Volume 36,2024 Issue 3

Expert Review

• Safety management status for genetically modified microorganism and related products used for food industry

  HAN Xiaomin, BAI Li, LUO Xueyun, ZHANG Jiyue, SONG Yan, LIU Zhaoping, LI Ning

  2024,36(3):239-245, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.001

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  Abstract:

  Genetically modified microorganism （GMM）， also known as recombinant DNA microorganism， means a micro-organism in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. Given the fact that the safety management requirements for GMM and related products used in food industry differ among countries， different countries adopt different regulations. Chinese government attaches great importance to the management of GMM and related products used in food industry， and has successively issued a series of administrative regulations， departmental rules， announcements， and standards. This study systematically reviews the safety management requirements from international organizations and Western countries for GMM and related products used in food industry， and provides reference and experience for the management of relevant risks in China.

Study Reports

• Salmonella contamination and traceability analysis of the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork

  CHENG Huimin, ZHAO Ge, BAI Li, ZHANG Mingyang, ZHAO Jianmei, ZHANG Qingqing, ZHANG Xiyue, XU Ying, HUANG Xiumei, WANG Lin, LIU Junhui, WANG Junwei

  2024,36(3):246-252, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.002

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  Objective To propose targeted prevention and control measures， improve product quality， and ensure food safety， Salmonella contamination in the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork in a large food processing factory was analyzed.Methods A total of 103 meat samples were collected during the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork， and 165 environmental samples were collected before processing. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Salmonella were performed. Finally， serological typing， multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， and pulsed filed gel electrophoresis （PFGE） typing of the isolated Salmonella strains were evaluated.Results The isolation rate of Salmonella from meat samples was 47.6% （49/103）. The isolation rate of Salmonella from environmental samples was 1.2% （2/165）. Fifty-one Salmonella strains were divided into 9 serotypes and 9 STs. Among them， Salmonella enteritidis ST11 was dominant in the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork， and was detected in the environment. Twenty-two strains of Salmonella enteritidis were divided into 7 PFGE bands， with a similarity of over 92.9%.Conclusion A high overall contamination rate of Salmonella was found in meat samples. Therefore， controlling Salmonella contamination of raw meat is key to improving product quality. The amount of Salmonella contamination in fried products can be effectively controlled. Furthermore， strict separation of processing and storage areas for poultry and stored products is necessary to prevent cross-contamination of microorganisms in food.

• Regulation of lipid metabolism by Dendrobium nobile Lindl. based on metabolomics

  WU Lili, ZHANG Yixin, LIU Hao, WU Di, QIN Lin, TAN Daopeng, LU Yanliu, PENG Jie

  2024,36(3):253-259, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.003

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  Objective To determine the effects of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. on the regulation of lipid metabolism based on metabolomics.Methods Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into the normal control and D. nobile treatment （0.25 g/kg） groups. Rats were intragastrically administered their assigned treatment once every 6 h for 5 d. After the last treatment， the plasma and liver of the animals were collected. Metabolomics were evaluated using UPLC-MS. Principal component analysis （PCA）， cluster analysis， and KEGG pathway analysis were performed to assess the metabolomics data. Compared with the normal control group， different metabolites were identified in the D. nobile treatment group. The expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes were validated using quantitative real-time PCR.Results Obvious differences were found between the normal control group and D. nobile treatment group， with significant differences obtained for 1 448 metabolites （P<0.05） and a fold change greater than 2 recorded for 641 metabolites. Based on KEGG pathway analysis， metabolic pathways， biosynthesis of antibiotics， ABC transporters， biosynthesis of amino acids， protein digestion and absorption were among the top five pathways. D. nobile could significantly upregulate the gene expression levels of Cyp27a1 and Cyp3a1 （P<0.05） and significantly downregulate the gene expression of Lpin1 （P<0.05）.Conclusion Overall， D. nobile could regulate lipid metabolism. Such findings provide a scientific basis for the further development and utilization of D. nobile.

• Effects of flaxseed on lipid metabolism, fatigue, and inflammation in obese children

  ZHAO Xiaolong, WANG Xin, LI Zhenhua

  2024,36(3):260-266, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.004

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  Objective To determine the effects of flaxseed on lipid metabolism， fatigue， and inflammation in overweight children.Methods Eighty overweight children ［average age： 11.50 ± 2.11 years； sex： 40 males and 40 females］ were randomly divided into the control （group C， n = 40） and experimental （group W， n = 40） group. A pre-test was carried out after completion of study-related assessments （blood collection； evaluation of the indexes of fatigue， inflammation， stress， and fat metabolism； and completing mental state-related questionnaires and body composition tests）. Participants in group C ate 20 g of expanded wheat （approximately 347 kcal） while those in group W ate 20 g of flaxseed （approximately 420 kcal） every day. Blood samples and body composition tests were carried out on Sunday in weeks 4， 8， 12， and 16 of the intervention. The mental stress questionnaire was completed on Sunday in week 16 of the intervention.Results During the 16-week diet， no significant changes in body mass index （BMI）， body fat rate， triglyceride （TG）， total Cholesterol （TC）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） were found in group C （P>0.05）. The BMI， body fat rate， TG， TC， and LDL-C of participants tended to trend downward in group W. After week 16， the values of these indexes were significantly lower than those in the pretest and group C at the corresponding time point （P<0.05）. After week 16， the levels of interleukin 6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor α （TNF-α） in group C were higher than those at baseline （P<0.05）. In group W， the levels of IL-6 and TNF- α increased in the first 4 weeks， but decreased continuously thereafter， and were significantly lower than those in the pretest and group C at week 16 （P<0.05）. After 16 weeks of intervention， comprehensive fatigue， physiological fatigue， psychological fatigue， stress， and anxiety in group W were significantly lower than those in group C and the pretest （P<0.05）.Conclusion Long-term consumption of flaxseed by overweight children can reduce the level of inflammatory factors， relieve physical and mental fatigue， regulate lipid metabolism， and improve body composition.

