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LIU Na, WANG Yaping, LI Jingyun, CUI Shenghui
2024,36(9):995-999, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.001
Abstract:
Objective To compare the differences of five different ultraviolet light （UV） devices in killing Bacillus subtilis and degrading nucleic acids .Methods The Bacillus subtilis suspensions with same concentration were placed 5 cm away from the lamp sources and irradiated by the biosafety cabinet UV lamp， 185 ozone producing ultraviolet lamp， BKS-UV2016 household ultraviolet lamp， JT8-Y30W ultraviolet lamp and deep UVC-LED for 1 min， 30 s， 10 s， and 5 s， respectively. Culture CFUs （Clone Forming Unit） were compared After 24 hours. Bacterial genome and PCR products were placed 5 cm from the lamp sources and irradiated for 1 minute by the five UV devices mentioned above. The PCR results were compared to analyse the template concentration difference. If the device degrade nucleic acids， the irradiation time was reduced to further analyze the device.Results In killing Bacillus subtilis experiment， five UV devices could kill the bacteria after irradiation for 1 minute， but deep UVC-LED had the strongest killing effect when the time was reduced. In bacterial genome and PCR product degradation experiments， only deep UVC-LED showed degradation， and the effect weakens with the decrease of irradiation time and concentration gradually.Conclusion Deep UVC-LED has a stronger killing effect on Bacillus subtilis in short time，and the device can degrade nucleic acids to solve some PCR pollution problems.
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WANG Yu, WANG Ping, QU Tianming, LIANG Lijiao, ZHAO Xiaomei, CHEN Ying, ZHANG Wangang
2024,36(9):1000-1009, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.002
Abstract:
Objective Macro-genomics technology was applied to explore the changes in microbial community structure and diversity on the surface of chilled pork at different stages and to analyze the composition and changes of risky bacteria， to provide a reference for the control of risky bacteria in chilled meat.Methods Macro-genomics technology was used to perform sequencing on 30 chilled pork samples at three stages： pre-cooling， post-mortem ageing， and marketing， and to analyze changes in microbial diversity and metabolic pathways of the flora.Results There were significant differences in the flora structure of chilled pork at different stages. From pre-cooling to acid excretion to marketing， the relative abundance of Rhizobium caused an increase and then a decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The increase in the abundance of Brochothrix caused a gradual increase in the abundance of Firmicutes. The PCoA analysis showed that the acid-drainage pork partially overlapped with the commercially available pork， suggesting that the bacteria were similar. The relative abundance of the dominant spoilage bacteria， Brochothrix thermosphacta， Pseudomonas fragi， and Acinetobacter baumannii， was significantly increased in the samples from acid-expelled to commercially available meat. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that the abundance of genes encoding bacteria related to metabolism annotated in the acid-expelled meat samples was the highest among the three stages of samples， the abundance of some of the proteins and enzymes that coordinate sugar metabolism and amino acid metabolism showed an increasing trend in the three groups of samples， and there was consistency with the trend of changes in Brochothrix and Pseudomonas.Conclusion The bacterial populations in the samples of aged meat were similar to those in the samples of saled meat， and the control of bacterial populations during post-mortem ageing should be strengthened during production， while appropriate measures should be taken to control the propagation of spoilage bacteria， to guarantee the quality and safety of meat in the process of supply chain.
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GONG Hongjin, ZHENG Dongyu, SI Jiali, WANG Xuan, HE Min, WANG Lei, WEN Yan, YONG Wei
2024,36(9):1010-1016, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.003
Abstract:
Objective To trace the pathogenic cause of a foodborne disease outbreak case occurred in a primary school in Nanjing City and analyze the pathogen characteristics and molecular epidemiological relationship， providing reference data for the source tracing and management of foodborne disease outbreaks.Methods A total of 47 foodborne disease outbreak related samples were collected. DNA nucleic acids of all the samples were extracted and performed by Real-time PCR to detect the foodborne pathogens and diarrheal viruses， while the routine bacterial isolation and culture methods were used to isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria. Drug susceptibility testing was conducted with the broth microdilution method. The isolated strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing （WGS） and further pathogenicity prediction and cogMLST analysis.Results Thirty samples were detected Cronobacter spp. nucleic acid positive， and all the other common foodborne pathogenic bacteria and diarrhea virus nucleic acids were negative. Nine Cronobacter spp. isolates （BQ1~BQ9） were obtained， including 6 anal swabs from patients， 2 anal swabs from the staff of the catering enterprise and 1 food retention sample. The drug resistance spectra of the 9 strains were basically the same. Online PathogenFinder predicted that all 9 strains have a high probability of pathogenicity. MLST typing showed 5 different ST types， and the BQ3， BQ4 and BQ9 strains belong to ST8 type. The cogMLST analysis found that BQ3 isolated from a patient anal swab and BQ9 isolated from a food retention sample were clustered tightly， and performed only 2 ST sites differences， indicating these two isolate were highly homologous.Conclusion Cronobacter spp. strains were isolated from this foodborne disease outbreak case and molecular epidemiological analysis showed that the strains from food retention sample and one patient anal swab were highly homologous. Although Cronobacter spp. is generally considered to be an opportunistic pathogen affecting infants and immunocompromised populations， the data from this study suggest that Cronobacter spp. has a high potential as a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in healthy adults and adolescents， and its risk in foodborne diseases needs to be reevaluated. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of Cronobacter spp. in people with foodborne disease and foods other than infant milk powder and complementary foods.
