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REN Xiu, ZHAO Shuai, DING Bo, YU Wen, LI Jingyun, CUI Shenghui
2024,36(10):1099-1107, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.001
Abstract:
Objective To identify three Bifidobacterium strains using different methods and analysis of acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants and their transferability combined with antimicrobial susceptibility testing results and whole genome sequencing （WGS） data.Methods Three Bifidobacterium strains were isolated from three probiotic products， respectively， and identified using biochemical tests， matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS）， and WGS. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to eight antibiotics， including ampicillin， was tested using the broth microdilution method. The WGS data were used to analyze the acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants carried by the strains and assess their transferability using online databases.Results The results showed that biochemical methods could provide reliable genus-level identification， MALDI-TOF MS could provide reliable species-level identification， and WGS-based average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization values could provide reliable species and subspecies-level identification. Combined with wgSNP and wgMLST analysis， all three strains were identified as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. The three strains showed decreased susceptibility to tetracycline and gentamicin. The decreased susceptibility to gentamicin was associated with the lack of transport system in the anaerobes and was an intrinsic phenotype. All three strains carried tet（W） on their chromosomes， and there were IS5 sequences downstream of tet（W）， suggesting that this resistance gene may be a mobile element. A comparison of tet（W） sequences from 58 bacteria of different species and genera in GenBank showed that tet（W） sequences in B. animalis subsp. lactis have a certain degree of conservation.Conclusion The identification and genetic analysis of Bifidobacterium should be comprehensively carried out by combining biochemical tests， MALDI-TOF MS， antimicrobial susceptibility and WGS. WGS technology can not only perform precise identification of Bifidobacterium at the subspecies level but also conduct in-depth analysis of resistance determinants and transferability. It provides strong technical support for the research， supervision and healthy development of related probiotic products and the food industry.
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WANG Jun, HAN Bei, LIU Dongli, CHEN Xiaocao, HE Jinming, LIU Xinli, SONG Haiqing
2024,36(10):1108-1116, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.002
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Objective To analyze an outbreak of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella typhimurium， and to study the molecular characteristics of the pathogen through laboratory detection and similarity analysis， so as to provide scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment， incident traceability， prevention and control.Methods The collected samples were screened and detected by the FilmArray multiplex PCR system， and the pathogens were identified by mass spectrometry and serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibility tests， pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）， and whole genome sequencing were performed on the isolated strains. Sequence type （ST）， cgMLST， and rMLST were obtained by comparing the MLST of Salmonella and performing cluster analysis. The isolates were studied for genes that are related to drug resistance and virulence.Results A total of 15 Salmonella strains were isolated， including 3 from suspected food sources and 12 from the patient’s feces， and all of them were Salmonella typhimurium. The PFGE pattern showed two patterns， 12 strains from stool and 2 strains from suspected food had the same pattern， the similarity was 100%， and the similarity of the other one strain from suspected food was 88.89%. The 15 isolates were categorized into either ST19 or rST-138396 （new） type. The cgMLST and wgMLST core genome loci varied from 1 to 15 and 1 to 395， respectively. The drug resistance spectrum of 15 isolates was as follows： Ampicillin-Ampicillin/Sulbactam-Cefazolin-Cefotetan-Amikacin-Gentamicin-Tobramycin-Levofloxacin-Furatoin-Streptomycin-Nalidixic ?Acid-Tetracycline-Chloramphenicol； The genome of the strains contained 13 related drug resistance genes and 271 known virulence genes.Conclusion This foodborne disease outbreak was caused by Salmonella typhimurium from the same source and with the same molecular typing characteristics. The isolated Salmonella typhimurium was capable of producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and was resistant to 13 antimicrobials， indicating that it was a severe multi-drug resistant strain.
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TONG Wei, LIU Yang, ZHOU Houde, XIA Zhilu, PENG Silu, LU Jun, LIU Daofeng, ZENG Liai
2024,36(10):1117-1123, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.003
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Objective To analyze the contamination， drug resistance and genetic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from aquatic products in Jiangxi Province in 2023.Methods A total of 212 aquatic products sold in Jiangxi Province in 2023 were collected， and the contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in different seasons and different kinds was analyzed. The STs， virulence gene， resistance gene and antibiotic sensitivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were also detected.Results A total of 45 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were detected from 212 samples with a detection rate of 21.23%. The detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in marine products and freshwater products were 26.67% and 15.89%， respectively， while there was no significant difference in detection rate （χ2=3.682， P>0.05）. The detection rate in the third quarter was highest （22.62%）. The detection rate in crustacea and shellfish were highest，both of which were 25.00%. The 45 isolates presented highly resistant to cefazolin （100.00%） and polymyxin E （51.11%）. A total of 5 multiple drug-resistant strains were found， and 3 of which were isolated from marine fish. A total of 40 STs were found in 45 isolates， of which 17 were newly discovered STs， and no dominant STs were found.The phylogenetic analysis of cgMLST showed that the 45 isolates were distantly related. All 45 isolates carried tlh and T3SS1 genes， only 2 isolates carried trh gene， and tdh and T3SS2 genes were not detected.All 5 multiple drug-resistant strains carried tlh and T3SS1 genes， and tdh， trh and T3SS2 genes were not detected.A total of 13 drug resistance genes were detected， including CARB-20， tet（35）， sul1， sul2， dfrA6， CRP， QnrS2， ANT（2"）-Ia， ACC（6'）-Ia and tet（E）. The carrying of resistance genes is not completely consistent with the resistance phenotype.Conclusion The aquatic products sold in Jiangxi province were polluted by Vibrio parahaemolyticus at a certain degree. TheVibrio parahaemolyticus strains has rich genetic diversity and presented a distantly related. The carrying rate of virulence gene was low. The multiple drug-resistant strains were found， and the drug resistance mechanism needed to further studied because of its complexity.