• Drug resistance analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii from infant food in Liaoning Province

  WEI Tongzhu, SUN Tingting, WANG Weijie, LI Xue

  2024,36(3):267-273, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.005

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  Objective To investigated drug resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant food after biofilms formation， and provided suggestion for drug resistance monitoring.Methods In this study， 58 strains of Cronobacter sakazakii， which were isolated from infant formula in Liaoning Province from 2018 to 2021， were tested to determine drug sensitivity， biofilm forming ability， and drug resistance under different biological states with 15 antibiotics.Results Cronobacterium sakazaki detected in infant food had different degrees of resistance to cefazolin， cefotaxime， compound sulfonamide， chloramphenicol， cefoxitin， naphthalic acid， and ampicillus. In fact， 88% of the tested strains exhibited resistance to polymyxin， with multiple resistant bacteria identified. The resistance of Cronobacterium sakazaki was higher in infant milk powder source than in infant and young children. The film forming rate of the biofilm was 100%， and most medium adhesion strains accounted for 61.02% of the rate. Based on the susceptibility test results of the biofilm state corresponding to the subjects， resistance to cefazolin， cefotaxime， imipenem， tetracycline， and ampicillin increased， while that to SXT disappeared.Conclusion Cronobacter sakazakii detected in infant food in Liaoning Province was resistant to cefazolin， cefotaxime， compound sulfonamide， chloramphenicol， cefoxitin， naphdidixic acid， and ampicillin. Notably， 88% of the test strains exhibited intermediate resistance to polymyxin， and multidrug-resistant bacteria were identified. Owing to the resistance to different antibiotics in infant food in Liaoning Province， monitoring the resistance to Cronobacter sakazakii in infant food sources should be strengthened.

Experimental Technique and Method

• Selection of appropriate temperature and time conditions for takeout containers using the specific migration test

  CHEN Junqi, ZOU Xiaona, CHEN Caixia, LIANG Weifeng, LI Dan, YAO Haocheng, LIU Bin, CHEN Jie

  2024,36(3):274-277, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.006

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  Abstract:

  Objective To discover the appropriate temperature and time conditions for takeout containers using the specific migration test.Methods The time from ordering food to food delivery and finally food consumption was acquired from consumers through field surveys. Thereafter， the duration of the testing condition was assessed using the acquired data. Real foods were used to simulate the actual use of takeout containers， and temperature changes were recorded using an automatic recorder.Results Based on information from the field survey， the 2 h of food contact in takeout containers was simulated. The temperature recordings revealed that the average temperature in takeout containers ranged from 71-79 ℃.Conclusion To analyze the specific migration volume of takeout containers， a specific migration test temperature of 100 ℃ or reflux temperature （95% ethanol） can be employed for 2 h.

• Simultaneous determination of chlorate and perchlorate in vegetables and fruits using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry

  FANG Xiaoli, LI Ruifen, YANG Shuran, CHEN Bingben, ZHENG Sanyan

  2024,36(3):278-283, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.007

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  Objective A method was developed to simultaneously determine chlorate and perchlorate in vegetables and fruits using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry （UPLC-Qtrap MS）.Methods The chlorate and perchlorate residues in samples were extracted using acetonitrile and water， and the supernatant was purified using GCB and PSA. The analytes were separated on a Waters Anionic Polar Pesticide （100 mm×2.1 mm， 5 μm） column using a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 20 mmol/L ammonium formate solution and detected using UPLC-Qtrap MS. The internal standard method was used for quantification.Results The linear relationship of chlorate and perchlorate ranged from 2.0-200 and 0.5-100 μg/L， with correlation coefficients >0.999. The limits of detection were 0.006 and 0.001 mg/kg. The recoveries in spiked samples ranged from 83.3%-105.5%， and the relative standard deviations ranged from 0.97%-3.80%.Conclusion A rapid， simple， accurate， and precise method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of chlorate and perchlorate in vegetables and fruits.

• Determination of selenium species in livestock meat using HPLC-ICP/MS

  LI Qianyu, LIU Liping, CHEN Shaozhan, LIU Yang, GUO Qiaozhen, WANG Yiming

  2024,36(3):284-291, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.008

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  Objective To apply high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （HPLC-ICP/MS） to the analysis of five forms of selenium ［Se（Ⅵ）， Se（Ⅳ）， SeCys， MeSeCys， and SeMet］ in livestock meat.Methods The selenium species were extracted using the ultrasonic-assisted enzyme method， with C18 reversed-phase column （250 mm×4.6 mm， 5 μm） as the analytical column， 10 mmol/L citric acid and 5 mmol/L sodium hexane sulfonate （pH=4.0， containing 1% methanol） as the mobile phase， and an injection volume of 20 μL.Results Four selenium forms were separated in 7 min， with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999， indicating good linearity. The detection limits of Se（Ⅵ）， SeCys， MeSeCys， and SeMet ranged from 0.000 3-0.002 mg/kg. The spiked recoveries of selenium-enriched pork at three concentrations （low， medium， and high） ranged from 80.0% to 103.3%， with a relative standard deviation of less than 6.8%. Certified Reference Material ERM^? BC210 revealed values within the standard range.Conclusion The developed method was suitable for determining Se（Ⅵ） SeCys， MeSeCys， and SeMet in livestock meat. The meat was found to mainly contain SeMet and small amounts of MeSeCys and SeCys.

• Molecular characterization and drug resistance analysis based on whole-genome sequencing of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food and patients in Liaocheng City from 2019 to 2022

  QIAN Lu, ZHANG Ran, LIANG Shengnan, CUI Fangyuan, CHENG Lihong, ZHANG Xiangyuan

  2024,36(3):292-299, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.009

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  Objective The genomic characteristics， toxicity， drug resistance and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes （Lm） isolated from food and patients based on whole genome sequencing （WGS） in Liaocheng City from 2019 to 2022 were investigated.Methods The Lm strains isolated from food and patients were detected by the drug sensitivity test and WGS. The whole genome sequencing data was spliced and assembled by MGAP to carry out gene prediction and functional annotation on the assembled genome， MLST， production of cg MLST minimum spanning tree. The genetic evolution of 18 domestic and foreign foodborne Lm isolated strains obtained from NCBI were analyzed by wg-SNP method.Results The genome size of 33 Lm isolates was 2.89-3.41 Mb， and the CG content ranged from 37.81% to 37.97%. The strains could be divided into 6 ST types （ST9， ST121， ST8， ST87， ST155， ST101）， corresponding to 6 clonal complex groups （CC9， CC121， CC8， CC87， CC155， CC101）. The strains carried fosX and mprF resistance gene， 18 other virulence genes such as lplA1 and prsA2， with varying degrees of deletion of virulence genes. 2 strains were resistant to tetracycline and 1 strain was resistant to lincomycin. The stains carried virulence islands LIPI-1 and LIPI-2 without virulence islands LIPI-3 and LIPI-4. The genetic evolution analysis of wg-SNPs， cgMLST and phylogenetic tree based on single-copy core protein sequence showed that the molecular typing of 33 Lm strains was with high diversity in molecular typing. Patient derived strains were closely related to food isolates， and food isolates were closely related to foreign outbreak isolates in evolutionary relationships.Conclusion The strains of Lm isolated from food and patients both carry virulence genes with certain potential pathogenic ability. The drug resistance of the isolated strains is not serious. Molecular types exhibit diversity. The close genetic relationship between strains from food sources and patient isolates suggests that the potential risks of foodborne infections in commercially available food.