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WEI Juan, ZHANG Hao, WANG Xi, HUO Zongli, JI Wenliang
2024,36(9):1017-1023, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.004
Abstract:
Objective To determine vitamin A （VA）， vitamin D （VD） and vitamin E （VE） in formulas for special medical purposes， the online purification-two-dimensional liquid chromatography technique with dual-valve triple-pump center-cutting was established.Methods After the saponification， the samples were introduced into a two-dimensional liquid chromatography system. A PLRP-S column， which was resistant to strong alkaline solutions， was used as an online solid phase extraction column for the clean-up of the sample solution. Subsequently， SPE pumps were reversed to elute the target to the one-dimensional chromatographic system. A perfluorophenyl column was used as the 1D column for the separation of VA and the four VE species. Meanwhile， a C18 column was used as a capture column for VD and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon column was used as a two-dimensional chromatographic column for the separation of VD2 and VD3.Results VA， VD and VE exhibited good linearity within different concentration ranges. The linear ranges were 0.010 0-1.000， 0.001 00-0.100， 0.200-20.0 μg/mL， and the correlation coefficients were all as high as 0.999 9. The limits of detection （LODs） were 4.8， 0.8 and 48 μg/100 g， and the limits of quantification （LOQs） were 12， 2 and 120 μg/100 g. The average recoveries of VA， VD and VE were good with the ranges of 85.9%-114.0%， and the relative standard deviations （RSDs） ranged from 0.6% to 9.2% for the different spiked levels of low， medium and high.Conclusion The method is easy to operate， with high sensitivity and good accuracy， and it is suitable for the routine rapid determination of VA，VD and VE in formulas for special medical purposes.
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ZHAO Wenxia, LIU Li, ZHANG Lin, HUANG Yulan, YANG Xiaorong
2024,36(9):1024-1027, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.005
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Objective To provide the technical support for precise prevention and control of mushroom poisoning， the species and distribution of wild mushrooms in areas with high incidence of mushroom poisoning in Sichuan Province were understood.Methods Random inspection was used to collect samples in some areas of Mianyang， Yibin， and Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Molecular biology methods combined with morphological characteristics were used. The ITS sequence of the samples was amplified and identified.Results A total of 364 samples were collected， which were identified as belonging to 39 families， 81 genera， and 215 species. The dominant families included Russulaceae， Agaricaceae， Omphalotaceae， Entolomataceae and Amanitaceae， accounting for 56.74% of the total of species. The dominant genera wre Russula， Lactarius， Amanita etc. accounting for 51.87% of the total species. There were 19 types of poisonous mushrooms， accounting for 8.84% of the total number. The clinical types were mainly acute liver damage， neuropsychiatric， and gastroenteritis. There were differences in the dominant families and genera in different regions.Conclusion Some areas of Sichuan Province have abundant wild mushroom resources. This study provides a foundation for a deeper understanding of the status of wild mushroom resources in Sichuan Province and the prevention and control of wild mushroom poisoning in the future.
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QIN Mei, CHENG Li, CHEN Jinyao, HUO Jiao, ZHANG Lishi, ZHANG Huadong
2024,36(9):1028-1034, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.006
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Objective To investigate the contamination status of aflatoxins （AF） in traditionally-produced vegetable oils in Chongqing and assess the health risk for the population exposed to AF through the consumption of such oil.Methods Samples of traditionally-produced vegetable oils were randomly collected from 39 districts in Chongqing City for AF detection. Based on the dietary data from the 2018 China Health and Nutrition Survey， the simple distributed risk assessment method was applied for dietary exposure assessment. The margin of exposure （MOE） value and quantitative hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） risk method were used to characterize the risk.Results The detection rate of AF in traditionally-produced vegetable oils was 7.77%， with an average concentration of 0.10-0.48 μg/kg （LB-UB） and zero non-compliance rate. The detection rate of AF in traditionally-produced peanut oil was the highest （22.73%， 5/22.） The average AF exposure level for the whole population in Chongqing City through the consumption of traditionally- produced vegetable oils ranged from 0.069 to 0.319 ng/kg·BW/d （LB-UB）， with a high exposure level （P95） of 0.209~0.967 ng/kg·BW/d （LB-UB）. There was no significant difference in the exposure levels between males and females， but the exposure level of children aged from 2 to 6 years was the highest （0.132~0.610 ng/kg·BW/d） among different age groups. The HCC risk was below 1 case of HCC per （100 000 person-year）， but the MOE values for different genders and age groups were all below 10 000.Conclusion The health risk of HCC caused by exposure to AF in traditionally-produced vegetable oils in the population of Chongqing is relatively low， but there is still potential food safety risk. Continuous monitoring of AF contamination in key foods and efforts to reduce exposure risks for sensitive populations should be prioritized.
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CAI Yijia, LIU Xiaofang, LIU Xiao, CAO Wencheng, WU Lei, ZHOU Yan, WEN Sheng
2024,36(9):1035-1041, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.007
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Objective To assess the health risk exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs），the levels of Indicator PCBs in aquatic products in China was investigated.Methods The concentration of seven indicator PCBs （PCB 28， 52， 101， 118， 138， 153， 180） in 100 aquatic products samples，22 species in total，which were collected from 7 major producing provinces in China were analyzed by isotope dilution - gas chromatography-triple quadruped tandem mass spectrometry（GC-MS/MS）.The health risk of Chinese residents exposed to Indicator PCBs through aquatic products was assessed basing on the consumption date of aquatic products in China.Results The concentrations of the seven indicator PCBs （∑7PCBs） in 22 species aquatic products ranged from 3.62 to 1 755.23 pg/g， which was a low level on a global scale，and all were lower than the maximum limit of aquatic products stipulated in GB 2762—2022.The concentration levels were significantly difference among species，with marine fish and crabs were significantly higher than freshwater fish， shrimp and shellfish （P<0.05）.Through fingerprint characteristics and principal component analysis，it is found that PCB 153 and PCB 138 were the main fingerprint features， and most of the samples had similar sources of contamination. The average daily dose of ∑7PCBs in aquatic products in the six provinces ranged from 0.02×10-7 （Liaoning） to 2.40×10-6 mg/（kg·d） （Zhejiang）， Hazard quotient （HQ） value ranged from 0.01×10-2 to 1.20×10-1， and CR value ranged from 0.04×10-7 to 4.79×10-6.Conclusion The level and average daily dose of ∑7PCBs in Chinese aquatic products were low.HQ values were less than 1， indicating low non-carcinogenic risk. At the median pollution level， the carcinogenic risk value of ∑7PCBs in aquatic products in Fujian Province was 1.79×10-6， which exceeded 1.0×10-6， indicating a certain carcinogenic risk.
