小鼠单次经口给予5~15 mg/kg·BW的NIV,给药12~24 h后,胸腺、派伊尔淋巴结、脾脏中淋巴细胞出现剂量依赖的凋亡增
啮齿动物源细胞系体外试验主要是研究NIV对小鼠巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和淋巴细胞的作用。在小鼠J7741巨噬细胞中,NIV诱导细胞凋亡与细胞周期阻滞、Pro-caspase-3降解,并提示NIV免疫毒性与ERK23、Bax和ADP-PARP通路的激活有
在人源细胞系体外试验中,NIV浓度为72 ng/mL时,可抑制丝裂原诱导的人淋巴细胞胚生
夏求洁
IARC基于C57小鼠经口暴露NIV的慢性毒性研究评估其致癌性,与对照组相比,所有处理组动物体质量增加均减少,且所有组别动物肿瘤(主要是淋巴瘤)发病率相似。SAKAI
NIV和DON化学结构相似,有许多共同的毒理学特性,如可引起呕吐、腹泻。此外,这两种毒素都可抑制蛋白合成,MAPKs应激性激活和血清碱性磷酸酶水平增
机构 | 设置依据 | 推荐值/(µg/kg BW) |
---|---|---|
SC | 一般毒性、血液毒性和免疫毒性 | tTDI:0~0.7 |
FSC | 90天大鼠亚慢性实验及敏感终点效应为白细胞计数下降 | TDI:0.4 |
EFS | 敏感终点效应为白细胞计数下降及18个欧洲国家10年的NIV流行数据 |
ADI:1.2 ArfD:14 |
注: TDI:每日耐受摄入量;ADI:每日允许摄入量;ArfD:短期参考剂量
NIV在我国谷物等食品中普遍存在污染问题,且与其他真菌毒素存在较明显的共污染现象。NIV通过膳食暴露可进入人体或动物体内,产生以呕吐为主的急性毒性效应及以白细胞减少为主的亚慢性、慢性毒性效应,具有生长发育毒性和免疫毒性。系统文献分析结果表明,NIV的免疫毒性为其主要敏感毒性效应,可诱导免疫器官细胞凋亡和IgA在肾脏沉积,效应终点为白细胞减少。基于该敏感毒性效应终点,EFSA提出了NIV的ADI为1.2 µg/kg BW。此外,NIV常与其他镰刀菌毒素联合污染所产生累积毒性效应应予以关注。
参考文献
KUMAR P, MAHATO D K, GUPTA A, et al. Nivalenol mycotoxin concerns in foods: An overview on occurrence, impact on human and animal health and its detection and management strategies[J]. Toxins, 2022, 14(8): 527. [百度学术]
赵瑞琦, 曹峻岭. 真菌毒素NIV研究进展[J]. 国外医学(医学地理分册), 1999(4): 166-169. [百度学术]
ZHAO R Q, CAO J L. Progress in the study of mycotoxin NIV[J]. In Chinese Foreign Medicine (Medical Geography), 1999(4): 166-169. [百度学术]
IARC. List of classifications[EB/OL]. (2023-10-09) [2023-10-09]. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications. [百度学术]
WU Q, DOHNAL V, KUCA K, et al. Trichothecenes: Structure-toxic activity relationships[J]. Current Drug Metabolism, 2013, 14(6): 641-660. [百度学术]
SHEN C M, HU Y C, SUN H Y, et al. Geographic distribution of trichothecene chemotypes of the Fusarium graminearum species complex in major winter wheat production areas of China[J]. Plant Disease, 2012, 96(8): 1172-1178. [百度学术]
NAZARI L, PATTORI E, MANSTRETTA V, et al. Effect of temperature on growth, wheat head infection, and nivalenol production by Fusarium poae[J]. Food Microbiology, 2018, 76: 83-90. [百度学术]
HOPE R, MAGAN N. Two‐dimensional environmental profiles of growth, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol production by Fusarium culmorum on a wheat‐based substrate[J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2003, 37(1): 70-74. [百度学术]
VOGELGSANG S, SULYOK M, BäNZIGER I, et al. Effect of fungal strain and cereal substrate on in vitro mycotoxin production by Fusarium poae and Fusarium avenaceum[J]. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 2008, 25(6): 745-757. [百度学术]
BRYŁA M, KSIENIEWICZ-WOŹNIAK E, WAŚKIEWICZ A, et al. Co-occurrence of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in beer samples[J]. Food Control, 2018, 92: 319-324. [百度学术]
JI F, HE D, OLANIRAN A O, et al. Occurrence, toxicity, production and detection of Fusarium mycotoxin: A review[J]. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 2019, 1(1): 1-14. [百度学术]
ZINGALES V, FERNáNDEZ-FRANZóN M, RUIZ M J. Occurrence, mitigation and in vitro cytotoxicity of nivalenol, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin – Updates from the last decade (2010-2020)[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2021, 152: 112182. [百度学术]
LIU C, XU W, NI L, et al. Development of a sensitive simultaneous analytical method for 26 targeted mycotoxins in coix seed and Monte Carlo simulation-based exposure risk assessment for local population[J]. Food Chemistry, 2024, 435: 137563. [百度学术]
马玉彤, 刘太国, 文才艺, 等. 我国不同麦区小麦镰刀菌毒素检测及毒素污染分析[J]. 植物保护学报, 2019, 46(2): 266-273. [百度学术]
MA Y T, LIU T G, WEN C Y, et al. Detection of Fusarium oxysporum toxin in wheat and analysis of mycotoxin contamination in different wheat regions of China[J]. In Chineses Journal of Plant Protection, 2019, 46(2): 266-273. [百度学术]