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ZHOU Haiqing, YE Yijuan, CHEN Qiaochang, WU Haijun, QIU Lixiao, ZHU Qi, LI Zhijiao
2024,36(10):1124-1129, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.004
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Objective Through the rapid detection and analysis of a case of gelsemine poisoning caused by honey， to bring inspiration for similar incident handling.Methods The appropriate amount of samples and specimen were weighed or aspirated， adding borax-NaOH buffer solution（pH=9.6）， shake well， extracted with ethyl acetate， and the organic layer was used for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection and analysis.Results The gelsemine content in the honeycomb was 28.6 mg/kg， and the gelsemine contents in brewing honey tool 1 and tool 2 wash solution were 5.85 and 5.04 μg. The gelsemine content in honey water was 44.0 mg/L， and only the blood of patients 1-3 detected gelsemine content of 22.3-402 μg/L. The urine of all patients were detected gelsemine content of 20.6-299 μg/L， and the urine gelsemine content of patient 2-6 was higher than that of blood.Conclusion This food poisoning was caused by honey containing gelsemine， with low poisoning dosage and which can be detected from brewing tools.The kidney is one of the metabolic pathways of gelsemine. After 2 h 45 min of consumption， most patients had higher urine gelsemine content than blood， indicating that urine specimen collection should be emphasized.
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YANG Jinjie, YUE Shiwen, QIN Sheng, ZHAO Qin
2024,36(10):1130-1137, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.005
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Objective A new method for the separation and enrichment of pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables was developed by combining QuEChERS with disposable polyethylene pipet assisted dispersed liquid-liquid micro-extraction （DPP-DLLME）.Methods Firstly， acetonitrile was used as extraction agent for separation of pyrethroid pesticides from vegetable samples， and the collected acetonitrile extract was purified， then used as the dispersant of DPP-DLLME. A disposable dropper was used as the extraction vessel for DPP-DLLME， and n-octanol was used as the extractant. After phase separation， the extractant was floating on the aqueous solution and concentrated in the narrow neck of the pipet， which can be directly withdrawn by a microsyringe for instrument analysis.Results Under the optimized extraction conditions， the linearity range was 0.5-200 ng/g with correlation coefficient r2 higher than 0.995 for seven pyrethroid pesticides. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.04-0.1 ng/g， and the limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.1-0.5 ng/g. The recoveries at three spiking levels of 1， 10 and 100 ng/g were in the range of 94.5%-110.5% with the RSDs less than 9.0% （intra-day） and 8.2% （inter-day）.Conclusion The method was simple and effective， which provided a new choice for the detection of pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables.
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ZOU Minghui, WANG Yongxiang, LIU Tanxiao, DONG Bing, LIANG Guiping, YAN Jiao, ZENG Lihong
2024,36(10):1138-1146, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.006
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Objective To establish a method for the determination of bromonitrile residue in crops.Methods Acetonitrile was used as extraction solvent， and the extraction solution was purified by dispersed solid phase extraction. The bromonitrile in the sample was reduced with metal zinc in acetic acid ethanol solution to form 2-methylene-glutaronitrile. The residual bromonitrile in the sample was obtained by measuring the content of 2-methylene-glutaronitrile. It was separated by DB-608 column， determined by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry multi-reaction monitoring mode， and quantified by external standard method. Spinach， brown rice and tea were selected as the representative substrates.Results There was a good linear relationship between the peak area of brominonitrile transformation products and the mass concentration in the range of 0.01-1 mg/L. The lowest detected concentrations of brominonitrile in spinach， brown rice and tea were 0.01， 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg， respectively.Conclusion The method has the advantages of easy availability of raw materials， mild conditions， simple operation， accurate quantification and good reproducibility， and can be used for the determination of bromonitrile residue in spinach， brown rice and tea.
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LIU Deye, WANG Yong, WANG Lei, JI Wenliang
2024,36(10):1147-1152, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.007
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Objective To establish a detection method for the detachment of polyethylene microplastics during the use of disposable paper cups with polyethylene inner coating.Methods The method employed hydrogen peroxide digestion， sodium bicarbonate solution ultrasonic removal of residual hydrogen peroxide， ethanol dispersion， and then silver membrane filtration to collect polyethylene microplastics from paper cup water samples. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was applied to detect the microplastics on the filter membrane. And scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and micro-Raman Spectroscopy were introduced to study the pre-treatment processes.Results After optimization， the concentration of 23% （v/v） hydrogen peroxide could eliminate the interference of matrix in samples. The addition of 5.0 g/L sodium bicarbonate， combined with ultrasound， couldtotallydecompose the residual hydrogen peroxide in the digestion solution. Adding 25% （v/v） ethanol to the digestion solution could effectively disperse microplastics in the system， so that microplastics were then uniformly dispersed on the surface of the silver film during filtration. Further， the detachment of polyethylene microplastics from disposable paper cups was quantitatively detected. The detection limit was calculatedas 1 877.7 p/L， the relative standard deviation was 9.7%-27.5%， and the recovery rate was 98%-111%. Results indicated that disposable paper cups coated with polyethylene could release 2 500-20 000 p/L （>2 μm） microplastics in water.Conclusion Compared with traditional pre-treatment processes， our method could solve the problems of silver film corrosion and uneven dispersion of microplastics. The results of real samples detection suggested that disposable paper cups coated with polyethylene can bring health risks by microplastics during use.