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WANG Jikai, ZHANG Hexiang, QI Xiaojuan, CHEN Lili, HE Yue, CHEN Jiang
2024,36(9):1042-1045, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.008
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Objective Analysis the use of of dehydroacetic acid （DHA） in rice noodle products and the health risk on consumers in Zhejiang Province. The data will provide support for regulatory policy adjustments and the development of standards by relevant authorities.Methods Rice noodles samples were collected from relevant cities in Zhejiang Province and DHA levels were measured. The dietary intake of DHA was estimated by using the consumption data of rice noodles obtained from the consumption survey. Assessment the daily exposure of DHA in rice noodle consumers.Result Among the 641 samples， DHA was detected in 329 samples （overall detection rate=51.31%）. Among whom， the average level was （280.00±242.69） mg/kg， with P50 and P95 being 218.00 mg/kg and 840.50 mg/kg， respectively. The DHA levels differed significantly across samples from different sources， with those from online stores having the highest level. The average daily exposure of DHA in rice noodles consumers in Zhejiang Province was 0.209 mg/kg·BW， and the high-end exposure level （P95） was 0.512 mg/kg·BW. Since the acceptable daily intake （ADI） value of DHA has not been established， the related health risks cannot be comprehensively evaluated， but the DHA exposure caused by eating rice noodles is warranted further research.Conclusion DHA is widely used in rice noodles products， especially from the online marketing sources. After the implementation of “National Food Safety Standards-Standard for the Use of Food Additives”， preventing the excessive use of dehydroacetic acid will be a key focus of food safety regulation.
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WANG Biyue, ZHOU Yu, DENG Taotao
2024,36(9):1046-1055, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.009
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The health status of infants is an important indicator to measure the social development of a country. Countries around the world have formulated corresponding regulations and standards for infant milk powder in ordinary infant formula and special medical products， but due to the different institutions that promulgate regulations or standards in various countries and have a certain timeline， the requirements for the management of infant formula milk powder in various countries are different. Enterprises need to comply with China’s relevant laws and regulations and standards in production， import and export trade， and avoid conflicts with the relevant regulations and standards of the exporting country. Fourteen infant formula production and sales enterprises and 1 regulatory agency were investigated， more than 30 domestic and foreign regulations and standards for infant formula were collected and analyzed. Technical trade barriers as the main focus， six main differences from labels， clauses， supervision and other aspects were summarized， and corresponding amendments and countermeasure suggestions were put forward， providing reference and reference for Chinese enterprises to carry out production and international trade， promote industry development and government supervision.
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LI Qiang, ZHANG Hongrui, DAI Yue
2024,36(9):1056-1062, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.010
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In recent years， economically motivated adulteration （EMA） and food fraud have occurred frequently， causing serious harm to food safety and food industry. The United States was the first country to propose the concept of EMA and has proposed a series of measures to address it. This article analyzes the definitions of EMA and food fraud， relevant laws and regulations， and measures to deal with food fraud in the United States. By drawing on the experience of the United States in dealing with food fraud， this article analyzes and summarizes the current situation of food fraud in China， and puts forward suggestions for China to deal with these problems.
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ZHAO Hongjing, SUN Quansheng, ZHOU Boya, YAN Jie, LIAO Hong
2024,36(9):1063-1067, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.011
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Strengthening the construction of food inspectors is an important guarantee for implementing supervision responsibilities and ensuring food safety. The situation of food inspection team and system construction in China was investigated and sorted out. Various places actively carry out the construction of food inspectors with initial results. There are also challenges： The state has not yet a clear definition of professional food inspectors， local construction standards are different， and supporting systems need to be further improved； The number of middle and senior food inspectors is relatively insufficient， and the specialization level of food inspection team needs to be improved； The training and assessment standards are not uniform， and the strength of teaching staff is weak； The pertinence of inspection needs to be strengthened， and the ability to troubleshoot hidden problems needs to be improved. The construction of a food inspector system with Chinese characteristics is a systematic project， which must rely on existing resources and be carried forward in three dimensions： mechanism， personnel and system. The authority and boundary of food inspection should be clarified， the legal basis is established， and the food inspection system and mechanism is improved； The training assessment standard is unified， the training mode is innovated， the team construction is strengthened； The establishment of security systems can be strengthened such as establishment， salary， rank， funds， and materials， and the space for professional development of food inspectors is broadened.
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LIANG Dong, JIANG Zeyu, LI Ning, ZHANG Yumei, JIANG Hua, DING Gangqiang
2024,36(9):1068-1075, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.012
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Objective To describe the energy and nutrient intakes of lactating women in 4 urban areas of China， and develop the relationship between them and the weight for length of exclusive breast-fed infants.Methods The dietary of lactating women， body and blood biochemical data of 64 exclusive breast-fed women-infant pairs in 4 urban areas in China were collected using questionnaires， body measurements and blood test. The energy and nutrient intakes of lactating women and the weight for height of infants were calculated and analyzed， and the relationship between them was estimated by using the ordinal multiple classification Logistic regression analysis model.Results Insufficient intake of maternal selenium， vitamin B2 and folic acid is common in 4 cities in China. The Weight for height of infants whose lactating women had low dietary intake of Fe （OR=0.005， 95%CI： 0.000-0.165， P=0.003） and deficiency of serum Vitamin D （OR=0.019， 95%CI： 0.003-0.125， P<0.001） was lower（P<0.05）.Conclusion Multi-nutrient intakes of lactating women in 4 urban areas in China is lower than that recommended by Chinese DRIs， and the weight for height of infants is associated with dietary iron intake and serum vitamin D levels of lactating women. It is suggested to pay attention to the nutritional status of iron during pregnancy and vitamin D during lactation， ensure that the dietary nutritional intake of pregnant and lactating women remains balanced， and promote the growth and development of infants and maternal health.