王伟, 邵兵, 朱江辉, 等. 中国谷物制品中重要镰刀菌毒素膳食暴露评估研究 [J]. 卫生研究, 2010, 39(6): 709-714. [百度学术]
WANG W, SHAO B, ZHU J H, et al. Dietary exposure assessment of some important Fusarium toxins in cereal-based products in China [J]. In Chinese Health Research, 2010, 39(6): 709-714. [百度学术]
ZHANG T W, WU D L, LI W D, et al. Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in freshly harvested highland barley (qingke) grains from Tibet, China[J]. Mycotoxin Research, 2023, 39(3): 193-200. [百度学术]
LEE S Y, WOO S Y, TIAN F, et al. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and their glucosides in Korean market foods and estimation of their population exposure through food consumption[J]. Toxins, 2020, 12(2): 89. [百度学术]
TANAKA H, TAKINO M, SUGITA-KONISHI Y, et al. Determination of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry, 2009, 23(19): 3119-3124. [百度学术]
GAB-ALLAH M A, TAHOUN I F, YAMANI R N, et al. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in cereal-derived products from Egypt[J]. Food control, 2022, 137: 108974. [百度学术]
KAYODE O F, SULYOK M, FAPOHUNDA S O, et al. Mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in groundnut- and maize-based snacks from Nigeria[J]. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 2013, 6(4): 294-300. [百度学术]
TONIAL SIMõES C, KOBS VIDAL J, DA ROSA DA SILVA C, et al. A two-year study on the occurrence and concentration of mycotoxins in corn varieties with different endosperm textures[J]. 2023, 103(14): 7199-206. [百度学术]
BASíLICO M L Z, POSE G, LUDEMANN V, et al. Fungal diversity and natural occurrence of fusaproliferin, beauvericin, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat cultivated in Santa Fe Province, Argentina[J]. Mycotoxin research, 2010, 26(2): 85-91. [百度学术]
SHI H, SCHWAB W, YU P. Natural occurrence and co-contamination of twelve mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season cereal grains grown under a low heat unit climate condition[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2019, 11(3): 160. [百度学术]
WARTH B, PARICH A, ATEHNKENG J, et al. Quantitation of mycotoxins in food and feed from Burkina Faso and Mozambique Using a modern LC-MS/MS multitoxin method[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2012, 60(36): 9352-9363. [百度学术]
EDWARDS S G. Fusariummycotoxin content of UK organic and conventional barley[J]. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2009, 26(8): 1185-1190. [百度学术]
COVARELLI L, BECCARI G, PRODI A, et al. Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy[J]. Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2015, 95(3): 540-551. [百度学术]
SCHOLLENBERGER M, MÜLLER H M, ERNST K, et al. Occurrence and distribution of 13 trichothecene toxins in naturally contaminated maize plants in Germany[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2012, 4(10): 778-787. [百度学术]
CALORI-DOMINGUES M A, BERNARDI C M, NARDIN M S, et al. Co-occurrence and distribution of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone in wheat from Brazil[J]. Food Additives & Contaminants Part B, Surveillance, 2016, 9(2): 142-151. [百度学术]
DAUD N, CURRIE V, DUNCAN G, et al. Free and modified mycotoxins in organic and conventional oats (Avena sativa L.) grown in Scotland[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2023, 15(4): 247. [百度学术]
DORN B, FORRER H R, JENNY E, et al. Fusarium species complex and mycotoxins in grain maize from maize hybrid trials and from grower’s fields[J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2011, 111(3): 693-706. [百度学术]