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XIANG Jingshu, WU Yutian, ZHANG Dezhu, ZHOU Qian, MENG Chunyang, ZHOU Yibing, LUO Xinxu, HUANG Jingyu, LIU Lin, ZHANG Lili, ZHOU Li
2024,36(10):1153-1160, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.008
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Objective To understand the mold and mycotoxin contamination status of spices sold in Guizhou Province， and to provide scientific basis for formulating pollution control measures.
Mthods A total of 260 samples of sold spice were collected from 2022 to 2023 in Guizhou Province. Mold counting of these samples were detected according to the national food safety standard （GB 4789.15—2016）， and isolated molds were identified using morphology and mass spectrometry methods. Fifty-two mold positive samples were randomly selected to detecte aflatoxin B1， B2， G1， G2 and ochratoxin.Results 72.31% （188/260） of the samples were contaminated with mold， with an average contamination level of 5.1×103 CFU/g. Molds were detected in all types and different packaging types of spice samples. There was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of samples collected in different quarters （P<0.05）. The samples mainly contaminated mold of genera Aspergillus， Rhizopus， Mucor and Penicillium， of which 34.14% （155/454） were toxin producing mold. The total detection rate of mycotoxins was 48.08% （25/52）， mainly including AFTB2 and OTA. Two or more mycotoxins were detected simultaneously in 13.46% （7/52） of the samples. The detection rate of AFTG1 in prepackaged samples was significantly higher than that in bulk samples. The exceeding rate of AFTB1 was 5.77% （3/52）.Conclusion There was mold and mycotoxin contamination in spices sold in Guizhou Province. It is recommended to strengthen the monitoring and management of spices to provide scientific basis for risk assessment and developing relevant standards. -
ZHENG Dan, CAI Wuwei, JIANG Dianwei, LIN Chenxin, XIE Hangguo, CHEN Zhuyun, GAO Lanlin
2024,36(10):1161-1165, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.009
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Objective To investigate the infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in snails in public greenbelts of Fuzhou， so as to provide the scientific basis for the formulation of the angiostrongyliasis control.Methods A.fulica and P.canaliculata were randomly collected from a public green land in public parks，residential areas， urban roads and other public green areas during May to November of 2021 and 2023. The A. cantonensis stage Ⅲ larvae were collected by homogenizing method and identified by morphology. A. cantonensis rRNA gene was amplified by PCR and the sequence was compared by BLAST analysis.Results A total of 213 A. fulica were collected， 20.2% （43/213） A. fulica were infected with A. cantonensis. The average infection degree was 235.8（10 139/43）/ snail. A total of 507 P.canaliculata were collected， 16.0% （81/507） P.canaliculata were infected with A. cantonensis. The average infection degree was 43.2（3 501/81）/ snail. The BLAST results showed that the consistency between the PCR product sequencing results and the reference sequences of A. cantonensis in the GenBank （Accession number： AB684364.1） was 98.2%.The median body weight of 213 A. fulica was 36g， and the infection rates of A. fulica with body weight below 36g and above were 11.2% （12/107） and 29.2% （31/106），and there was significant difference in infection rate （χ2=10.74， P<0.05） .The infection rate of P.canaliculata with larger body mass is higher than that of larger body mass with smaller body mass， and there was a significant difference among snails with different body masses（χ2=181.03， P<0.05）.Conclusion The results suggested that there are A.fulica and P.canaliculata infected with A. cantonensis in public greenbelts of Fuzhou city， This will be provide a infection risk upon eating the raw or partially cooked or touching the objects contaminated with A.fulica secretions.
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LYU Xueli, YU Hangyu, ZHU Lei, XING Hang, WANG Yidan, ZHANG Hong
2024,36(10):1166-1172, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.010
Abstract:
Objective Conduct special follow-up evaluation on the situation after the inplementation of GB 4806.1—2016， understand the opinions and suggestions of the standard by users and consumers， and provide reference and basis for standard revision.Methods Collect opinions through online questionnaire surveys， and use Excel 2016 to organize and conduct descriptive statistical analysis on the collected data.Results 96.5%（218/226） of the respondents thought that GB 4806.1—2016 was in line with current laws and regulations There were non-standard labeling contents for food contact materials and products. Consumers had insufficient understanding of food contact materials and products and their labeling. 42.8%（142/332） of consumers could accept food contact materials products from recycled materials.Conclusion Relevant regulations on the labeling of food contact materials should be improved. It is suggested to strengthen the promotion and implementation of this standards among standard users and consumers and to explore a suitable management model for recycled materials used in food contact in China.