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LI Shicong, YAN Weina, LIANG Junhua, LU Lingling, WEN Jian
2024,36(9):1076-1082, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.013
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Objective To provide reference for the development of microbial foodborne disease prevention and control strategies， the epidemiological characteristics and spatial aggregation of microbial foodborne disease outbreaks in Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2020 were analyzed.Methods Descriptive analysis was conducted on the outbreak information of microbial foodborne diseases in Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2020. Arcgis 10.8 software was used to analyze the incidence and spatial aggregation.Results From 2011 to 2020， a total of 613 outbreaks of microbial foodborne diseases were reported in Guangdong Province， with a total of 10 716 cases， a total incidence of 9.30/100 000， a total hospitalization rate of 22.14%， and a fatality rate of 0.07%. Cases were mainly concentrated in the Pearl River Delta region， with the highest number of outbreaks reported in 2019， and mainly in the third quarter. The main sources of food were hotels and restaurants （200 cases）， workplace canteens （153 cases） and families （88 cases）. Meat and meat products were the main culprits （141 cases）. Vibrio parahaemolyticus， Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were the main pathogenic factors， causing 182， 172 and 85 outbreaks of foodborne diseases， respectively. Improper processing was the main cause of outbreaks， causing 254 foodborne disease outbreaks.The outbreaks of microbial foodborne diseases in Guangdong Province showed regional clustering， and the hot spots were mainly concentrated in Zhuhai City， Zhongshan City， Dongguan City and Shenzhen City.Conclusion Microorganisms foodborne disease outbreaks in Guangdong Province mainly in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong Province， Relevant places should emphasis intervention， strengthen the health education of chefs such as key crowd. Specification should be used to minimize microorganisms foodborne disease outbreak occurs.
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XIONG Peng, ZHANG Huina, LU Zhi, WANG Lei, WANG Lu
2024,36(9):1083-1089, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.014
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Cronobacter spp. are foodborne opportunistic pathogens known for their significant environmental adaptability and wide-ranging distribution. These organisms have the potential to cause neonatal infections through the contamination of infant powdered formula， resulting in serious diseases， such as necrotizing enterocolitis， sepsis or meningitis， thereby posing a serious threat to the health and life of newborns and premature infants. The recent rapid progress in high-throughput sequencing technology and bacterial genomics has greatly promoted research in areas such as the genomic analysis of Cronobacter， molecular evolution and mechanisms of variation， virulence genes， identification genes， and drug resistance gene mining. These advancements have significant scientific implications for the prevention and treatment of Cronobacter infections. This review aims to offer a thorough analysis of the present status and forthcoming directions in Cronobacter genomics research， providing essential theoretical groundwork for the development of novel approaches in identification， prevention， and treatment of Cronobacter infections.
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LIU Wei, SUI Haixia, ZHAO Rong, FAN Sai, GAO Jie, SONG Yan, YANG Dajin, YANG Daoyuan
2024,36(9):1090-1098, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.09.015
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The presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in food contact paper and paperboard has been drawing attention globally. Accurate and reliable detection results are required for scientific and rigorous risk assessment of their health hazards. This review analyzes the sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in food contact paper and paperboard， and summarizes the related studies on the two types of tests， migration testing and residue testing， in terms of sample pretreatment， food simulants， migration conditions， extraction solvents and extraction methods. It is expected to provide support for risk assessment and other related work.
Volume 36,2024 Issue 9
Study Reports
Experimental Technique and Method
Investigation
Risk Assessment
Food Safety Standard and Administration
Applied Nutrition
Foodborn Disease
Review
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Evaluation index system for biomedical innovation ability system in China
Abstract:
Objective Biomedical innovation has become the main battlefield of global science and technology competition， to explore the evaluation index system for biomedical innovation ability system， and to provide theoretical tools and new perspectives for the evaluation of biomedical innovation ability in China.Methods This article determines the key factors that affect biomedical innovation by literature investigation， Delphi expert consultation， normalization method based on expert score， principal component analysis and other methods.ResultsConclusion This article establishes an index system for biomedical innovation capability， the current status of biomedical innovation system in China was evaluated， and it was found that the policy environment， the number of researchers and the investment of R&D institutions played an important role in the development of biomedical innovation capacity in China， to provide support for enhancing China's biomedical innovation capability.
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Determination of Sorbic，Benzoic acid in oily bean curd by gas chromatography
Abstract:
Objective To develop a method to detect benzoic，sorbic acid in high-fat foods like oily bean curd by capillary gas chromatography．Methods The samples were eliminated matrix interference by NaOH-ZnSO4，extracted by ultrasonic extraction，then filtered，centrifuged，acidized，extracted by ether，evaporated to dry，fixed using anhydrous ethanol and finally determined by capillary gas chromatography． Results The linear range was 0-300μg/ml (r＞0.9990). the lowest detecting limits of sorbic，benzoic acid were 1mg/kg．The relative standard deviation was 1.07-3.14%， The recovery was 90.6-101.8%．Conclusion This method is simple，rapid accurate and reliable to detect the benzoic，sorbic acid of high-fat foods like oily bean curd．
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Analysis of the re-inspection results of aflatoxins in wheat and its products in Henan Province in 2023
zhaizhilei, zhangxiuli, wangxie, maqingqing, suyongheng
Abstract:
Objective? To analyze the re-inspection results of four types of aflatoxins in wheat and its products inspected in Henan Province in 2023,a simple evaluation method was attempted to establish. Methods A total of 51 samples, including 31 wheat and wheat product samples from 15 prefecture-level cities in the province (with one city having an additional sample) and 20 wheat and wheat flour samples from 10 cities under the provincial emergency monitoring project, were tested using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with internal standard method. The relative deviation (RD) of the detection results for aflatoxin (TeA), T-2 toxin (TEN), ochratoxin A (AOH), and ochratoxin A methyl ester (AME) was statistically analyzed to evaluate the detection performance of different testing institutions and projects. Results The provincial disease control laboratory showed better performance in controlling data variability, with 60.4% of RD data points within 0.3, followed by the special project laboratory, and the nine prefecture-level city laboratories showed the lowest performance. Among the four detection projects, TeA and TEN showed high sensitivity and good response, with 64.7% of RD data points within 0.3, while AOH and AME showed relatively poor performance;The higher numerical level of the result quality is better than a lower level.Conclusion The stratification of RD indicates the quality of detection data, reflecting the consistency and accuracy of the detection process and the level of quality control of the detection projects. By analyzing the RD of different detection projects, the detection quality can be effectively identified. Most of the detection results of the samples have high consistency, indicating that the detection institutions have performed well overall. However, some detection projects or areas have higher relative deviations, requiring more attention and improvement. Further investigation of the causes and adoption of corresponding measures to reduce variability is needed to provide a basis for subsequent quality control.