POAPOLATHEP A, SUGITA-KONISHI Y, DOI K, et al. The fates of trichothecene mycotoxins, nivalenol and fusarenon-X, in mice[J]. Toxicon: Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2003, 41(8): 1047-1054. [百度学术]
HEDMAN R, PETTERSSON H. Transformation of nivalenol by gastrointestinal microbes[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 1997, 50(4): 321-329. [百度学术]
KONGKAPAN J, GIORGI M, POAPOLATHEP S, et al. Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of nivalenol in broiler chickens[J]. Toxicon: Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2016, 111: 31-36. [百度学术]
KNUTSEN H K, BARREGÅRD L, BIGNAMI M, et al. Appropriateness to set a group health based guidance value for nivalenol and its modified forms[J]. EFSA journal European Food Safety Authority, 2017, 15(4): e04751. [百度学术]
GARALEVICIENE D, PETTERSSON H, ELWINGER K. Effects on health and blood plasma parameters of laying hens by pure nivalenol in the diet[J]. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 2002, 86(11-12): 389-398. [百度学术]
GUAN S, HE J, YOUNG J C, et al. Transformation of trichothecene mycotoxins by microorganisms from fish digesta[J]. Aquaculture, 2009, 290(3): 290-295. [百度学术]
ERIKSEN G S, PETTERSSON H, JOHNSEN K, et al. Transformation of trichothecenes in ileal digesta and faeces from pigs[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2002, 56(4): 263-274. [百度学术]
GRATZ S W, DINESH R, YOSHINARI T, et al. Masked trichothecene and zearalenone mycotoxins withstand digestion and absorption in the upper GI tract but are efficiently hydrolyzed by human gut microbiota in vitro[J]. Molecular nutrition & Food Research, 2017, 61(4): 1600680. [百度学术]
SCHWARTZ-ZIMMERMANN H E, BINDER S B, HAMETNER C, et al. Metabolism of nivalenol and nivalenol-3-glucoside in rats[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2019, 306: 43-52. [百度学术]
ONJI Y, DOHI Y, AOKI Y, et al. Deepoxynivalenol: A new metabolite of nivalenol found in the excreta of orally administered rats[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1989, 37(2): 478-481. [百度学术]
POAPOLATHEP A, SUGITA-KONISHI Y, PHITSANU T, et al. Placental and milk transmission of trichothecene mycotoxins, nivalenol and fusarenon-X, in mice[J]. Toxicon: Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2004, 44(1): 111-113. [百度学术]
TARANU I, MARINA D E, BURLACU R, et al. Comparative aspects of in vitro proliferation of human and porcine lymphocytes exposed to mycotoxins[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2010, 64(5): 383-393. [百度学术]
PESTKA J J, UZARSKI R L, ISLAM Z. Induction of apoptosis and cytokine production in the Jurkat human T cells by deoxynivalenol: Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases and comparison to other 8-ketotrichothecenes[J]. Toxicology, 2005, 206(2): 207-219. [百度学术]
NASRI T, BOSCH R R, VOORDE S, et al. Differential induction of apoptosis by type A and B trichothecenes in Jurkat T-lymphocytes[J]. Toxicology in vitro: An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA, 2006, 20(6): 832-840. [百度学术]
SMITH M C, MADEC S, TROADEC S, et al. Effects of fusariotoxin co-exposure on THP-1 human immune cells[J]. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 2018, 34(3): 191-205. [百度学术]
WAN L Y, TURNER P C, EL-NEZAMI H. Individual and combined cytotoxic effects of Fusarium toxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins B1) on swine jejunal epithelial cells[J]. Food and chemical toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2013, 57: 276-283. [百度学术]
ALASSANE-KPEMBI I, KOLF-CLAUW M, GAUTHIER T, et al. New insights into mycotoxin mixtures: The toxicity of low doses of type B trichothecenes on intestinal epithelial cells is synergistic[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2013, 272(1): 191-198. [百度学术]