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2024,36(10):1173-1178, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.011
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Objective In order to promote the understanding of health function evaluation and the transformation and application of scientific research results， explore how to enhance the scientificity and preciseness of health function evaluation， and provide certain suggestions for health food development and evaluation system improvement.Methods Current status of health function management was introduced， relevant on health function regulations in China were sorted out， the role and requirements of scientific literature and functional experiments in health function evaluation were explained， common problems， misunderstandings， and typical cases in health function evaluation practice were collected and analyzed.Results In view of existing problems in literature types and forms， material comparability， indicator correspondence， dosage calculation， target population extrapolation， and compatibility necessity， strategies for function evaluation and research were brought forward， key points for scientific research evidence collection， screening， analysis and evaluation were proposed， future trends of health function evaluation were also proposed for discussion.Conclusion Development and evaluation of health functions require accurate understanding of regulatory requirements and focus on the quality of scientific evidence， which should be used as the basis for health function and product development and design.
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WU Xiaoyu, HUANG Conghui, MA Jing, LI Li, XU Chengdong, WANG Huijun, SU Chang, DU Wenwen
2024,36(10):1179-1184, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.012
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Objective To understand the situation of fruit consumption and its trends among Chinese adult residents aged 18 and above， and to evaluate the level of fruit consumption among adult residents， so as to provide a scientific basis for guiding the rational consumption of fruit among Chinese adult residents and formulating nutritional and health policies.Methods Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS）， a long-term follow-up cohort of 37 060 adult residents aged 18 years and older with complete 3-day， 24-hour dietary survey data from the 1991， 2000， 2011 and 2018 waves were enrolled in the study. Descriptive analyses and trend tests were used to analyze the fruit consumption rate， average daily fruit consumption and the trend of fruit consumption in the consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary review surveys， and to compare them with the recommended fruit intake of 200 g/d in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents.Results The fruit consumption rate of adult residents in China generally showed an upward trend， increasing from 11.0% in 1991 to 47.8% in 2018 （P<0.001）. The median consumption of the fruit-consuming population increased from 66.7 g/d in 1991 to 88.8 g/d in 2018.The per capita daily fruit consumption of overall adult residents increased from 10.4 g in 1991 to 54.0 g in 2018. Fruit consumption has urban-rural differences， the average fruit consumption of urban and rural residents in 2018 was 71.6 and 41.8 g， respectively， and the proportion of urban residents reaching the recommended amount of fruit was higher than twice that of rural residents.Conclusion Overall trend of fruit consumption rate among Chinese adult residents showed an upward trend during 1991 to 2018. Fruit consumption has increased， but it is still far below the recommended intake with obvious urban-rural differences. Effective interventions should be further targeted at different populations to increase fruit consumption， establish the health concept of a balanced diet， and improve the nutritional status of the population.
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YANG Yunqi, XIANG Chun, JIA Xiaofang, LI Min, SU Chang, WANG Huijun, LIU Aidong
2024,36(10):1185-1190, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.013
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Objective To analyze meat consumption situation and related factors of Chinese adult residents.Methods The 2018 survey data of the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" project was used. Eleven thousand one hundred and ninety adult residents aged 18 and above with complete 3-day 24-hour dietary data and demographic and economic characteristics data for three consecutive days were selected as research subjects. Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank- the sum non-parametric test were used to test the differences between groups in the meat consumption of research subjects with different characteristics. The χ2 test was used to compare the meat consumption rates of research subjects with different characteristics. The influencing factors of meat consumption of the research subjects was analyzed by multi-factor logistic regression model， The meat consumption lower or higher than the recommended meat intake （40-75 g/d） was judged as low or high meat consumption.Results The meat consumption P50 （P25， P75） of the study population was 78.4 g/d （30.0 g/d， 141.7 g/d）. The consumption of pork rate was the highest （81.0%）， followed by poultry （28.3%） and other meat （23.8%）. The lowest consumption rate was animal offal （6.0%）. Age， gender and income level were significantly related to abnormal meat consumption in study population. Compared with the low-income group， adult residents at the middle and high income levels are significantly less likely to consume high or low meat consumption by 13% and 17%， respectively， with OR of 0.87 （95%CI： 0.77-0.98） and 0.83 （95%CI： 0.73-0.95）.Conclusion The main meat consumed by Chinese adults is pork， and the problem of unreasonable meat consumption is relatively prominent. Precise guidance should be carried out based on the meat consumption situation of different groups of people to guide adult residents in developing good meat consumption concepts to improve their health.
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WANG Zhu, XING Qingbin, CUI Yajuan, ZHANG Xuesong, LIU Yufeng, WANG Guodong
2024,36(10):1191-1198, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.014
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The definition of dietary fiber （DF） includes multiple meanings involving material structure，physiological and biological effects. So， to accurate evaluate DF level in foods，it’s necessary to grasp scientific concepts and rigorous measurement techniques. Now， the new version of the National Food Safety Standard Determination of Dietary Fiber in Foods （GB 5009.88—2023） has been implemented in China. Compared to pre-version， high-performance liquid chromatography technique is added in enzymatic-gravimetric methods， making it possible to include insoluble and soluble dietary fiber， even that cannot be precipitated by 78% ethanol， in total dietary fiber results， and the detection scope is expanded. For better understanding the method to use， this article summaries the relation of determination methods to definition development， interprets in details about the principles， determination pathway and steps， and result expression. Simultaneously， the application scope of the method and its connection with other national standards has also been discussed.