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New technologies, new methods and new concepts, and inspiration for supervision for the safety evaluation of food cultures
Han Xiaomin#, Li Menghan, Ding Yu, Chen Xiao, Song Yan, Dong Yinping, Tian Jing, Luo Xueyun, Li Ning, liuzhaoping
Abstract:
There is no unified global standard for regulations and supervisions of food cultures, and the safety evaluation of strains based on the pathogenicity, toxin-producing characteristics and drug resistance, as well as their safe use among consumers are still the focus of regulations in various countries. The safety evaluation techniques and strategies for the potential and emerging risks of food cultures are still in a state of ongoing refinement. With the innovation of technologies, methods and concepts, the application of next-generation risk assessment technology, combined with new clinical (pre-) research methods and new concepts of hierarchical and classification management, have become important means to carry out safety evaluation of food cultures, including genetically modified microorganisms. These advancements have enhanced the scientificity and accuracy of safety evaluation for food cultures, contributing as a significant part of the comprehensive implementation of ‘big food’ concept. This paper systematically reviews new technologies, new methods and new concepts from a global perspective, and their application status of the safety evaluation of food cultures, and provides reference for the supervision of food cultures used in China.
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Result Analysis of Partial mycotoxins in Commercial edible vegetable oils Between 2013 and 2018
YAN Zhao-feng, SHAO Yi, YANG Xin, YANG Da-jin
Abstract:
Objective Investigating the contents of aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins (FBs) in edible vegetable oils to find out the pollution status of typical mycotoxins and provide bases for evaluating the safety status of edible vegetable oils sold in China. Method A total of 5969 edible vegetable oils were collected from 28 provinces in China, which would be then detected to determine the content of AFs, ZEN, FBs by national manual on risk monitoring of food pollution and harmful factors, and the data obtained had been dealt using descriptive statistical analysis, while chi square test was used to compare the data between groups. Result The total detection rate of mycotoxins in 5969 edible vegetable oils was 25.75%. The detection rate of AFs in 4934 commercial edible vegetable oils is 13.42% with the highest content of AFs 1043.05 μg/kg, while the exceeding standard rate is 1.62% and all the exceeding standard samples are peanut oils, especially the bulk peanut oil samples. The detection rate of ZEN in 1190 edible corn oils is 72.35% with the highest content 2326 μg/kg, while the exceeding standard rate is 11.76%. The detection rate of FBs in 667 edible corn oils was 2.85%, while both the total detection rate and most of the detection values are low. Conclusion It is considered that mycotoxins pollution in
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Determination and risk assessment of plasticizer in pre-packaged Chinese white wine of Guangzhou city
Hong Hai, Huang Qiong, Wen Jian, Zhao Yue, Liang Shu Jun, Liang Xu Xia, Chen Zi Hui, Weng Man Ting, Guo Hai Ming, Gan Ping
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the risk control of plasticizers in Chinese white wine since the risk assessment results of plasticizers in liquor products in 2014 released by The National Health and Family Planning Commission. Methods According to Method for the Determination of Phthalates Esters in Food (GB 5009.271-2016), plasticizers in the collected spirits samples were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with the detection limit of DBP and DEHP were 1mg/kg and 5mg/kg respectively. Results In 2021, 100 samples of Chinese spirits were collected in Guangzhou. For the total PAEs, the detection rate was 42% (42/100) and the exceeding rate was 7% (7/100). For DBP , the detection and exceeding rate was 42% and 7% . For DEHP, the detection and exceeding rate was 18% and 0%. In addition, the exceeding and detection rate showed significant differences in different sampling sites and different production years, with spirits samples in online stores and produced in 2014 were higher. Health risk assessment suggested that even if residents in Guangdong Province consumed the average consumption of Baijiu after 2014, the actual risk were within the tolerance range of humans due to the low levels of DBP and DEHP in Chinese spirits. Conclusion The pollution of PAEs in offline stores in Guangzhou city still exists but not prominent, and the main risk originated from Baijiu produced before 2014 purchased online. It is suggested that local authorities strengthen the supervision of the online shopping link of the vintage Baijiu produced before 2014, and consumers were recommended to purchase from regular channels and pay attention to product packaging information, and reduce the purchase and drinking of Baijiu produced before 2014.
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Determination of 1,2-propanediol in milk using the solid phase extraction combinedwith gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
He Yingxia, Xue Xiangju, Yang Meng, Li Zheran, Ji Wenliang, Rong Weiguang, Zhang Jingjing
Abstract:
Objective Developed a method based on solid phase extraction(SPE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine 1,2-propanediol in milk. Methods The precipitation technology of protein and solid phase extraction，Pretreatment technology in milk testing，were carefully investigated. Protein of sample milk was precipitated by potassium ferrocyanide and zinc acetate, then cleaned-up by silicious earth solid phase extraction (SPE). Results In the range of 0.1 ~ 50 μg/mL，1,2-propanediol had good linear with R2 0.9994 under the selected conditions. The recovery and relative standard deviation(RSD) were 81.8～86.5 % and 3.1～5.8 % at 0.33、0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg spiked. And the minimum detection concentration of the method was 0.1 mg/kg. Conclusion The developed method has proved convenient, environmental- friendly, accurate and sensitive.