Investigation

• Urinary antibiotic level and influencing factors in children residing in Jiangsu Province

  WANG Xingchen, SUN Huamin, ZHOU Yijing, ZHENG Dongyu, HUANG Jianping, LIU Xiangping, XU Xin, SUN Wenfang, HUO Xiang

  2024,36(3):300-308, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.010

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  Objective To evaluate the internal exposure level of antibiotics in children and analyze its influencing factors.Methods Questionnaires were disseminated and urine samples were collected in June 2022 from kindergarteners and children enrolled in primary schools in a city in Jiangsu Province. The presence of 41 antibiotics was detected in urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Chi-square tests and rank-sum tests were performed to test the detection frequencies and concentrations of urinary antibiotics. Logistic regression models were established to identify the independent variables associated with the detection frequencies and concentrations of urinary antibiotics.Results A total of 295 children aged 3-8 from Jiangsu Province were included in this study. The detection frequencies of the antibiotics ranged from 0 to 48.1%， with sulfameter （48.1%） having the highest frequency， followed by sulfadiazine （38.3%） and erythromycin （38.3%）. The 95^th percentile concentrations of the antibiotics ranged from 0 to 23.7 ng/mL， with amoxicillin （23.7 ng/mL） having the highest concentration， followed by azithromycin （6.3 ng/mL） and sulfadiazine （3.5 ng/mL）. The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that age， residence， source of drinking water， and freshwater fish and shrimp consumption frequency were identified as independent influencing factors for specific antibiotic exposure.Conclusion Different antibiotics were detected in the urine of children in Jiangsu Province. Intervention measures should be adopted to reduce the exposure of children to antibiotics associated with high detection frequencies and concentrations.

• Investigation on the relationship between public cognition, trust and negative emotion of food safety supervision and management

  CHENG Jingmin, XU Yanbo, WANG Xiaocheng, JIA Binbin, DONG Yimin

  2024,36(3):309-313, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.011

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  Objective To understand the public’s cognition， trust and negative emotions towards food safety supervision and sampling inspection. Analyze the relationship between the three. To provide scientific basis for improving the ability of food safety supervision.Methods Using the method of Quota sampling， a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among the public in seven major regions of China. The structural equation model was used to explore the relationship among the public’s cognition， trust and negative emotions in food safety supervision and sampling inspection.Results The structural equation model showed that trust in food safety supervision and sampling ability had a direct positive impact on the cognition of food safety supervision and sampling （β= 0.253）. It had a direct negative effect on negative emotion， which was -0.115. The trust in food safety supervision and sampling had a direct positive effect on the cognition of food safety supervision and sampling， which was 0.732. It had a direct negative effect on negative emotions， which was -0.503. The cognition of food safety supervision and sampling had a direct negative effect on negative emotion， which was -0.335.Conclusion By improving the public’s trust in food safety supervision and sampling inspection， especially the motivation trust， the public’s cognition of food safety supervision and sampling inspection can be improved， so as to improve the public’s negative emotions.

Foodborn Disease

• Evolutionary associations of drug resistance in Salmonella enteritidis in Jiamusi City

  FU Yu, WU Xiaomin, ZHAO Jing, MENG Qingmin, MENG Minzhi, WANG Bin, HAO Yun, BAO Mingjia

  2024,36(3):314-319, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.012

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  Objective The study investigated the evolutionary associations of drug resistance in main serotype Salmonella enteritidis （S. enteritidis）in Jiamusi City， to provide a scientific basis for clinical treatment.Methods S. enteritidis was isolated from food and patients with diarrhea. Serological typing was performed. Resistance against 16 antibiotics was investigated using the microbroth dilution method. Genes associated with antimicrobial resistance were analyzed by PCR， and the evolutionary relationships between strains were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）.Results Of the 108 Salmonella strains identified， 55 （50.93%） were found to be S. enteritidis. Forty-nine （89.09%） of these strains showed antimicrobial resistance， with 33 strains （67.35%， 33/49） found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. The highest resistance was against nalidixic acid and ampicillin， with 81.82% and 60.00% resistance， respectively. Homologies between 37% and 100% were observed among the 55 S. enteritidis strains.Conclusion High levels of multi-antimicrobial resistance were found in S. enteritidis in Jiamusi. A close relationship was found between， pathogen strain and drug resistance. S. enteritidis in the diarrhea of infected patients can cross-infect food. As S. enteritidis shows significant drug resistance in this region， it is of great importance to develop targeted diagnostic and treatment programs， as well as prevention and control measures， to ensure the safety and maintenance of public health.

• Epidemiological characteristics of toadstool poisoning in Guangdong Province from 2015 to 2020

  LI Shicong, YAN Weina, LIANG Junhua, LU Lingling, WEN Jian

  2024,36(3):320-324, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.013

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  Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of toadstool poisoning in Guangdong Province from 2015 to 2020 and provide guidance for prevention and control strategies.Methods Toadstool cases reported between 2015 and 2020 in Guangdong Province were extracted from the Foodborne Disease Case Surveillance and Reporting System， and their epidemiological characteristics were analyzed. ArcGIS 10.8 software was used for spatial analysis.Results A total of 854 cases of mushroom poisoning were reported in Guangdong Province from 2015 to 2020， with an average annual incidence of 0.32 cases per 100 000 population. A total of 395 patients were hospitalized， with a hospitalization rate of 46.3% and mortality rate of 0%. The mean， median， minimum， and maximum incubation periods were 2.8 h， 2.0 h， 0 h， and 32 h， respectively. A total of 448 males and 406 females were identified， with a male-to-female ratio of 1.10∶1. Most patients were farmers （34.19%， 292/854）， and the onset age ranged from 31-59 years old. The highest number of cases was reported in 2018， and the incidence peak was from May to September， with Shaoguan serving as the high incidence area. Spatial analysis revealed that from 2015 to 2020， the hotspots of toadstool poisoning in Guangdong Province were Shaoguan and Qingyuan.Conclusion The incidence of toadstool poisoning in Guangdong Province displays a spatial aggregation pattern and is mainly concentrated in the northern area of Guangdong Province. Effects should be made to educate farmers， establish strategies for preventing and controlling toadstool poisoning， and promote scientific understanding to reduce its occurrence.

