Because of the extreme similarity in external form between some poisonous mushroom and wild large edible fungi, the phenomenon of eating the poisonous mushroom by mistake was of common occurrence every year in our country. The variety of toxins, the mechanism of poisoning, the type of poisoning and recognition methods of the poisonous mushrooms were summarized in this paper, and some limitations of these methods were pointed out; The research about poisonous mushroom recognition begins gradually from the individual level to the molecular level, and the near infrared technology has development potential in recognizing poisonous mushroom.