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Application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in analysis of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in hotpot seasoning
wang mengli, cai zengxuan, huang baifen, xu xiaomin
Abstract:
Objective To provide technical support for hot pot base product supervision and risk warning, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of aflatoxins B group, G group, and ochratoxin A in hotpot seasoning was established and optimized. Methods After extracted by 84% acetonitrile-water and cleaned up by 2in1 immunity column, 5 types target mycotoxins were separated by BEH C18（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）under 0.1 % formic acid and acetonitrile-methanol mobile phase. The optimized LC-MS/MS was validated and applicated in 25 hotpot seasoning samples from Internet merchant，which quantificated by internal standards. Results The method was validated and demonstrated a good linear relationship in range of 0.1~20 ng/mL. The detective limits were 0.03 μg/ kg and the quantitative limits were 0.1 μg/ kg. The recoveries were between 90.59% and 117.36%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were from 2.83 % to 9.44 %. The optimized method was applicated in 25 hotpot seasoning analysis, with detection rates of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A 72 % and 40 %, respectively. Conclusion The optimized 2in1 immunoaffinity clean-up pretreatment in this study is highly targeted. The method has a good sensitivity, satisfied recovery rate and precision. It is suitable for the quantitative analysis of mycotoxins in hotpot seasoning, which could provide technical support for risk monitoring and early warning of mycotoxins in in hotpot seasoning.
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Characterization of serovars and drug resistance of Salmonella contaminating pork production chains in China, 2008-2023
SHENG Huanjing, CUI Shenghui, BAI Li
Abstract:
Abstract: Objective To systematically analyze the serovars and drug resistance characteristics of Salmonella contaminated with pork production chain in China from 2008 to 2023 based on literature. Methods The literature related to Salmonella in the pork production chain in China published during 2008-2023 was searched in China Knowledge and PubMed databases, and 83 articles were screened, and the data were statistically analyzed by using SPSS and Excel, and divided into three time periods: T1 (2008-2012), T2 (2013-2017) and T3 (2018-2023), and were analyzed in comparison with the European Union and the United States homologous data on serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility. Results The average positivity rate of Salmonella contamination in pork production chains in China during 2008-2023 was 18.0%, with higher positivity rates in both the slaughter (19.6%) and retail (29.1%) segments than in the farmed segment (8.4%), and was much higher than that in the EU (slaughter: 1.4%; retail: 1.7%) and the US (slaughter: 15.9%; retail: 1.4%) (chi-square test, all P values < 0.05). The most common serovars of Salmonella of pork origin in China were S. Derby (28.4%), S. Typhimurium and S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (24.7%) and S. Rissen (12.9%), and the rate of contamination varied over time: a gradual decrease in Derby, and a gradual increase in S. Typhimurium and S. I 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Rissen. 5 Salmonella of swine origin (S. Derby, S. Typhimurium and S. I 4,[5],12:i:-, S. Enteritidis, S. london and S. Rissen) were more susceptible to doxycycline (85%) than to Salmonella ) had high rates of resistance to antimicrobial drugs such as doxycycline (85.1%), tetracycline (78.8%), ampicillin (63.5%) and chloramphenicol (61.5%) and were significantly higher than those in the EU and the USA (chi-square test, P < 0.05). The resistance rates of ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin showed an increasing trend with time, increasing by 38.3%, 28.2%, 18.0%, and 15.1%, respectively. Conclusion The contamination rate of Salmonella from pork sources in China was high, there was an elimination of some dominant serovars, and the resistance rate of tetracycline antimicrobials showed an increasing trend in the whole. It is recommended to strengthen the regulation of the use of veterinary antimicrobial drugs in the pork production chain.
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ZOU Zhi-fei, PU Min, LI Jian-jun, CHEN Yong-hong
2010,22(2):112-120, DOI:
Abstract:
Food color was divided into three categories,that was tar pigments, natural pigments and others. Edible tar pigment was classified to azo, triarylmethane, xanthene, fluorescent ketone, quinoline derivatives and indigo dye, and natural pigment was classified to tetrapyrroles (porphyrins) derivatives, isoprene derivatives, anthocyanin derivatives, ketone derivatives, quinone derivatives and the others according to their chemical structure.There are INS,E-number,C.I and the code about synthetic pigment in some countries in food color.The regulations and the use varieties about food color of China, CAC, Russia, EU, US, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong , Macao and China Taiwan was introduced respectively. Comparison analysis about differences in formulation of food additicve standard, prohibition about colour variety, attitude about usage of edible tar colour, and colour variety (tar colur,natural colour and others),scope and limits about color usage were performed with comparative analysis. Color usage in the produce of export food in accordance with standard of destination , focus on variety and limit of colour in import food according to their sources was proposed, and trends about usage of food color was Prospect ed also.
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Wang Huali, Zhang Jiyue, Zhang Jianbo
2011,23(6):571-575, DOI:
Abstract:
According to The Law of Food Safety,the related requirements of the State Council and the Ministry of Public Health,and the program of systemic revision of national food safety standards,the Hygienic Standards for the Use of Food Additives(GB 2760—2007) was revised by the National Institute of Nutrition and Food safety of China CDC in 2011.The revised parts are mainly on the regulations of using food additives,food processing aids and flavorings.The revision of the National food safety standard-...
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2004(4), DOI:
Abstract:
The comparative study was conducted on the regulations and standards in related with health food or health claim control in the countries or regions of Chinese Mainland, Australia, European Union, Japan, USA and Chinese Taipei, taking Codex Alimentarius Commission as reference. The analysis is focus on the similarities and differences on the part of the definition, legal status, the requirements for product composition and form and the procedure of safety and functional evaluation among these countries or regions, in an attempt to find out the background information and scientific evidence for the relevant regulations and standards. The administration patterns of health food or health claim by the authorities of individual countries or regions, i.e. whether it is a pre-market approval system or a preview (pre-market registered) system, been elaborated and analyzed. To the improvement of health food control system in China, some proposals and recommendations were made based on the analysis of the merits and defects thereof, and technical evidence was provided for the international coordination in the future.
