Objective To understand the public’s cognition， trust and negative emotions towards food safety supervision and sampling inspection. Analyze the relationship between the three. To provide scientific basis for improving the ability of food safety supervision.Methods Using the method of Quota sampling， a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among the public in seven major regions of China. The structural equation model was used to explore the relationship among the public’s cognition， trust and negative emotions in food safety supervision and sampling inspection.Results The structural equation model showed that trust in food safety supervision and sampling ability had a direct positive impact on the cognition of food safety supervision and sampling （β= 0.253）. It had a direct negative effect on negative emotion， which was -0.115. The trust in food safety supervision and sampling had a direct positive effect on the cognition of food safety supervision and sampling， which was 0.732. It had a direct negative effect on negative emotions， which was -0.503. The cognition of food safety supervision and sampling had a direct negative effect on negative emotion， which was -0.335.Conclusion By improving the public’s trust in food safety supervision and sampling inspection， especially the motivation trust， the public’s cognition of food safety supervision and sampling inspection can be improved， so as to improve the public’s negative emotions.