To analyze the detection capacity of radioactive substances in food in China， and improve the radioactive contamination monitoring system. By studying the distribution of certified institutions and testing items and the results of proficiency assessment， the current situation and deficiencies of the detection capacities were analyzed， and corresponding countermeasures were put forward. The capacity of radioactive material detection in China can better support the operation of the monitoring system， however， the effectiveness and sustainability of testing capacity， the layout of capacity network and the construction of food radioactive pollution monitoring system need to be further improved and strengthened， so as to meet the needs of normal circumstances and rapid response in case of nuclear or radiological emergencies in China.