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FAN Penghui, LI Hongqiu, CHU Zunhua, LIU Zhitao, GUO Hua, LIN Li, ZHANG Ronghua, LIANG Jinjun, JIANG Yuyan, DAI Yue, HUANG Zheng, HU Qingwen, LIU Jikai, HAN Haihong, YAN Shaofei, LI Weiwei, GUO Yunchang
2024,36(10):1199-1208, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.10.015
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Objective To analyze the foodborne disease outbreaks surveillance data in 2023， and provide the basis for the government to formulate prevention and control strategies and regulatory measures for foodborne diseases.Methods A descriptive analysis was conducted on the foodborne disease outbreaks surveillance data collected through National Foodborne Outbreak Surveillance System.Results In 2023， 31 provinces， autonomous regions，municipalities and The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps reported a total of 6 960 outbreaks of foodborne diseases， with 30 237 cases and 90 deaths， mainly from June to September. The number of poisonous mushroom poisoning was the highest， accounting for 44.35% of the total outbreaks， an increase of 88.35% compared with 2022. Household poisonous mushroom poisoning accounted for 89.93%， an increase of 91.58% compared with 2022. The number of microbial outbreaks accounted for 10.40% of the total outbreaks， with an increase of 59.47% compared with 2022. Microbial outbreaks in catering service places accounted for 77.89% of the total outbreaks， with an increase of 43.51% compared with 2022. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella were the main etiologies， accounting for 27.90% and 24.17%， respectively. The top three pathogen food combinations were Vibrio parahaemolyticus—aquatic products， Salmonella—egg and egg products， and Salmonella—meat and meat products， accounting for 27.67%， 12.88% and 11.78% of the total cases， respectively.Conclusion Vibrio parahaemolyticus—aquatic products and their products， Salmonella—eggs and egg products， and Salmonella—meat and meat products are the combinations that need to be priority controlled.
Volume 36,2024 Issue 10
Study Reports
Experimental Technique and Method
Investigation
Food Safety Standard and Administration
Applied Nutrition
Foodborn Disease
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Evaluation index system for biomedical innovation ability system in China
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Objective Biomedical innovation has become the main battlefield of global science and technology competition， to explore the evaluation index system for biomedical innovation ability system， and to provide theoretical tools and new perspectives for the evaluation of biomedical innovation ability in China.Methods This article determines the key factors that affect biomedical innovation by literature investigation， Delphi expert consultation， normalization method based on expert score， principal component analysis and other methods.ResultsConclusion This article establishes an index system for biomedical innovation capability， the current status of biomedical innovation system in China was evaluated， and it was found that the policy environment， the number of researchers and the investment of R&D institutions played an important role in the development of biomedical innovation capacity in China， to provide support for enhancing China's biomedical innovation capability.
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Determination of Sorbic，Benzoic acid in oily bean curd by gas chromatography
Abstract:
Objective To develop a method to detect benzoic，sorbic acid in high-fat foods like oily bean curd by capillary gas chromatography．Methods The samples were eliminated matrix interference by NaOH-ZnSO4，extracted by ultrasonic extraction，then filtered，centrifuged，acidized，extracted by ether，evaporated to dry，fixed using anhydrous ethanol and finally determined by capillary gas chromatography． Results The linear range was 0-300μg/ml (r＞0.9990). the lowest detecting limits of sorbic，benzoic acid were 1mg/kg．The relative standard deviation was 1.07-3.14%， The recovery was 90.6-101.8%．Conclusion This method is simple，rapid accurate and reliable to detect the benzoic，sorbic acid of high-fat foods like oily bean curd．
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Analysis of the food poisoning in Shanghai from 1990 to 2022
zhengleijun, liyiqi, lijie, pengshaojie
Abstract:
Objective By analyzing the occurrence pattern and epidemiological characteristics of collective food poisoning in Shanghai from 1990 to 2022, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of collective food poisoning. Methods We collected the related information of collective food poisoning in Shanghai in the past 33 years, and descriptively analyzed its epidemiological characteristics and trends. Results From 1990 to 2022, there were 767 incidents of collective food poisoning in Shanghai, with 25,367 people poisoned. The number of poisoning incidents and the number of poisoned individuals generally showed significant downward trend in general. After 2006, collective food poisoning incidence rate kept at a low level (5 cases per 100,000 individuals). Collective food poisoning incidents in Shanghai were found mainly in June to September(63.9%), and occurred mainly in collective canteens (46.4%). The main cause of poisoning was cross contamination (43.8%), the main type of poisoned food was dishes(31.3%), and the main pathogen was bacteria(65.0%). Conclusion The collective food poisoning prevention in Shanghai is stable and positive. In the future, foodborne disease surveillance and analysis should be strengthened, we should give high priority to the occurrence of collective food poisoning during the rainy season and summer, with emphasis on the prevention and control of bacterial food poisoning due to cross-contamination.