REISINGER N, SCHÜRER-WALDHEIM S, MAYER E, et al. Mycotoxin occurrence in maize silage-A neglected risk for bovine gut health?[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2019, 11(10): 577. [百度学术]
RYU J C, OHTSUBO K, IZUMIYAMA N, et al. The acute and chronic toxicities of nivalenol in mice[J]. Fundamental and applied toxicology: Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology, 1988, 11(1): 38-47. [百度学术]
KAWASAKI Y, UCHIDA O, SEKITA K, et al. Single and repeated oral administration toxicity studies of nivalenol in F344 rats[J]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi), 1990, 31(2): 144-154. [百度学术]
WU W, FLANNERY B M, SUGITA-KONISHI Y, et al. Comparison of murine anorectic responses to the 8-ketotrichothecenes 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon X and nivalenol[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2012, 50(6): 2056-2061. [百度学术]
WU W, BATES M A, BURSIAN S J, et al. Comparison of emetic potencies of the 8-ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, and nivalenol[J]. Toxicological Sciences : An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2013, 131(1): 279-291. [百度学术]
CHEAT S, GEREZ J R, COGNIÉ J, et al. Nivalenol has a greater impact than deoxynivalenol on pig jejunum mucosa in vitro on explants and in vivo on intestinal loops[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2015, 7(6): 1945-1961. [百度学术]
RYU J C, OHTSUBO K, IZUMIYAMA N, et al. Effects of nivalenol on the bone marrow in mice[J]. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 1987, 12(1): 11-21. [百度学术]
YABE T, HASHIMOTO H, SEKIJIMA M, et al. Effects of nivalenol on hepatic drug-metabolizing activity in rats[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 1993, 31(8): 573-581. [百度学术]
INOUE K, TAKAHASHI M, KODAMA Y, et al. The kidneys of infant mice are not sensitive to the food mycotoxin contaminant nivalenol[J]. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology, 2014, 27(1): 57-66. [百度学术]
YAMAMURA H, KOBAYASHI T, RYU J C, et al. Subchronic feeding studies with nivalenol in C57BL/6 mice[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology : An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 1989, 27(9): 585-90. [百度学术]
GOUZE M E, LAFFITTE J, PINTON P, et al. Effect of subacute oral doses of nivalenol on immune and metabolic defence systems in mice[J]. Veterinary Research, 2007, 38(4): 635-646. [百度学术]
TAKAHASHI M, SHIBUTANI M, SUGITA-KONISHI Y, et al. A 90-day subchronic toxicity study of nivalenol, a trichothecene mycotoxin, in F344 rats[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2008, 46(1): 125-135. [百度学术]
SUGITA-KONISHI Y, KUBOSAKI A, TAKAHASHI M, et al. Nivalenol and the targeting of the female reproductive system as well as haematopoietic and immune systems in rats after 90-day exposure through the diet[J]. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 2008, 25(9): 1118-1127. [百度学术]
KUBOSAKI A, AIHARA M, PARK B J, et al. Immunotoxicity of nivalenol after subchronic dietary exposure to rats[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2008, 46(1): 253-258. [百度学术]
OHTSUBO K, RYU J C, NAKAMURA K, et al. Chronic toxicity of nivalenol in female mice: A 2-year feeding study with Fusarium nivale Fn 2B-moulded rice[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 1989, 27(9): 591-8. [百度学术]
EFSA. Scientific Opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed[J]. EFSA Journal, 2013, 11(6): 3262. [百度学术]