• Foodborne disease outbreaks in Jiangxi Province from 2012 to 2021

  ZENG Liai, LIU Sihai, LIU Chengwei, YOU Xingyong, XIA Zhilu, TONG Wei

  2024,36(3):325-330, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.014

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  Objective To provide a scientific basis to establish further prevention and control strategies， the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks from 2012 to 2021 in Jiangxi Province was analyzed.Methods Descriptive analysis was conducted using foodborne disease outbreak data obtained from the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Reporting System for Jiangxi Province from 2012 to 2021.Results From 2012 to 2021， a total of 1 285 cases， 7，222 illnesses， and 48 deaths due to foodborne disease outbreaks occurred in Jiangxi Province. The case fatality rate was 0.66% （48/7 222）. Further， the mortality rates were found to statistically significantly differ among the different years （P≤0.001）. The number of foodborne disease outbreaks tended to increase within the 10 years， and most incidents occurred from May to September. Among the 768 confirmed single etiologic agents， poisonous mushroom was the cause of most incidents （50.78%； 390/768） and deaths （93.75%； 45/48）. Microbiological agents were responsible for most illnesses （49.41%； 2 266/4 586）. Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were identified as the main pathogenic bacteria. Foodborne disease outbreaks mainly occurred among families and in catering services， with families having the largest number of incidents （64.75%； 832/285） and deaths （95.83%； 46/48）. Notably， the main pathogenic factor was poisonous mushrooms. Catering services were associated with the largest number of illnesses （51.77%； 3 739/7 222）， with microbiological agents as the main pathogenic factor.Conclusion Poisonous mushrooms caused the most deaths and mainly affected families. Microbial pathogenic factors were the main pathogenic factors in places offering catering services and schools. Rural families should be educated on the harm associated with the consumption of wild mushroom. Moreover， the supervision and management of food safety and health education should be promoted to reduce the incidence of foodborne disease and death.

• Analysis of genomic characteristics,antimicrobial and pathogenic genes of Listeria monocytogens in commercial food in Xianyang City

  ZHANG Junjun, ZHANG Guochao, WANG Yingying, YANG Nan, WANG Lijuan, LIU Gang, QIN Long

  2024,36(3):331-338, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.015

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  Objective To use whole genome sequencing （WGS） to analysis the genomic characteristics， the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genotypes of 64 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from commercial food in Xianyang City.Methods Sixty four Listeria monocytogenes were isolated and the susceptibilities were determined by broth microdilution. After the whole genome sequencing， using bioinformatics software for genome annotation， phylogenetic tree construction， genome features and genetic components analysis.Results All isolates were found to be susceptible to ampicillin， Penicillin， meropenem， trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole， vancomycin. 2 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin at the same time. All isotates were categorized into three different lineages and 15 CCs， Lineage Ⅰ and Ⅱ were the predominant types. The genotypes of 2 resistant isolates correlated well with its resistant phenotype. Up and down stream analysis of the genetic context， in which these resistant genes were found， suggested that they may have been acquired from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae， Enterococcus and plasmid. All the isolates harboured the LIPI-1 and LIPI-2， subset of lineage Ⅰ isotates harboured LIPI-3 or LIPI-4 with potential pathogenicity. Lineage Ⅱ isotates harboured more plasmids and genes linked to stress adaptation . The premature stop codon （PMSC） mutation in inlA more frequently happened in lineage Ⅱ and may reduce virulence.Conclusion The genome of Listeria monocytogenes in commercial food in Xianyang City is stable. Acquires resistance existed in this bacterium， and can be a potential public health risk due to its high harboring rate of virulence genes. Lineage Ⅰ and Lineage Ⅱ isolates were differ in virulence genes， stress adaptation genes and plasmids harboring， indicating differences among subtypes. This findings would be helpful to the surveillance and control of this foodborne pathogen in Xianyang City.

Review

• Source attribution methods based on microbial subtyping for source attribution of foodborne diseases in China

  ZHANG Liyun, YE Xin, BAI Li, YANG Xingfen, LIU Zhaoping, WANG Yibaina

  2024,36(3):339-345, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.016

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  Foodborne diseases are major global public health issues. Among microbial hazards， foodborne diseases are the most serious problem caused by pathogenic bacteria. Under the risk-based food safety management system， identifying the priority hazards and their important food sources is the premise and key to the prevention and control foodborne diseases. Currently， Europe， the United States， and other countries have established two categories of source attribution methods based on microbial subtyping. The results of these methods were transformed on a scientific basis to formulate food safety risk control measures. China is in the preliminary exploration stage of source attribution method research of foodborne disease. This study aimed to systematically sort the methodological principles and models of source attribution methods widely used internationally， combine the basis and current situation of foodborne disease source attribution research in China， and suggest four work directions for constructing the next stage of foodborne disease source attribution system in China. These directions include developing methods， combining data， building platforms and strong exchanges， which involves the development of localized source attribution model based on microbial subtyping to solve the challenges associated with confirming control and preventing and controlling foodborne diseases in China， and achieving food safety and protecting the lives and health of individuals.

• Risk of key pathogens of Enterobacteriaceae contamination in foods for infants and young children and implications for the revision of standards of China

  CHEN Xiao, YANG Shuran, LIU Jikai, GUO Ge, WANG Yeru, GAN Xin, XU Wenjing, YAN Shaofei, LI Hui, HAN Xiaomin, ZHAO Jianyun

  2024,36(3):346-354, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.017

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  The problem of food-borne illnesses due to microbial contamination of infant and young children foods is usually of international concern， and the unique character of the infant and young child population requires special and strict food safety requirements for their own foods. This article reviews the progress of contamination with Salmonella and Cronobacter （Enterobacter sakazakii） of Enterobacteriaceae family in foods for infants and young children and its diseases risk at home and abroad in recent years， and also provides technical support for the revision of national standards for infant and young children foods and its manufacturing processes in China through the comparative analysis of domestic and international microbiological limits for infant and young children foods.