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Epidemic characteristics of 151 food borne disease events caused by Century egg in Mianyang City
Abstract:
Objective: Over analysis of epidemiological characteristics of food borne disease events caused by Century egg in Mianyang CityT, and provide scientific basis and technical guidance for the effective prevention and control of such foodborne disease events. Methods: A descriptive analysis was conducted by collecting data on foodborne disease events caused by eating preserved eggs from 2014 to 2023 reported by Mianyang City through the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System. Result: From 2014 to 2023, it was reported 151 foodborne disease incidents caused by eating preserved eggs in Mianyang City, with 515 cases and 1 death. The attack rate was 69.41% and the fatality rate was 0.19%, accounting for 21.98% of the foodborne disease incidents reported in the same period. The main incidence areas of foodborne disease incidents caused by eating preserved eggs are Jiangyou City, accounting for 53.64% of the total number of incidents; 82.78% of all reported events from May to September; the main places of occurrence are families, accounting for 90.07% of the total number of incidents. The purchase source of Century egg is mainly home-made, accounting for 37.75% of the reported incidents;Century egg were eaten directly in cold sauce or raw, accounting for 100.00% of the reported events; the causative factors have been identified The incidents were all Salmonella, accounting for 77.48% of the reported incidents, and the main serotype was Salmonella typhimurium. Conclusion: Food borne disease events caused by eating Century egg in Mianyang City have obvious regional characteristics,and the main food sources for foodborne Salmonella infections in our city. Therefore, monitoring and early warning should be carried out in high incidence areas, high incidence seasons and key places, and targeted food health education，Family should be the focus of prevention, control, and health education and publicity should be carried out to guide the public not to self process and eat preserved eggs raw, so as to maximize the control of foodborne disease events caused by preserved eggs.
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ZOU Zhi-fei, PU Min, LI Jian-jun, CHEN Yong-hong
2010,22(2):112-120, DOI:
Abstract:
Food color was divided into three categories,that was tar pigments, natural pigments and others. Edible tar pigment was classified to azo, triarylmethane, xanthene, fluorescent ketone, quinoline derivatives and indigo dye, and natural pigment was classified to tetrapyrroles (porphyrins) derivatives, isoprene derivatives, anthocyanin derivatives, ketone derivatives, quinone derivatives and the others according to their chemical structure.There are INS,E-number,C.I and the code about synthetic pigment in some countries in food color.The regulations and the use varieties about food color of China, CAC, Russia, EU, US, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong , Macao and China Taiwan was introduced respectively. Comparison analysis about differences in formulation of food additicve standard, prohibition about colour variety, attitude about usage of edible tar colour, and colour variety (tar colur,natural colour and others),scope and limits about color usage were performed with comparative analysis. Color usage in the produce of export food in accordance with standard of destination , focus on variety and limit of colour in import food according to their sources was proposed, and trends about usage of food color was Prospect ed also.
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Wang Huali, Zhang Jiyue, Zhang Jianbo
2011,23(6):571-575, DOI:
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According to The Law of Food Safety,the related requirements of the State Council and the Ministry of Public Health,and the program of systemic revision of national food safety standards,the Hygienic Standards for the Use of Food Additives(GB 2760—2007) was revised by the National Institute of Nutrition and Food safety of China CDC in 2011.The revised parts are mainly on the regulations of using food additives,food processing aids and flavorings.The revision of the National food safety standard-...
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2004(4), DOI:
Abstract:
The comparative study was conducted on the regulations and standards in related with health food or health claim control in the countries or regions of Chinese Mainland, Australia, European Union, Japan, USA and Chinese Taipei, taking Codex Alimentarius Commission as reference. The analysis is focus on the similarities and differences on the part of the definition, legal status, the requirements for product composition and form and the procedure of safety and functional evaluation among these countries or regions, in an attempt to find out the background information and scientific evidence for the relevant regulations and standards. The administration patterns of health food or health claim by the authorities of individual countries or regions, i.e. whether it is a pre-market approval system or a preview (pre-market registered) system, been elaborated and analyzed. To the improvement of health food control system in China, some proposals and recommendations were made based on the analysis of the merits and defects thereof, and technical evidence was provided for the international coordination in the future.
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2012,24(5):438-440, DOI:
Abstract:
目的优选QuEChERS方法中黄瓜拟除虫菊酯类农药残留净化剂的最佳组合。方法采用正交实验法,以农药加标回收率(气相色谱法)为指标,考察净化剂PSA(N-丙基乙二胺)、C18(C18烷基-硅胶)、GCB(石墨化炭黑)三因素的影响。结果重复试验表明,10 g黄瓜2 ml定容液净化剂的最佳组合是A2B1C2,即0.075 g PSA,0.025 g C18,0.050 g GCB。结论正交试验法用于优选蔬菜中农药残留检测的QuEChERS净化剂组合,既可节省试剂,又能满足检测需要。
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ZHANG Xi-meng, ZENG Jing, WEI Hai-yan, FU Pu-bo, HAN Xiao
2013,25(4):320-323, DOI:
Abstract:
To investigate antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from imported dairy products. Methods100strains of Cronobacter sakazakii were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion recommended by the National Committee of Clinical laboratory Standard. Results All strains were sensitive to Mezlocillin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin, Chloramphenicol, Cefepime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime Sodium, Ceftazidime, Pentahydrate, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin, while resistant to Proctaphlin Sodium. The ratio of resistant strains to Ampicillin, Cefalotin, Cefazolin Sodium, Sodium and Tetracycline was 65%, 17%, 3% and 2%, respectively. The ratio of intermediate resistant strains to Ampicillin, Cefazolin Sodium, Cefalotin Sodium, Ceftriaxone Sodium, Tetracycline was 25%, 23%, 6%, 2% and 1% respectively. 13strains were multiresistant to 3kinds of antibiotics and 4strain was multiresistant. ConclusionCronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from imported dairy products were susceptible to most of the tested antibiotics, but resistance were increasing. In this study, All drug resistant strains to oxacillin. Hereby, the issue of Cronobacter sakazakii multiresistance should arouse abroad attention worldwide.