TSUDA S, KOSAKA Y, MURAKAMI M, et al. Detection of nivalenol genotoxicity in cultured cells and multiple mouse organs by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay[J]. Mutation Research, 1998, 415(3): 191-200. [百度学术]
TAKAHASHI H, YAZAKI H, KIMURA S, et al. Detection of mutagenic activity of mycotoxins by Salmonella typhimurium/microsome assay and ultraweak chemiluminescence[J]. Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi, 1992, 45(2): 169-173. [百度学术]
BÁRTA I, ŠMERÁK P, POLÍVKOVÁ Z, et al. Mutagenic effect of nivalenol, fusarenon X, penicillic acid and their combinations with aflatoxin B1[J]. Hygiena, 2001, 46: 63-71. [百度学术]
HSIA C C, WU J L, LU X Q, et al. Natural occurrence and clastogenic effects of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in corn from a high-risk area of esophageal cancer[J]. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 1988, 13(2): 79-86. [百度学术]
HSIA C C, WU Z Y, LI Y S, et al. Nivalenol, a main Fusarium toxin in dietary foods from high-risk areas of cancer of esophagus and gastric cardia in China, induced benign and malignant tumors in mice[J]. Oncology Reports, 2004, 12(2): 449-456. [百度学术]
RYU J C, CHANG I M J T R. A study on the clastogenicity of trichothecene mycotoxins in Chinese hamster lung cells[J]. Toxicological Research, 1993, 9(1): 13-21. [百度学术]
BONY S, OLIVIER-LOISEAU L, CARCELEN M, et al. Genotoxic potential associated with low levels of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol and fusarenon X in a human intestinal cell line[J]. Toxicology in vitro: An International Journal Published In Association with BIBRA, 2007, 21(3): 457-65. [百度学术]
LE HéGARAT L, TAKAKURA N, SIMAR S, et al. The in vivo genotoxicity studies on nivalenol and deoxynivalenol[J]. EFSA Supporting Publications, 2014, 11(11): 697E. [百度学术]
FSCJ. Risk assessment report: Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol (mycotoxin)[EB/OL]. (2023-10-09) [2023-10-09]. https://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/nm_toxins/rar_donniv_fs872_2010_nm.pdf [百度学术]
ITO Y, OHTSUBO K, ISHII K, et al. Effects of nivalenol on pregnancy and fetal development of mice[J]. Mycotoxin Research, 1986, 2(2): 71-77. [百度学术]
ITO Y, UENO Y, TANAKA T, et al. Embryotoxicity of oral nivalenol in mice[J]. 2009, 1988(27): 33-36. [百度学术]
WANG Y, PAN Z N, XING C H, et al. Nivalenol affects spindle formation and organelle functions during mouse oocyte maturation[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2022, 436: 115882. [百度学术]
HINOSHITA F, SUZUKI Y, YOKOYAMA K, et al. Experimental IgA nephropathy induced by a low-dose environmental mycotoxin, nivalenol[J]. Nephron, 1997, 75(4): 469-478. [百度学术]
CHOI C Y, NAKAJIMA-ADACHI H, KAMINOGAWA S, et al. Nivalenol inhibits total and antigen-specific IgE production in mice[J]. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2000, 165(1): 94-98. [百度学术]
DEWA Y, KEMMOCHI S, KAWAI M, et al. Rapid deposition of glomerular IgA in BALB/c mice by nivalenol and its modifying effect on high IgA strain (HIGA) mice[J]. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology: Official Journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie, 2011, 63(1-2): 17-24. [百度学术]
POAPOLATHEP A, OHTSUKA R, KIATIPATTANASAKUL W, et al. Nivalenol--induced apoptosis in thymus, spleen and Peyer’s patches of mice[J]. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology: Official Journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie, 2002, 53(6): 441-446. [百度学术]
POAPOLATHEP A, NAGATA T, SUZUKI H, et al. Development of early apopotosis and changes in lymphocyte subsets in lymphoid organs of mice orally inoculated with nivalenol[J]. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 2003, 75(1): 74-79. [百度学术]