• Application of biosensors in the detection of okadaic acid in food

  CHEN Pan, LI Ying, YANG Lixia, TAN Jianxi

  2024,36(3):355-359, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.018

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  Okadaic acid （OA） is widely distributed in seafoods and is a remarkable threat to food safety. Owing to its high toxicity， small size， and low molecular weight， obtaining antibodies against OA is a complex and difficult task. The aptamer SELEX technology can be used to achieve high affinity and single aptamer sequences for small molecules. Accordingly， this technology has several advantages for the detection of shellfish biotoxins. This review highlights the applications of biosensors based on OA aptamers， such as colorimetric sensors， fluorescent sensors， electrochemical sensors， and so on， in the rapid detection of OA. A summary of the performance and application potential of these sensors is provided， and the development direction of aptamer sensors is discussed to better promote their development and application.

• Research progress in the rapid quantitative determination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

  WANG Dianfu, QI Xin, XU Na, LU Yan, LYU Jingzhang, MA Lidan

  2024,36(3):360-368, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.03.019

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  Vibrio parahaemolyticus （VP） is one of the most common pathogens that cause food poisoning in coastal areas of China. In fact， the food safety incidents of VP have been increasing on a yearly basis. The current national standard method for quantitatively detecting VP in food is the most probable number method. This method is time-consuming and tedious， and cannot be used to achieve rapid quantitative detection. Owing to modern biotechnology， new quantitative methods have been generated. In fact， a series of rapid and sensitive methods have been developed to quantify VP. This review seeks to discuss recent research and application progress of rapid methods for quantifying VP using biotechnology methods， and highlight the characteristics of each rapid method to provide a theoretical reference and development direction for the rapid and accurate quantitation of VP in food.

• Evaluation index system for biomedical innovation ability system in China

  CUI Bei, WANG Lei

  Abstract: (332) HTML (385) PDF (483.17 KKB)(6948)

  Abstract:

  Objective Biomedical innovation has become the main battlefield of global science and technology competition， to explore the evaluation index system for biomedical innovation ability system， and to provide theoretical tools and new perspectives for the evaluation of biomedical innovation ability in China.Methods This article determines the key factors that affect biomedical innovation by literature investigation， Delphi expert consultation， normalization method based on expert score， principal component analysis and other methods.ResultsConclusion This article establishes an index system for biomedical innovation capability， the current status of biomedical innovation system in China was evaluated， and it was found that the policy environment， the number of researchers and the investment of R&D institutions played an important role in the development of biomedical innovation capacity in China， to provide support for enhancing China's biomedical innovation capability.

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• Determination of Sorbic，Benzoic acid in oily bean curd by gas chromatography

  chen shu sha

  Abstract: (1272) HTML (0) PDF (0.00 ByteKB)(8627)

  Abstract:

  Objective To develop a method to detect benzoic，sorbic acid in high-fat foods like oily bean curd by capillary gas chromatography．Methods The samples were eliminated matrix interference by NaOH-ZnSO4，extracted by ultrasonic extraction，then filtered，centrifuged，acidized，extracted by ether，evaporated to dry，fixed using anhydrous ethanol and finally determined by capillary gas chromatography． Results The linear range was 0-300μg/ml (r＞0.9990). the lowest detecting limits of sorbic，benzoic acid were 1mg/kg．The relative standard deviation was 1.07-3.14%， The recovery was 90.6-101.8%．Conclusion This method is simple，rapid accurate and reliable to detect the benzoic，sorbic acid of high-fat foods like oily bean curd．

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• Antimicrobial resistance characteristic analysis of Salmonella recovered from Foods in 31 provinces of Mainland China, 2022

  HUANG Peiyuan, ZHENG Lei, LIU Shiwei, HE Jun, ZHAO Jianyun, LI Menghan, PENG Zixin, YANG Dajin, DONG Yinping, BAI Li, HU Yujie

  Abstract: (0) HTML (0) PDF (0.00 ByteKB) (0)

  Abstract:

  Objective To understand the antimicrobial resistance and the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr carrying status of Salmonella isolates recovered from foods in mainland China in 2022. Methods Broth microdilution method was used for testing the antimicrobial susceptibility of 575 Salmonella isolates against 17 antimicrobial compounds which belong to 11 categories, and mcr genes were detected by PCR for all tested isolates, followed by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis in terms of the mcr gene PCR positive isolates. Results The resistant strains accounted for 84.70% (487/575) of the 575 Salmonella isolates and the resistance rate of the tested strains to nalidixic acid was the highest (58.61%, 337/575). We found one Salmonella strain resistant to imipenem and another one to tigecycline. The rate of multi-drug resistance of all isolates was 61.39% (353/575), and some isolates could be concurrent resistant to as much as 10 classes of antimicrobials. There were 147 kinds of antimicrobial resistance spectrums, and the dominant resistance spectrum was SAM-CT-AMP-NAL, accounting for 28.57% (42/147). The antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella from different sample sources were significant statistically, with the highest resistance rate (95.51%, 85/89) of Salmonella isolates from frozen raw chickens. Salmonella isolates recovered from both Hebei and Heilongjiang province got a 100% resistance rate. Six Salmonella strains recovered from Hubei, Hebei, Anhui, Liaoning and Shandong provinces and harboring mcr-1 gene were detected with a detection rate of 1.04% (6/575), all of them were multi-drug resistant strains. The predominant resistance genes among these mcr-harboring Salmonella isolates were aac (6')-laa, mcr-1.1, fosA3 and so on, and the main plasmid replicon types were IncI2, IncP1 and IncHI2, respectively. Conclusion The Salmonella isolated from foods in mainland China in 2022 got an overall high level of antimicrobial resistance, with serious phenomenon of multi-drug resistance and complex antimicrobial resistance spectrums. In addition, there were also some isolates with multi-drug resistance while carrying mcr gene, which should be given sufficient attention.