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2011,23(1):13-16, DOI:
Abstract:
The result of food safety risk assessment is the scientific basis for formulating the food safety standards and for exercising food safety supervision and administration. To exert the effects of food safety risk assessment in supervision and administration, some countries established specific agencies for food safety risk assessment, as well as in China with National Food Safety Risk Assessment Expert Committee. Despite that there is still a long way to go for China in food safety risk assessment compared to developed countries, the technologies applied in formulating food safety standards, handling of food safety accidents and risk communications exerted significant effect. However, we still need to promote constructions building in system of food safety risk assessment from the aspects of organizations, capacities and technologies in risk assessment and human resources considering the situation of food safety and needs of food safety supervision.
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HE Qing-hua, WU Yong-ning, YIN Yu-long
2007(5), DOI:
Abstract:
If over-dose biogenic amines were eaten, it may have deleterious impacts on human and animals. To illustrate the effects of biogenic amines in food on human, the source, influential factors, metabolism and toxicological research of biogenic amines were briefly reviewed.
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LEI Xiaoling, ZENG Shaokui, JIANG Zhihong, ZHANG Chaohua, WU Hongmian
2005(1), DOI:
Abstract:
The microbe change in export frozen shrimp(shrimp meat,headless shrimp)at different stages of processing was reported.The bacterial contamination of utensils,equipment environment was checked.The results demonstrated that the aerobic plate counts of export frozen shrimp generally were up to the standard.Coliforms sometimes exceed the standard.Pathogens were not detected.Aerobic plate counts of utensils and equipment often go beyond the standard.
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ZHOU Su-juan, , , WAN Chao, BAI Hong
2010,22(2):143-146, DOI:
Abstract:
Objectives To investigate the current status of single raw material health foods registration in China. Methods The registration of 419 single raw material health foods from the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) in the period of 2003-2007 were studied and analyzed, including the registration number, function claims, material categories and active ingredients, etc. Results The number of single raw material health foods accounted for 13.1% of total registered functional foods in this period. Half of the function claims were enhancing immune function. The active ingredients were nonspecific. The most common ingredients were polysaccharide, total saponins and total flavonoid. The chief categories of component were traditional Chinese material, foodstuff, edible fungi and algae. Conclusions The use of extracted materials might bring potential quality and safety issues because of no unified standards and processing technique. It is necessary to standardize management for extracted materials urgently. Take the single raw material products as a trial to seek a simplified mode for the registration and management of health foods.
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2004(5), DOI:
Abstract:
The comparative study was conducted on the regulations and standards in related with health food or health claim control in the countries or regions of Chinese Mainland, Australia, European Union, Japan, USA and Chinese Taiwan, taking Codex Alimentarius Commission as reference. The analysis is focus on the similarities and differences on the part of the definition, legal status, the requirements for product composition and form and the procedure of safety and functional evaluation among these countries or regions, in an attempt to find out the background information and scientific evidence for the relevant regulations and standards. The administration patterns of health food or health claim by the authorities of individual countries or regions, i.e. whether it is a pre market approval system or a preview (pre market registered) system, have been elaborated and analyzed in this tert. To the improvement of health food control system in China, some proposals and recommendations were made based on the analysis of the merits and defects thereof, and technical evidence was provided for the international coordination in the future.