MARZOCCO S, RUSSO R, BIANCO G, et al. Pro-apoptotic effects of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol trichothecenes in J774A.1 murine macrophages[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2009, 189(1): 21-26. [百度学术]
SUGIYAMA K, MUROI M, TANAMOTO K, et al. Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by mouse macrophage cells[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2010, 192(2): 150-154. [百度学术]
LUONGO D, SEVERINO L, BERGAMO P, et al. Trichothecenes NIV and DON modulate the maturation of murine dendritic cells[J]. Toxicon: Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2010, 55(1): 73-80. [百度学术]
POAPOLATHEP A, KUMAGAI S, SUZUKI H, et al. Development of early apoptosis and changes in T-cell subsets in mouse thymocyte primary cultures treated with nivalenol[J]. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 2004, 77(2): 149-152. [百度学术]
FORSELL J H, PESTKA J J. Relation of 8-ketotrichothecene and zearalenone analog structure to inhibition of mitogen-induced human lymphocyte blastogenesis[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1985, 50(5): 1304-1307. [百度学术]
THUVANDER A, WIKMAN C, GADHASSON I. In vitro exposure of human lymphocytes to trichothecenes: Individual variation in sensitivity and effects of combined exposure on lymphocyte function[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 1999, 37(6): 639-648. [百度学术]
夏求洁, 陆小秋, 吴建丽, 等. 食管贲门癌高发区粮食中的单端孢霉烯族毒素及其致癌潜力[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 1988, 10(1): 4-8. [百度学术]
XIA Q J, LU X Q, WU J L, et al. Trichothecenes toxins and their carcinogenic potential in grains from areas with high incidence of esophageal cardia cancer[J]. Chinese Journal of Tumors, 1988, 10(1): 4-8. [百度学术]
SAKAI A, SUZUKI C, MASUI Y, et al. The activities of mycotoxins derived from Fusarium and related substances in a short-term transformation assay using v-Ha-ras-transfected BALB/3T3 cells (Bhas 42 cells)[J]. Mutation research, 2007, 630(1-2): 103-111. [百度学术]
GOUZE M E, LAFFITTE J, DEDIEU G, et al. Individual and combined effects of low oral doses of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in mice[J]. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2005, 51S: OL809- OL817. [百度学术]
SUGIYAMA K, KAWAKAMI H, KAMATA Y, et al. Effect of a combination of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol on lipopolisaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by mouse macrophages[J]. Mycotoxin Research, 2011, 27(1): 57-62. [百度学术]
AUPANUN S, PHUEKTES P, POAPOLATHEP S, et al. Individual and combined cytotoxicity of major trichothecenes type B, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fusarenon-X on Jurkat human T cells[J]. 2019, 160: 29-37. [百度学术]
WAN L-Y M, WOO C-S J, TURNER P C, et al. Individual and combined effects of Fusarium toxins on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in swine jejunal epithelial cells[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2013, 220(3): 238-246. [百度学术]
IARC. Some naturally occurring substances: Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins[J]. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 1993, 56: 245-395. [百度学术]
SCF. Opinion of the scientific committee on food on fusarium toxins part 41: Nivalenol[EB/OL]. (2023-10-09) [2023-10-09]. https: //ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out74_en.pdf. [百度学术]
FOOD SAFETY COMMISSION OF J. Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol (2nd edition)[assuring the maximum level of deoxynivalenol in wheat] (natural toxins and mycotoxins)[J]. Food Safety, 2020, 8(4): 115-117. [百度学术]