摘要
2016年9月,在北京2个区的中小学收集900份学生尿液样本,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定5种食品添加剂(苯甲酸、安赛蜜、甜蜜素、糖精和4-己基间苯二酚)含量,按照年龄组计算每日估计摄入量(EDI),并评估其存在的健康风险。
全部尿液样本中均检测到甜蜜素和糖精,96.3%的样本中检测到安赛蜜。甜蜜素的中位浓度(4 788.5 ng/mL)明显高于其他4种食品添加剂(苯甲酸235.9 ng/mL,安赛蜜92.6 ng/mL,糖精84.1 ng/mL,4-己基间苯二酚7.6 ng/mL)。7~12岁学生尿液中苯甲酸浓度极显著高于13~17岁年龄组的学生(P<0.001);13~17岁年龄组学生尿液中安赛蜜、糖精和4-己基间苯二酚浓度极显著高于7~12岁学生(P<0.001);13~17岁年龄组女生尿液中糖精浓度极显著高于同年龄组男生(P<0.001)。5种食品添加剂的中位EDI分别为:苯甲酸3.48 μg/kg·BW/d、安赛蜜1.36 μg/kg·BW/d、甜蜜素69.01 μg/kg·BW/d、糖精1.22 μg/kg·BW/d、4-己基间苯二酚0.11 μg/kg·BW/d。
食品添加剂在食品生产中使用广泛,不仅可以丰富食品的色、香、味,改善食品品质,还能延长食品的保存期。然而,食品添加剂的超范围、超限量使用也会造成食品安全问题。甜味剂作为糖的替代品,广泛应用到多种食品中。中国是全球甜味剂最大的生产和消费国,占全球消费总量的32%,尤其是甜蜜素消费量领先全球,其次是糖精和安赛
这些添加剂超标食品进入人体内,以原型的形式通过尿液排出体外,最高的浓度范围为40~200 mg/L,在环境中持续存在多年,对环境和人体健康造成严重影
目前人群的食品添加剂暴露水平主要是根据膳食暴露水平推算,难以准确评价人群食品添加剂的真实暴露水
ACQUIT
标准品甜蜜素(纯度≥99%)、安赛蜜(纯度≥98%)、糖精(纯度≥98%)、苯甲酸(纯度≥99%)(中国百灵威科技有限公司);4-己基间苯二酚(纯度≥98%,日本东京化成(TCI)公司);苯甲酸-D5、甜蜜素-D4同位素内标(中国坛墨质检-标准物质中心,Tmstandard);糖精
2016年9月,基于方便采样的原则,从北京市某两个区中小学收集了1 197份中小学生尿液样本。所有参与者年龄范围为6.8~19.3岁,没有任何明确的疾病。尿液样本均为晨尿,收集在棕色玻璃瓶中,将尿液分样储存在-80 ℃冰箱冷冻保存直至分析。排除人口学特征信息不全及尿液样本不足200 μL的样品后,最终有900名研究对象入选并进一步评估5种食品添加剂在尿液中的暴露情况。本研究获得北京市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员批准。
采用稀释上机的方
色谱柱:ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm);流动相A:0.1%甲酸水溶液,流动相B:乙腈;柱温:40 ℃;进样体积:2 μL。梯度洗脱程序见
时间/min | 流速/(mL/min) | A/% | B/% |
---|---|---|---|
Initial | 0.1 | 90.0 | 10.0 |
1.00 | 0.1 | 80.0 | 20.0 |
5.00 | 0.4 | 70.0 | 30.0 |
7.00 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 99.0 |
8.00 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 99.0 |
8.10 | 0.4 | 90.0 | 10.0 |
10.00 | 0.4 | 90.0 | 10.0 |
离子源:电喷雾离子源负离子模式(ES
化合物 | 保留时间/min | 定量离子 | 定性离子 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
离子对/(m/z) | DP/eV | CE/eV | 离子对/(m/z) | DP/eV | CE/eV | ||
苯甲酸 | 4.30 | 121>77 | -27 | -17 | 121>77 | -27 | -17 |
安赛蜜 | 2.02 | 162>82 | -37 | -19 | 162>78 | -37 | -45 |
甜蜜素 | 2.13 | 178>80 | -77 | -39 | 178>80 | -77 | -39 |
糖精 | 2.10 | 182>106 | -70 | -24 | 182>42 | -70 | -60 |
4-己基间苯二酚 | 6.94 | 193>151 | -60 | -23 | 193>122 | -60 | -26 |
苯甲酸-D5 | 4.26 | 126>82 | -27 | -15 | — | — | — |
甜蜜素-D4 | 2.13 | 182>80 | -80 | -35 | — | — | — |
糖精 | 2.10 | 188>106 | -70 | -28 | — | — | — |
注: CE:碰撞能量;DP:去簇电压
根据尿液中5种食品添加剂的浓度,使用式(1)计算5种添加剂的估计每日摄入量(Estimated daily intake,EDI,μg/kg·BW/d):
EDI=(C×V)/(BW×Fue) 式(1)
式中:C:尿液中食品添加剂浓度(ng/mL);V:中小学生平均日尿量(mL/d),设为660 mL/
苯甲酸、甜蜜素和糖精采用同位素稀释法定量;安赛蜜和4-己基间苯二酚采用基质加标标准曲线定量。苯甲酸的检出限和定量限为0.004和0.012 ng/mL,安赛蜜的检出限和定量限为0.001和0.003 ng/mL,甜蜜素的检出限和定量限为0.035和0.117 ng/mL,糖精的检出限和定量限为0.192和0.640 ng/mL。4-己基间苯二酚的检出限和定量限为0.004和0.012 ng/mL。采用空白尿液进行加标回收实验,5种目标化合物加标回收率为84.5%~113.7%,相对标准偏差小于8%(n=5)。
本研究参与者的人口统计学特征如
特征 | 整体 | 男生(n=395) | 女生(n=505) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
