Objective A quality control assessment was conducted to assess the Salmonella qualitative detection capability of responsible unit in inspection institutions of food safety risk monitoring system in China, and to fully understand Salmonella serotyping ability of monitoring laboratories at different level, in order to guarantee reliable detection data and isolates, and enhance the monitoring quality. Methods Bacterial samples including 6 different common Salmonella serovars and negative control were prepared with substrate samples, and distributed to 435 participates after stability test. The result were evaluated with point-score system and ratios were analyzed with Pearson χ² test. Results A total of 431 reports were received from the participate laboratories, 72.6% (313/431) of which were all correct, and the overall satisfaction rate was 92.6% (399/431). The main category for the dissatisfaction was the false positive of the negative samples(7.4%,32/431). The satisfaction rate of county participates(80.0%,52/65)was lower than provincial(100.0%,32/32)and prefecture level(94.3%,315/334). The correct rate of serotyping section was 80.7% (348/431). There was no significant difference in the correct rate of serogroups between different levels (P>0.05), but the correct rate of serotypes in prefecture-level laboratories was lower than that of provincial or even county level participates. Conclusion This assessment indicates that ability of Salmonella qualitative detection at all levels of task-undertaking units in inspection institutions can basically meet the requirements, however, some laboratories need to improve quality control in order to strengthen ability of Salmonella detection. A continuing need for improvement on serotype identification still existed among laboratories below provincial level. This quality control assessment could play a role in providing a data basis for training in inspection institutions.