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2012,24(5):438-440, DOI:
Abstract:
目的优选QuEChERS方法中黄瓜拟除虫菊酯类农药残留净化剂的最佳组合。方法采用正交实验法,以农药加标回收率(气相色谱法)为指标,考察净化剂PSA(N-丙基乙二胺)、C18(C18烷基-硅胶)、GCB(石墨化炭黑)三因素的影响。结果重复试验表明,10 g黄瓜2 ml定容液净化剂的最佳组合是A2B1C2,即0.075 g PSA,0.025 g C18,0.050 g GCB。结论正交试验法用于优选蔬菜中农药残留检测的QuEChERS净化剂组合,既可节省试剂,又能满足检测需要。
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ZHANG Xi-meng, ZENG Jing, WEI Hai-yan, FU Pu-bo, HAN Xiao
2013,25(4):320-323, DOI:
Abstract:
To investigate antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from imported dairy products. Methods100strains of Cronobacter sakazakii were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion recommended by the National Committee of Clinical laboratory Standard. Results All strains were sensitive to Mezlocillin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin, Chloramphenicol, Cefepime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime Sodium, Ceftazidime, Pentahydrate, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin, while resistant to Proctaphlin Sodium. The ratio of resistant strains to Ampicillin, Cefalotin, Cefazolin Sodium, Sodium and Tetracycline was 65%, 17%, 3% and 2%, respectively. The ratio of intermediate resistant strains to Ampicillin, Cefazolin Sodium, Cefalotin Sodium, Ceftriaxone Sodium, Tetracycline was 25%, 23%, 6%, 2% and 1% respectively. 13strains were multiresistant to 3kinds of antibiotics and 4strain was multiresistant. ConclusionCronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from imported dairy products were susceptible to most of the tested antibiotics, but resistance were increasing. In this study, All drug resistant strains to oxacillin. Hereby, the issue of Cronobacter sakazakii multiresistance should arouse abroad attention worldwide.
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2011,23(1):13-16, DOI:
Abstract:
The result of food safety risk assessment is the scientific basis for formulating the food safety standards and for exercising food safety supervision and administration. To exert the effects of food safety risk assessment in supervision and administration, some countries established specific agencies for food safety risk assessment, as well as in China with National Food Safety Risk Assessment Expert Committee. Despite that there is still a long way to go for China in food safety risk assessment compared to developed countries, the technologies applied in formulating food safety standards, handling of food safety accidents and risk communications exerted significant effect. However, we still need to promote constructions building in system of food safety risk assessment from the aspects of organizations, capacities and technologies in risk assessment and human resources considering the situation of food safety and needs of food safety supervision.
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HE Qing-hua, WU Yong-ning, YIN Yu-long
2007(5), DOI:
Abstract:
If over-dose biogenic amines were eaten, it may have deleterious impacts on human and animals. To illustrate the effects of biogenic amines in food on human, the source, influential factors, metabolism and toxicological research of biogenic amines were briefly reviewed.
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LEI Xiaoling, ZENG Shaokui, JIANG Zhihong, ZHANG Chaohua, WU Hongmian
2005(1), DOI:
Abstract:
The microbe change in export frozen shrimp(shrimp meat,headless shrimp)at different stages of processing was reported.The bacterial contamination of utensils,equipment environment was checked.The results demonstrated that the aerobic plate counts of export frozen shrimp generally were up to the standard.Coliforms sometimes exceed the standard.Pathogens were not detected.Aerobic plate counts of utensils and equipment often go beyond the standard.
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ZHOU Su-juan, , , WAN Chao, BAI Hong
2010,22(2):143-146, DOI:
Abstract:
Objectives To investigate the current status of single raw material health foods registration in China. Methods The registration of 419 single raw material health foods from the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) in the period of 2003-2007 were studied and analyzed, including the registration number, function claims, material categories and active ingredients, etc. Results The number of single raw material health foods accounted for 13.1% of total registered functional foods in this period. Half of the function claims were enhancing immune function. The active ingredients were nonspecific. The most common ingredients were polysaccharide, total saponins and total flavonoid. The chief categories of component were traditional Chinese material, foodstuff, edible fungi and algae. Conclusions The use of extracted materials might bring potential quality and safety issues because of no unified standards and processing technique. It is necessary to standardize management for extracted materials urgently. Take the single raw material products as a trial to seek a simplified mode for the registration and management of health foods.
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2004(5), DOI:
Abstract:
The comparative study was conducted on the regulations and standards in related with health food or health claim control in the countries or regions of Chinese Mainland, Australia, European Union, Japan, USA and Chinese Taiwan, taking Codex Alimentarius Commission as reference. The analysis is focus on the similarities and differences on the part of the definition, legal status, the requirements for product composition and form and the procedure of safety and functional evaluation among these countries or regions, in an attempt to find out the background information and scientific evidence for the relevant regulations and standards. The administration patterns of health food or health claim by the authorities of individual countries or regions, i.e. whether it is a pre market approval system or a preview (pre market registered) system, have been elaborated and analyzed in this tert. To the improvement of health food control system in China, some proposals and recommendations were made based on the analysis of the merits and defects thereof, and technical evidence was provided for the international coordination in the future.
