Objective To investigate and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the poisoning incident, identify the poisonous mushroom species, put forward the prevention and control measures, and to explore measures to prevent the recurrence of poisoning incidents. Methods This poisoning event was analyzed by case definition, case search, case interview, recipe survey, field sampling and morphological identification of poisonous mushrooms. Results Five migrant workers picked and ate about 150 g of the wild mushrooms. 8.3-10 hours later, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and other gastrointestinal symptoms appeared, and the clinical examination showed liver damage. After 2 days of symptomatic treatment including gastric lavage, plasma exchange, activated carbon absorption, fluid infusion and protecting liver and stomach for clearance of toxic substance, 2 cases were found to have pseudo-recovery period. One day later, these 2 cases had a sharp deterioration. In the next few days all patients progressed to liver failure and died of multiple organ failure, both morbidity and mortality were 100% (5/5). The recipe survey showed that there was no other poisoning food except the mushrooms. The morphological identification result showed it was Amanita rimosa. The food poisoning incident was due to mistaken eating of wild mushrooms collected from park M, and the poisonous mushroom was virulent Amanita rimosa. Conclusion This poisoning incident of mistaken eating of Amanita rimosa was reported in Guangdong Province for the first time. The natural disease history of Amanita rimosa poisoning was described comprehensively in this study. The appearance of these fungi was extremely similar with those of some edible fungi, and was difficult to distinguish them, which cause the mistaken eating very easily. The health education should be further strengthened to remind people not to eat wild mushrooms, and it was the most basic way to prevent mushroom poisoning.