Objective A descriptive analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning incidents in Chenzhou city from 2016 to 2020 was carried out to provide a reference for the formulation of prevention and control measures. Methods The data of mushroom poisoning incidents reported by "Food-borne Disease Incident Reporting System" in Chenzhou city from 2016 to 2020 were collected and sorted out, and the time, region, population characteristics, sources and species of toadstool were descriptive analyzed. Results From 2016 to 2020, a total of 131 cases of mushroom poisoning incidents were reported in Chenzhou city with 461 cases of disease and 6 deaths, and the case fatality rate was 1.3%. The number of mushroom poisoning incidents were the highest in 2020, and the poisoning peak occurred from May to October. Jiahe county, Beihu district and Yizhang county ranked the top three in the number of incidents and cases of mushroom poisoning, and most of them occurred in rural areas. Families was the high-incidence places of mushroom poisoning, the major sources of poisonous mushroom were picked by citizens themselves, and some were bought from the market. Among the poisoning incidents caused by known poisonous mushroom species, the top three in the number of incidents and cases were russula emetica, chlorophyllum molybdites, and entoloma omiense. The death cases were caused by poisoning of amanita fuliginea and russula subnigricans. Conclusion The publicity and education should be carried out for specific time, places and population. At the same time, the supervision of wild mushroom market sales should be strengthened, and relevant research on mushroom poisoning should be carried out to prevent the occurrence of mushroom poisoning.