摘要
基于当前新型非法添加在添加物质、添加形式、添加载体、销售模式等方面的新特点,重点剖析了新型非常规非法添加线索及行业潜规则挖掘的多条途径、相应的侦察技术手段的发展现状及其集成与应用,最后从非法添加源头控制、检验检测技术、信息来源渠道、监督管理模式、网络环境等方面提出针对性的建议。
食品非法添加一直是困扰食品安全的世界性难题,近年来,随着消费模式的转变和新型消费业态的兴起,新型非法添加行为层出不穷,且在非法添加物质、添加形式、添加载体、销售模式等方面发生了新的变化,如非法添加物质中恶意添加同系物、结构修饰物、衍生物、非药食同源药材、为缓解主药的副作用同时添加其他药物以及利用药物副作用添加等以逃避检
在有毒、有害食品案件中,大多被告人往往通过电商、微商等网络渠道来进货和销
通常,对于添加有药物、非食用物质的食品,在产品包装、配料暗示、功效宣称、销售渠道、销售场所等方面会有别于其他食品,还会配以自述式诱导、情景诱导等手段使产品吸引消费
序号 | 样品名称 | 配料 | 宣称功效 | 销售场所 | 非法添加化合物 | 含量/(mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 藏秘回春丸(延时生精) | (未标识) | 延时生精 | 药店 | 西地那非 | 84.2 |
2 | 锦阁牡蛎肽 | 牡蛎蛋白肽、海参肽、异麦芽酮糖醇、木糖醇、黄精粉、枸杞子粉、山药粉、硬脂酸镁 | (未标识) | 物流园区 | 他达拉非 | 21.9 |
3 | 阿拉伯强劲伟哥 | 人参、鹿茸、灵芝、枸杞子、藏红花、雪莲花、肉苁蓉、阳起石、葛根生精果、龟板、牦牛睾丸、海马鞭、海狗鞭、雪鹿鞭、虎鞭、牦牛鞭、蛇鞭、藏獒鞭、藏羊鞭、藏鹿鞭 | 男性性增强 | 成人用品店 | 西地那非 | 134 |
4 | 虎虎生威 | OPP+ | 壮阳+强效 | 成人用品店 | 西地那非 | 307 |
5 | 每粒坚 | L-HCL、PROLAN、催化酶 | 性增强 | 成人用品店 | 西地那非 | 134 |
6 | 袋鼠精 | 玛卡、冬虫夏草、淫羊藿、骡马鞭、植物油、马卡苏、精氨酸、甲磺酸酚妥、花虫粉 | 生精壮阳 | 成人用品店 | 西地那非 | 134 |
7 | 华佗锁精丸 | (未标识) | 益气补肾、延时生精、增大增硬 | 成人用品店 | 西地那非 | 66.9 |
8 | 虫草肾宝片 | 红景天、刺五加、补骨脂、山茱萸、益智仁、淫羊藿、枸杞子 | 壮阳极品 | 成人用品店 | 西地那非 | 134 |
9 | 增立 助勃王 | 淫羊藿、野山参、枸杞子、冬虫夏草、肉苁蓉、锁阳、巴戟天、菟丝子、羚羊睾丸、牦牛睾丸、鹿茸、海马鞭 | 助勃 | 保健用品店 | 他达拉非 | 59.8 |
10 | 炮王 | 非洲育亨宾精华素 | 延时生精、增大增粗 | 保健用品店 | 他达拉非 | 62.9 |
各监督管理部门发布的食品抽检不合格信息、典型核查处置案例、进出口预警信息、测评组织、各地铁拳整治行动等披露的一些生产经营者的违法违规行为,在一定程度上会反映出区域、行业或食品品种的系统性风险,可对这些信息加以搜集分
文献资料中会体现食品安全从业者对于非法添加方面的探索成果。通过检索“非法添加”“非食用物质”“违禁药物”“减肥”“壮阳”“镇静”“安神”“抗抑郁”等关键词,可发掘非法添加线
当前的非法添加存在基质种类、化合物种类、添加水平等多种不确定性,给检验检测及监督管理带来了极大的挑战。针对这些多样化的、未知或不可预知的风险物质,首先可建立筛查识别策略,明确大致的目标主体,如宁霄
在已知结构骨架上衍生是未知新型非法添加物的主要来源,研究同类结构化合物的质谱裂解规律,如中性丢失、特征离子碎片等的产生规律,对建立同类结构未知新型有害物的发掘和检测具有重要的理论支撑意义。目前,基于高分辨质谱技术的裂解规律在食品非法添加方面的应用受到科研工作者的青
当前的非法添加越发倾向于多种类、多化合物添
因此,建立多种类、多化合物的大通量筛查方法对于非法添加物的堵截至关重要。深圳市药品检验研究院开发了中成药及保健食品中非法添加化学物质检测技术平台与信息检索平台,采用高分辨液质数据数字化信息匹配技术,结合基于母核特征碎片的非靶向筛查模式,可实现一次性筛查补肾壮阳类、减肥类、镇静安神类等9大类533种成
新型非法添加除添加化学药物之外,还存在非法添加非药食同源中药材或配料表有意隐瞒中药材添加的现象。对于此类非法添加,可先基于对样品暗示、声称、功效描述以及配料表等信息的解析,锁定可能添加的中药材类别,如减肥类大黄、番泻、决明子、何首乌等,壮阳类淫羊藿、菟丝子、补骨脂、锁阳等,并对该类或该种中药材的特征表征成分进行筛查。如吴婉琴
鉴于目前非法添加越发趋向于添加新型化合物、结构改造物等,而现行检测方法、技术手段往往受限和滞后,建议监督管理部门组织专项科研,鼓励、支持有条件的检验检测机构、科研院校等积极开发建立新的检验检测手段和方法,如质谱裂解规律数据库、高通量筛查、快速检测方法、分子生物学技术等技术手段,为发掘和侦察结构未知的有害非法添加物提供多维信息库,快速锁定逃避检测和监督管理的新型修饰非法添加物,将其“一网打尽”。
整合梳理行业内各机构非法添加散在的研究资源,如检验检测机构、民间测评组织、行业协会、投诉举报、高校、科研院所等,充分利用现有研究基础和新风险潜规则挖掘工作思路,构建共享大平台,同时为食品补充检验方法制定和非食用物质名单的确定奠定研究资源基础。
非法添加问题变幻莫测、复杂难辨,仅仅依靠监督管理部门和检测机构远远不够,还需拓宽信息来源,多渠道搜集信息。食品从业人员和生产经营内部人员最了解内情,消费者是直接受众,新闻媒体具有较高的影响力,因此,可鼓励从业人员主动提供线索、消费者积极举报、新闻媒体宣传曝光。与此同时,监督管理部门可设立专项奖励资金,并切实落实对举报人的奖励和保护。
目前的监督管理主要依托于抽检结果,此种模式受抽样程序等限制,导致微商、代购等自媒体售卖的产品在某种程度上处于监督管理真空状态。因此,亟须创新监督管理模式,加强网络监督管理。监督管理人员可化身神秘买家,潜伏于微商、代购的买家群,主动出击,查找可疑线索,并进一步摸排、实证并联合公安等执法部门,深挖其背后的利益链和营销链,从严从重处罚,以有效打击和震慑此类不法行为。
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