To evaluate the potential cumulative effects to organophosphorus pesticides(OP) that act through a common mechanism of toxicity, and to assess the long term risks for the Chinese population, including general population, 2-6 aged, 7-12 aged, male and female adolescents aged 13-17 as well as male and female adults aged 18 and above.Methods Residue data were derived from vegetable samples (N=11 171) collected national wide during 2011, and food consumption data were taken from China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. The relative potency factor (RPF) approach was used to calculate the exposure of OPs using methamidophos as index chemical (IC). The exposure was estimated using a deterministic approach. Results It was found that chlorpyrifos had the highest detection rate (6.50%) in vegetable samples. About 1.70% of the samples contained at least one OP. The mean exposure for the general population was 0.49 μg/kg BW, representing 18.35% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of methamidophos. The P95 of exposure to OPs in the total Chinese population was 1.28 μg/kg BW, while the total P95 of the cumulative intake for 6 age-sex groups was in the range of 1.04 and 2.38 μg/kg BW, and was all below the ADI of IC. Further analysis showed that there were 68 (0.10%) individuals whose exposure had exceeded the ADI of index chemical. Among the 12 kinds of OPs, methamidophos, dimethoate, phorate, “methidathion” acephate and methidathion contributed most of the total combined exposure, accounting for 71.45%, 6.03%, 5.74%, 5.46% and 5.44% respectively.Conclusion The results indicate that the cumulative chronic risk from consumption of organophosphorus pesticides from vegetables for the Chinese population is low and do no need to pose any health concern.