年龄/岁 | 13.2(5.7) | 13.0(6.1) | 13.4(5.2) | 0.23 |
身高/m | 1.6(0.2) | 1.6(0.2) | 1.6(0.2) | 0.06 |
体质量/kg | 46.4(24.3) | 46.0(26.3) | 48.0(23.0) | 0.37 |
BMI/(kg/ | 19.2(5.6) | 19.1(5.9) | 19.3(5.1) | 0.87 |
BMI分层 | ||||
正常 | 666(74.0%) | 283(31.4%) | 383(42.6%) | |
超重 | 121(13.4%) | 53(5.9%) | 68(7.5%) | |
肥胖 | 113(12.6%) | 59(6.6%) | 54(6.0%) |
注: 年龄、身高、体质量、BMI为计量资料且不服从正态分布,以中位数(四分位数间距)表示;BMI分层以样本量(构成比)表示;BMI:体质量指数
化合物 | 检出率/% | Min | P25 | Median | P75 | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
尿液样本浓度/(ng/mL) | ||||||
苯甲酸 | 85.7 | <0.004 | 35.66 | 235.92 | 935.11 | 55 501.59 |
安赛蜜 | 96.3 | <0.001 | 6.40 | 92.56 | 745.43 | 27 807.90 |
甜蜜素 | 100.0 | 0.83 | 941.14 | 4 788.53 | 15 612.45 | 436 583.9 |
糖精 | 100.0 | 4.53 | 31.61 | 84.09 | 339.24 | 225 342.35 |
4-己基间苯二酚 | 63.2 | <0.004 | 0.03 | 7.55 | 33.26 | 255.59 |
肌酐校正后浓度/(μg/g) | ||||||
苯甲酸 | 85.7 | <0.001 | 19.80 | 160.91 | 670.61 | 41 496.52 |
安赛蜜 | 96.3 | <0.001 | 5.23 | 60.06 | 474.88 | 18 896.37 |
甜蜜素 | 100.0 | 0.12 | 650.69 | 3 358.28 | 10 276.45 | 378 781.80 |
糖精 | 100.0 | 0.37 | 21.87 | 53.40 | 221.02 | 137 903.34 |
4-己基间苯二酚 | 63.2 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 4.64 | 18.34 | 375.10 |
年龄可能会潜在地影响尿液中食品添加剂浓度(

图1 不同年龄组学生尿液中5种食品添加剂的浓度比较
Figure 1 Comparison of urinary concentrations of five food additives in students of different ages
注: 小提琴图表示数据的分布,中间的黑色粗条表示四分位数范围。组间比较:Kruskal-Wallis test显著性(***P˂0.001,**P˂0.01,*P˂0.05)。A:苯甲酸;B:安赛蜜;C:甜蜜素;D:糖精;E:4-己基间苯二酚。年龄分组及样本量:˂7岁(n=16)、7~12岁(n=411)、13~17岁男(n=185)、13~17岁女(n=274)、≥18岁(n=14)
从风险预防的原则考虑,选取联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会与欧盟食品安全局对同一食品添加剂所制定的较低的每日允许摄入量(Acceptable daily intake,ADI)为本次评估的ADI值,即苯甲酸、安赛蜜、甜蜜素和糖精的ADI值分别为5、9、7、5 mg/kg·BW/
化合物 | Min | P10 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P90 | P95 | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
苯甲酸 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.48 | 3.48 | 14.2 | 53.54 | 92.95 | 990.03 |
安赛蜜 | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.10 | 1.36 | 10.62 | 41.86 | 73.00 | 382.36 |
甜蜜素 | 0.022 | 2.09 | 13.14 | 69.01 | 224.57 | 543.06 | 831.90 | 14 407.27 |
糖精 | 0.037 | 0.241 | 0.48 | 1.22 | 4.91 | 21.61 | 79.90 | 2 723.92 |
4-己基间苯二酚 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.43 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 4.67 |
苯甲酸、安赛蜜、糖精的中位EDI值由1.22(糖精)~3.48 μg/kg·BW/d(苯甲酸),远低于ADI值;4-己基间苯二酚的ADI值未作限制性规定,其中位EDI值为0.11 μg/kg·BW/d,处于较低的水平。中小学生4种食品添加剂内暴露风险较小。尽管如此,研究发现,即使在低于ADI水平的摄入量,安赛蜜也可能会导致女孩的中枢性早熟,青春期前的女孩应该更谨慎地食用含有安赛蜜的饮料或食
北京市大兴和密云区中小学生广泛暴露于5种食品添加剂。7~12岁学生尿液中苯甲酸浓度较高,提示年龄越小,苯甲酸的暴露量越高;13~17岁年龄组学生尿液中安赛蜜、糖精和4-己基间苯二酚浓度高于7~12岁学生,这与膳食习惯不同有关。北京市大兴和密云区中小学生通过尿液内暴露水平评估5种食品添加剂的健康风险较低,其中个别高暴露学生甜蜜素估计摄入量高于ADI,存在一定的健康风险,根据研究结果,有必要对尿液中甜蜜素浓度进行监测。
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