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• Effect of Cold Plasma Treatment on Fungi Isolated from River snail rice noodles and its mechanisms

  SONG Qi, LI Li, Li Baishu, LIU Tao, LIU Qun, ZHANG Lixiang

  Abstract: (17) HTML (0) PDF (0.00 ByteKB) (0)

  Abstract:

  Abstract: Objective Fungal pollution on the surface of rice noodles affects the quality and safety of rice noodles, but few studies focused on decontaminating rice noodles from fungal contamination. In this study, cold plasma technology to use to decontaminating rice noodles from fungal contamination with Penicillium oxalicum, and its antifungal effect and mechanism were investigated, which can provide reference for rice noodle preservation. Methods Based on cold plasma treatment technology, the antifungal effect and mechanism of cold plasma treatment were studied in terms of inactivation efficacy, spore germination and mycelium development, cell membrane integrity, and leakage of intracellular components. Results The efficacy of cold plasma against P. oxalicum gradually increased with the increase of treatment time, and 100% of kill rate could be achieved after treatment for 60 s. Cold plasma treatment could effectively inhibit spore germination and mycelia development. After 60 s of treatment, the spore germination rate decreased by 57.79% compared with the control group. Mycelia development was inhibited in the treatment group, and no germination of spores was observed completely after 240 s of treatment. Cold plasma can change the integrity and permeability of fungal plasma membrane. With the extension of treatment time, the PI staining rate of cells was increased. When the treatment time was 180 s, the staining rate was increased by 94% compared with the control, and the extracellular electrical conductivity was increased with the extension of treatment time representing an increase of 73% compared with the control. The studies showed that cold plasma had no significant effect on reducing sugar precipitation of rice noodles, and can reduce the dissolution index of rice noodles, which was conducive to the retention of nutrients and quality of rice noodles. Conclusion In this study, the cold plasma could was shown to exhibit high efficacy in decontaminating rice noodles from fungal contamination with P. oxalicum, and did not adversely affect quality parameters of rice noodles, which could provide references for preservation of rice noodles and rice-based food.

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Volume 36,2024 Issue 3

Original Reports

• Usage Status and Comparison Analysis of the Food Colour in Some Countries(Regions)

  ZOU Zhi-fei, PU Min, LI Jian-jun, CHEN Yong-hong

  2010,22(2):112-120, DOI:

  Abstract: (5403) HTML (0) PDF (766.95 KKB) (31996)

  Abstract:

  Food color was divided into three categories,that was tar pigments, natural pigments and others. Edible tar pigment was classified to azo, triarylmethane, xanthene, fluorescent ketone, quinoline derivatives and indigo dye, and natural pigment was classified to tetrapyrroles (porphyrins) derivatives, isoprene derivatives, anthocyanin derivatives, ketone derivatives, quinone derivatives and the others according to their chemical structure.There are INS,E-number,C.I and the code about synthetic pigment in some countries in food color.The regulations and the use varieties about food color of China, CAC, Russia, EU, US, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong , Macao and China Taiwan was introduced respectively. Comparison analysis about differences in formulation of food additicve standard, prohibition about colour variety, attitude about usage of edible tar colour, and colour variety (tar colur,natural colour and others),scope and limits about color usage were performed with comparative analysis. Color usage in the produce of export food in accordance with standard of destination , focus on variety and limit of colour in import food according to their sources was proposed, and trends about usage of food color was Prospect ed also.

• Comparative study on regulations and standards for health food control (to be continued)

  Zhao Danyu Zhang Zhiqiang

  2004(4), DOI:

  Abstract: (2326) HTML (0) PDF (194.33 KKB) (26517)

  Abstract:

  The comparative study was conducted on the regulations and standards in related with health food or health claim control in the countries or regions of Chinese Mainland, Australia, European Union, Japan, USA and Chinese Taipei, taking Codex Alimentarius Commission as reference. The analysis is focus on the similarities and differences on the part of the definition, legal status, the requirements for product composition and form and the procedure of safety and functional evaluation among these countries or regions, in an attempt to find out the background information and scientific evidence for the relevant regulations and standards. The administration patterns of health food or health claim by the authorities of individual countries or regions, i.e. whether it is a pre-market approval system or a preview (pre-market registered) system, been elaborated and analyzed. To the improvement of health food control system in China, some proposals and recommendations were made based on the analysis of the merits and defects thereof, and technical evidence was provided for the international coordination in the future.

食品安全标准

• Revision on the National food safety standard-standards for uses of food additives(GB 2760—2011)

  Wang Huali, Zhang Jiyue, Zhang Jianbo

  2011,23(6):571-575, DOI:

  Abstract: (3273) HTML (0) PDF (223.37 KKB) (26284)

  Abstract:

  According to The Law of Food Safety,the related requirements of the State Council and the Ministry of Public Health,and the program of systemic revision of national food safety standards,the Hygienic Standards for the Use of Food Additives(GB 2760—2007) was revised by the National Institute of Nutrition and Food safety of China CDC in 2011.The revised parts are mainly on the regulations of using food additives,food processing aids and flavorings.The revision of the National food safety standard-...

• Optimizing cleanup of pyrethroid pesticide residues in cucumber by orthogonal design-repeat experiment method

  Huang Cheng, Guo Mei

  2012,24(5):438-440, DOI:

  Abstract: (2321) HTML (0) PDF (478.25 KKB) (24666)

  Abstract:

  目的优选QuEChERS方法中黄瓜拟除虫菊酯类农药残留净化剂的最佳组合。方法采用正交实验法,以农药加标回收率(气相色谱法)为指标,考察净化剂PSA(N-丙基乙二胺)、C18(C18烷基-硅胶)、GCB(石墨化炭黑)三因素的影响。结果重复试验表明,10 g黄瓜2 ml定容液净化剂的最佳组合是A2B1C2,即0.075 g PSA,0.025 g C18,0.050 g GCB。结论正交试验法用于优选蔬菜中农药残留检测的QuEChERS净化剂组合,既可节省试剂,又能满足检测需要。

Original Reports

• Study on antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from imported dairy product

  ZHANG Xi-meng, ZENG Jing, WEI Hai-yan, FU Pu-bo, HAN Xiao

  2013,25(4):320-323, DOI:

  Abstract: (1737) HTML (0) PDF (4.44 MKB) (24537)

  Abstract:

  To investigate antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from imported dairy products. Methods100strains of Cronobacter sakazakii were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion recommended by the National Committee of Clinical laboratory Standard. Results All strains were sensitive to Mezlocillin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin, Chloramphenicol, Cefepime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime Sodium, Ceftazidime, Pentahydrate, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin, while resistant to Proctaphlin Sodium. The ratio of resistant strains to Ampicillin, Cefalotin, Cefazolin Sodium, Sodium and Tetracycline was 65%, 17%, 3% and 2%, respectively. The ratio of intermediate resistant strains to Ampicillin, Cefazolin Sodium, Cefalotin Sodium, Ceftriaxone Sodium, Tetracycline was 25%, 23%, 6%, 2% and 1% respectively. 13strains were multiresistant to 3kinds of antibiotics and 4strain was multiresistant. ConclusionCronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from imported dairy products were susceptible to most of the tested antibiotics, but resistance were increasing. In this study, All drug resistant strains to oxacillin. Hereby, the issue of Cronobacter sakazakii multiresistance should arouse abroad attention worldwide.