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ZHANG Wen-zhong, LI Ning, LI Rong
2008(3), DOI:
Abstract:
目的探索反式白藜芦醇经口摄入后，在体内的雌激素作用和剂量一反应关系。方法选用19日龄未成年大鼠做子宫增重试验，分别经灌胃给予0．1、0．3、0．6和1．0g／kgBW的白藜芦醇，以3．0p∥kgBW的雌二醇为阳性对照，并设立水和油的阴性对照组，所有剂量组连续灌胃3d。实验结束称量子宫的湿重和干重，对卵巢、子宫和阴道进行组织病理学检查，并测量子宫内膜上皮细胞高度。结果和对照组比较，白藜芦醇对子宫重量无影响；组织病理学结果显示，1．0g／kgBW白藜芦醇剂量组的子宫轻度增生，0．3、0．6和1．0g／kgBW白藜芦醇剂量组的阴道轻度增生，无剂量-反应关系；受试物组子宫内膜上皮细胞高度无明显变化。结论白藜芦醇经口摄入时雌激素作用较弱，且无剂量-反应关系。
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SUN Yan-bin, SUN Ting, DONG Shu-xiang, LI Shi-kai, ZHONG Qing, ZHANG Jun
2015,27(4):441-446, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2015.04.020
Abstract:
To understand the distribution characteristics of heavy metal contamination in dairy products, and to evaluate the status and the extent of heavy metal contamination.Methods The contents of Pb, total-Hg, Cd, Cr and total-As in raw milk, fermented milk, sterilized milk, infant formula and milk powder during 2012-2013 were detected. Single factor contamination index method and comprehensive contamination index method of Nemerow were used to evaluate the contamination level according to the grading standard of agriculture product quality. Results The detection rate of Pb, total-As, total-Hg, Cd and Cr were 14.0%(21/150), 24.7%(37/150), 82.0%(109/133), 26.3%(35/133)and 72.9%(43/59) in dairy products, respectively. Pb in raw milk and Cd in sterilized milk were not detected. The mean, P75 and P95 of total-Hg in raw milk were higher than the limit. The P95 of total-Hg in fermented milk and sterilized milk and Cd in milk powder were higher than the limit. The detection rate and single factor contamination index of total-Hg were the highest in raw milk, fermented milk and sterilized milk, which indicated there was severe contamination in the raw milk(PHg>1) and mild contamination in fermented milk (PHg>0.6). The detection rate of Cr was the highest in infant formula and milk powder, while single factor contamination index of Cd was the highest. The heavy metal contamination in raw milk ranked the first with Pn=0.754, reaching mild level of contamination. The heavy metal contamination in dairy products could be lined in a decreasing order of raw milk, fermented milk, sterilized milk, milk powder and infant formula.Conclusion Four kinds of dairy products were at the safe level of heavy metal contamination. Total-Hg was the dominant heavy metal contamination in liquid milk, while Cd in solid milk. Single factor contamination index and comprehensive contamination index of total-Hg in raw milk indicated that measures should be taken to prevent the contamination.
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2007(4), DOI:
Abstract:
To accurately understand the inorganic arsenic origin in seafoods and scientifically appraise the quality of seafood products, some problems on arsenic chemical and speciation form, background value, inorganic arsenic and determination of arsenic in marine organisms were discussed. References were provided for determination of inorganic arsenic in seafoods.
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Gan Binbin, Liu Zhanhua, Li Shaohao
2011,23(6):531-533, DOI:
Abstract:
Objective To establish a method for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride in health food by HPLC.Methods Samples were extracted ultrasonically with water and separated on a CAPCELLPAKCR column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm);the mobile phase consisted of 25 mmol ammonium acetate+acetonitrile(in 0.1% formic acid)(25+75,V/V).The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min;the detection wavelength was 200 nm.Results The standard curve of glucosamine hydrochloride was linear over the range in 0.2~26.0 μg(r=0.999 982).The...
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2011,23(5):472-477, DOI:
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As indicator organisms,standards for aerobic plate count,coliforms,Escherichia coli,enterobacteriaceae applied in each country were different.Based on the comparison and analysis of microbiological criteria of foods in Australia,New Zealand,European Communities,Canada and Hong Kong,recommendations and technical basis for the elaboration of general microbiological criteria of China’s national food safety standards were provided. 更多还原
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ZHANG Li-wei, ZHAO Hong-jing, BAI Hong, WAN Chao
2008(3), DOI:
Abstract:
目的总结我国保健食品法律、法规、标准体系发展历史与现状，为未来发展提供建议。方法系统收集我国自1995年《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》首次赋予保健食品法律地位以来有关保健食品生产、销售、流通、监管环节的法律法规，进行纵向与横向的比较分析。结果从管理角度讲，我国保健食品经历了《保健食品管理办法》及《保健食品注册管理办法》两个时期，经历了一个逐步发展完善的过程，在立法过程中体现了“公平、公正、便民、高效和救济”等法制理念的不断进步。现在，我国保健食品法律、法规、标准在产品生产、市场、监控、评估4个方面基本形成了体系，并在新功能、新原料开发方面采取了更为开放的姿态。结论今后我国应加强技术性法规标准的建设，完善《保健食品注册管理办法》相应配套办法，进一步理顺各部门食品安全监管职能，明确责任，注重部门规章的衔接，进一步以法律、法规、标准体系建设整顿市场秩序，引导保健食品行业健康有序地发展。
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2012,24(5):474-478, DOI:
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of microbiological criteria for ready-to-eat foods in Codex Alimentarius Commission,the European Union,Australia,New Zealand,England and HongKong China,the article provides recommendations for the elaboration of microbiological criteria of Chinese national food standard.
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ZHANG Lei, ZHAO Yun-feng, ZHENG Hong-guo, ZHANG Lei, LIU Xiao, ZHAO Yun-feng, MOU Shi-fen, ZHENG Hong-guo, WU Yong-ning
2008(4), DOI:
Abstract:
目的建立同时测定食品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的离子色谱方法。方法采用超声提取、固相萃取柱净化的方法对试样进行前处理，高容量阴离子交换色谱枉分离，抑制型电导检测器检测。结果亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的检出限分别为0.005mg／L和0.008mg／L。回收率均在80％以上，RSD小于10％。结论该方法简便快捷、准确可靠，适用于多种食品基质中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的分析。