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ZHANG Wen-zhong, LI Ning, LI Rong
2008(3), DOI:
Abstract:
目的探索反式白藜芦醇经口摄入后，在体内的雌激素作用和剂量一反应关系。方法选用19日龄未成年大鼠做子宫增重试验，分别经灌胃给予0．1、0．3、0．6和1．0g／kgBW的白藜芦醇，以3．0p∥kgBW的雌二醇为阳性对照，并设立水和油的阴性对照组，所有剂量组连续灌胃3d。实验结束称量子宫的湿重和干重，对卵巢、子宫和阴道进行组织病理学检查，并测量子宫内膜上皮细胞高度。结果和对照组比较，白藜芦醇对子宫重量无影响；组织病理学结果显示，1．0g／kgBW白藜芦醇剂量组的子宫轻度增生，0．3、0．6和1．0g／kgBW白藜芦醇剂量组的阴道轻度增生，无剂量-反应关系；受试物组子宫内膜上皮细胞高度无明显变化。结论白藜芦醇经口摄入时雌激素作用较弱，且无剂量-反应关系。
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SUN Yan-bin, SUN Ting, DONG Shu-xiang, LI Shi-kai, ZHONG Qing, ZHANG Jun
2015,27(4):441-446, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2015.04.020
Abstract:
To understand the distribution characteristics of heavy metal contamination in dairy products, and to evaluate the status and the extent of heavy metal contamination.Methods The contents of Pb, total-Hg, Cd, Cr and total-As in raw milk, fermented milk, sterilized milk, infant formula and milk powder during 2012-2013 were detected. Single factor contamination index method and comprehensive contamination index method of Nemerow were used to evaluate the contamination level according to the grading standard of agriculture product quality. Results The detection rate of Pb, total-As, total-Hg, Cd and Cr were 14.0%(21/150), 24.7%(37/150), 82.0%(109/133), 26.3%(35/133)and 72.9%(43/59) in dairy products, respectively. Pb in raw milk and Cd in sterilized milk were not detected. The mean, P75 and P95 of total-Hg in raw milk were higher than the limit. The P95 of total-Hg in fermented milk and sterilized milk and Cd in milk powder were higher than the limit. The detection rate and single factor contamination index of total-Hg were the highest in raw milk, fermented milk and sterilized milk, which indicated there was severe contamination in the raw milk(PHg>1) and mild contamination in fermented milk (PHg>0.6). The detection rate of Cr was the highest in infant formula and milk powder, while single factor contamination index of Cd was the highest. The heavy metal contamination in raw milk ranked the first with Pn=0.754, reaching mild level of contamination. The heavy metal contamination in dairy products could be lined in a decreasing order of raw milk, fermented milk, sterilized milk, milk powder and infant formula.Conclusion Four kinds of dairy products were at the safe level of heavy metal contamination. Total-Hg was the dominant heavy metal contamination in liquid milk, while Cd in solid milk. Single factor contamination index and comprehensive contamination index of total-Hg in raw milk indicated that measures should be taken to prevent the contamination.
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2007(4), DOI:
Abstract:
To accurately understand the inorganic arsenic origin in seafoods and scientifically appraise the quality of seafood products, some problems on arsenic chemical and speciation form, background value, inorganic arsenic and determination of arsenic in marine organisms were discussed. References were provided for determination of inorganic arsenic in seafoods.
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Gan Binbin, Liu Zhanhua, Li Shaohao
2011,23(6):531-533, DOI:
Abstract:
Objective To establish a method for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride in health food by HPLC.Methods Samples were extracted ultrasonically with water and separated on a CAPCELLPAKCR column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm);the mobile phase consisted of 25 mmol ammonium acetate+acetonitrile(in 0.1% formic acid)(25+75,V/V).The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min;the detection wavelength was 200 nm.Results The standard curve of glucosamine hydrochloride was linear over the range in 0.2~26.0 μg(r=0.999 982).The...
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2011,23(5):472-477, DOI:
Abstract:
As indicator organisms,standards for aerobic plate count,coliforms,Escherichia coli,enterobacteriaceae applied in each country were different.Based on the comparison and analysis of microbiological criteria of foods in Australia,New Zealand,European Communities,Canada and Hong Kong,recommendations and technical basis for the elaboration of general microbiological criteria of China’s national food safety standards were provided. 更多还原
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ZHANG Li-wei, ZHAO Hong-jing, BAI Hong, WAN Chao
2008(3), DOI:
Abstract:
目的总结我国保健食品法律、法规、标准体系发展历史与现状，为未来发展提供建议。方法系统收集我国自1995年《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》首次赋予保健食品法律地位以来有关保健食品生产、销售、流通、监管环节的法律法规，进行纵向与横向的比较分析。结果从管理角度讲，我国保健食品经历了《保健食品管理办法》及《保健食品注册管理办法》两个时期，经历了一个逐步发展完善的过程，在立法过程中体现了“公平、公正、便民、高效和救济”等法制理念的不断进步。现在，我国保健食品法律、法规、标准在产品生产、市场、监控、评估4个方面基本形成了体系，并在新功能、新原料开发方面采取了更为开放的姿态。结论今后我国应加强技术性法规标准的建设，完善《保健食品注册管理办法》相应配套办法，进一步理顺各部门食品安全监管职能，明确责任，注重部门规章的衔接，进一步以法律、法规、标准体系建设整顿市场秩序，引导保健食品行业健康有序地发展。
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2012,24(5):474-478, DOI:
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of microbiological criteria for ready-to-eat foods in Codex Alimentarius Commission,the European Union,Australia,New Zealand,England and HongKong China,the article provides recommendations for the elaboration of microbiological criteria of Chinese national food standard.
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ZHANG Lei, ZHAO Yun-feng, ZHENG Hong-guo, ZHANG Lei, LIU Xiao, ZHAO Yun-feng, MOU Shi-fen, ZHENG Hong-guo, WU Yong-ning
2008(4), DOI:
Abstract:
目的建立同时测定食品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的离子色谱方法。方法采用超声提取、固相萃取柱净化的方法对试样进行前处理，高容量阴离子交换色谱枉分离，抑制型电导检测器检测。结果亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的检出限分别为0.005mg／L和0.008mg／L。回收率均在80％以上，RSD小于10％。结论该方法简便快捷、准确可靠，适用于多种食品基质中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的分析。