风险评估专栏

• National and international food safety assessment overview

  Li Ning, Yan Weixing

  2011,23(1):13-16, DOI:

  Abstract: (3821) HTML (0) PDF (711.55 KKB) (24125)

  Abstract:

  The result of food safety risk assessment is the scientific basis for formulating the food safety standards and for exercising food safety supervision and administration. To exert the effects of food safety risk assessment in supervision and administration, some countries established specific agencies for food safety risk assessment, as well as in China with National Food Safety Risk Assessment Expert Committee. Despite that there is still a long way to go for China in food safety risk assessment compared to developed countries, the technologies applied in formulating food safety standards, handling of food safety accidents and risk communications exerted significant effect. However, we still need to promote constructions building in system of food safety risk assessment from the aspects of organizations, capacities and technologies in risk assessment and human resources considering the situation of food safety and needs of food safety supervision.

• Microbe inspection of export frozen shrimps during processing at a factory

  LEI Xiaoling, ZENG Shaokui, JIANG Zhihong, ZHANG Chaohua, WU Hongmian

  2005(1), DOI:

  Abstract: (2096) HTML (0) PDF (211.13 KKB) (24015)

  Abstract:

  The microbe change in export frozen shrimp(shrimp meat,headless shrimp)at different stages of processing was reported.The bacterial contamination of utensils,equipment environment was checked.The results demonstrated that the aerobic plate counts of export frozen shrimp generally were up to the standard.Coliforms sometimes exceed the standard.Pathogens were not detected.Aerobic plate counts of utensils and equipment often go beyond the standard.

Food Safety Standard and Administration

• Overview on the Single Raw Material Health Foods Approved in China and the Revelations for Their Registration and Administration

  ZHOU Su-juan, , , WAN Chao, BAI Hong

  2010,22(2):143-146, DOI:

  Abstract: (1963) HTML (0) PDF (367.21 KKB) (23937)

  Abstract:

  Objectives To investigate the current status of single raw material health foods registration in China. Methods The registration of 419 single raw material health foods from the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) in the period of 2003-2007 were studied and analyzed, including the registration number, function claims, material categories and active ingredients, etc. Results The number of single raw material health foods accounted for 13.1% of total registered functional foods in this period. Half of the function claims were enhancing immune function. The active ingredients were nonspecific. The most common ingredients were polysaccharide, total saponins and total flavonoid. The chief categories of component were traditional Chinese material, foodstuff, edible fungi and algae. Conclusions The use of extracted materials might bring potential quality and safety issues because of no unified standards and processing technique. It is necessary to standardize management for extracted materials urgently. Take the single raw material products as a trial to seek a simplified mode for the registration and management of health foods.

• Comparative study on regulations and standards for health food control

  Zhao Danyu, Zhang Zhiqiang

  2004(5), DOI:

  Abstract: (2080) HTML (0) PDF (184.87 KKB) (23631)

  Abstract:

  The comparative study was conducted on the regulations and standards in related with health food or health claim control in the countries or regions of Chinese Mainland, Australia, European Union, Japan, USA and Chinese Taiwan, taking Codex Alimentarius Commission as reference. The analysis is focus on the similarities and differences on the part of the definition, legal status, the requirements for product composition and form and the procedure of safety and functional evaluation among these countries or regions, in an attempt to find out the background information and scientific evidence for the relevant regulations and standards. The administration patterns of health food or health claim by the authorities of individual countries or regions, i.e. whether it is a pre market approval system or a preview (pre market registered) system, have been elaborated and analyzed in this tert. To the improvement of health food control system in China, some proposals and recommendations were made based on the analysis of the merits and defects thereof, and technical evidence was provided for the international coordination in the future.

• Study on Estrogenic Effect of Resveratrol

  ZHANG Wen-zhong, LI Ning, LI Rong

  2008(3), DOI:

  Abstract: (2831) HTML (0) PDF (273.27 KKB) (23192)

  Abstract:

  目的探索反式白藜芦醇经口摄入后，在体内的雌激素作用和剂量一反应关系。方法选用19日龄未成年大鼠做子宫增重试验，分别经灌胃给予0．1、0．3、0．6和1．0g／kgBW的白藜芦醇，以3．0p∥kgBW的雌二醇为阳性对照，并设立水和油的阴性对照组，所有剂量组连续灌胃3d。实验结束称量子宫的湿重和干重，对卵巢、子宫和阴道进行组织病理学检查，并测量子宫内膜上皮细胞高度。结果和对照组比较，白藜芦醇对子宫重量无影响；组织病理学结果显示，1．0g／kgBW白藜芦醇剂量组的子宫轻度增生，0．3、0．6和1．0g／kgBW白藜芦醇剂量组的阴道轻度增生，无剂量-反应关系；受试物组子宫内膜上皮细胞高度无明显变化。结论白藜芦醇经口摄入时雌激素作用较弱，且无剂量-反应关系。

Risk Assessment

• The application of contamination index method to evaluate heavy metal contaminations in dairy products

  SUN Yan-bin, SUN Ting, DONG Shu-xiang, LI Shi-kai, ZHONG Qing, ZHANG Jun

  2015,27(4):441-446, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2015.04.020

  Abstract: (2116) HTML (0) PDF (10.31 MKB) (23158)

  Abstract:

  To understand the distribution characteristics of heavy metal contamination in dairy products, and to evaluate the status and the extent of heavy metal contamination.Methods The contents of Pb, total-Hg, Cd, Cr and total-As in raw milk, fermented milk, sterilized milk, infant formula and milk powder during 2012-2013 were detected. Single factor contamination index method and comprehensive contamination index method of Nemerow were used to evaluate the contamination level according to the grading standard of agriculture product quality. Results The detection rate of Pb, total-As, total-Hg, Cd and Cr were 14.0%(21/150), 24.7%(37/150), 82.0%(109/133), 26.3%(35/133)and 72.9%(43/59) in dairy products, respectively. Pb in raw milk and Cd in sterilized milk were not detected. The mean, P75 and P95 of total-Hg in raw milk were higher than the limit. The P95 of total-Hg in fermented milk and sterilized milk and Cd in milk powder were higher than the limit. The detection rate and single factor contamination index of total-Hg were the highest in raw milk, fermented milk and sterilized milk, which indicated there was severe contamination in the raw milk(PHg>1) and mild contamination in fermented milk (PHg>0.6). The detection rate of Cr was the highest in infant formula and milk powder, while single factor contamination index of Cd was the highest. The heavy metal contamination in raw milk ranked the first with P_n=0.754, reaching mild level of contamination. The heavy metal contamination in dairy products could be lined in a decreasing order of raw milk, fermented milk, sterilized milk, milk powder and infant formula.Conclusion Four kinds of dairy products were at the safe level of heavy metal contamination. Total-Hg was the dominant heavy metal contamination in liquid milk, while Cd in solid milk. Single factor contamination index and comprehensive contamination index of total-Hg in raw milk indicated that measures should be taken to prevent the contamination.

Review

• Arsenic Speciation and Food Safety in Seafoods

  ZHANG Wen-de

  2007(4), DOI:

  Abstract: (1797) HTML (0) PDF (266.45 KKB) (22439)

  Abstract:

  To accurately understand the inorganic arsenic origin in seafoods and scientifically appraise the quality of seafood products, some problems on arsenic chemical and speciation form, background value, inorganic arsenic and determination of arsenic in marine organisms were discussed. References were provided for determination of inorganic arsenic in seafoods.

• Advance on Study of Biogenic Amines in Food

  HE Qing-hua, WU Yong-ning, YIN Yu-long

  2007(5), DOI:

  Abstract: (3180) HTML (0) PDF (241.45 KKB) (22294)

  Abstract:

  If over-dose biogenic amines were eaten, it may have deleterious impacts on human and animals. To illustrate the effects of biogenic amines in food on human, the source, influential factors, metabolism and toxicological research of biogenic amines were briefly reviewed.

食品安全标准

• Comparison and analysis of the aerobic plate count,coliforms,Escherichia coli,enterobacteriaceae in national and international food safety standards

  Xu Jin, Pang Lu

  2011,23(5):472-477, DOI:

  Abstract: (2633) HTML (0) PDF (636.81 KKB) (22269)

  Abstract:

  As indicator organisms,standards for aerobic plate count,coliforms,Escherichia coli,enterobacteriaceae applied in each country were different.Based on the comparison and analysis of microbiological criteria of foods in Australia,New Zealand,European Communities,Canada and Hong Kong,recommendations and technical basis for the elaboration of general microbiological criteria of China’s national food safety standards were provided. 更多还原

Experimental Technique and Method

• Determination of glucosamine hydrochloride in health food by HPLC

  Gan Binbin, Liu Zhanhua, Li Shaohao

  2011,23(6):531-533, DOI:

  Abstract: (2458) HTML (0) PDF (249.14 KKB) (22235)

  Abstract:

  Objective To establish a method for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride in health food by HPLC.Methods Samples were extracted ultrasonically with water and separated on a CAPCELLPAKCR column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm);the mobile phase consisted of 25 mmol ammonium acetate+acetonitrile(in 0.1% formic acid)(25+75,V/V).The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min;the detection wavelength was 200 nm.Results The standard curve of glucosamine hydrochloride was linear over the range in 0.2~26.0 μg(r=0.999 982).The...

• Comparative study on microbiological limits for ready-to-eat foods

  Xu Jin, Pang Lu

  2012,24(5):474-478, DOI:

  Abstract: (2302) HTML (0) PDF (735.98 KKB) (22196)

  Abstract:

  Based on the analysis of microbiological criteria for ready-to-eat foods in Codex Alimentarius Commission,the European Union,Australia,New Zealand,England and HongKong China,the article provides recommendations for the elaboration of microbiological criteria of Chinese national food standard.

• Study on Development and Current Status of Chinese Legal Systems of Health Foods

  ZHANG Li-wei, ZHAO Hong-jing, BAI Hong, WAN Chao

  2008(3), DOI:

  Abstract: (3031) HTML (0) PDF (234.99 KKB) (21938)

  Abstract:

  目的总结我国保健食品法律、法规、标准体系发展历史与现状，为未来发展提供建议。方法系统收集我国自1995年《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》首次赋予保健食品法律地位以来有关保健食品生产、销售、流通、监管环节的法律法规，进行纵向与横向的比较分析。结果从管理角度讲，我国保健食品经历了《保健食品管理办法》及《保健食品注册管理办法》两个时期，经历了一个逐步发展完善的过程，在立法过程中体现了“公平、公正、便民、高效和救济”等法制理念的不断进步。现在，我国保健食品法律、法规、标准在产品生产、市场、监控、评估4个方面基本形成了体系，并在新功能、新原料开发方面采取了更为开放的姿态。结论今后我国应加强技术性法规标准的建设，完善《保健食品注册管理办法》相应配套办法，进一步理顺各部门食品安全监管职能，明确责任，注重部门规章的衔接，进一步以法律、法规、标准体系建设整顿市场秩序，引导保健食品行业健康有序地发展。

• Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite in Foods by Ion Chromatography

  ZHANG Lei, ZHAO Yun-feng, ZHENG Hong-guo, ZHANG Lei, LIU Xiao, ZHAO Yun-feng, MOU Shi-fen, ZHENG Hong-guo, WU Yong-ning

  2008(4), DOI:

  Abstract: (2606) HTML (0) PDF (249.71 KKB) (21602)

  Abstract:

  目的建立同时测定食品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的离子色谱方法。方法采用超声提取、固相萃取柱净化的方法对试样进行前处理，高容量阴离子交换色谱枉分离，抑制型电导检测器检测。结果亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的检出限分别为0.005mg／L和0.008mg／L。回收率均在80％以上，RSD小于10％。结论该方法简便快捷、准确可靠，适用于多种食品基质中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的分析。