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LI Menghan, BAI Li, LI Fengqin, HU Yujie, ZHAO Shuai, LIN Xiaohui, LI Xin, JIANG Tao, DONG Yinping
2024,36(12):1305-1310, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.001
Abstract:
Objective Laboratory confirmation was conducted on 44 stool， food and environmental samples from a suspected case of infant botulism.Methods According to the National Standard GB 4789.12—2016， Clostridium spp. isolation， identification and botulinum neurotoxins （BoNTs） determination were carried out.Results Mice injected with the culture supernatant of infant’s and mother’s hand swabs， infant’s diaper swab， infant’s stool and enema samples exhibited the typical signs of botulism before death. The toxicity of culture was enhanced after the treatment by trypsin. The polyvalent BoNTs antitoxin and the monovalent BoNT type E antitoxin could protect mice from death. Also， Clostridium was isolated from the above samples and further characterized by morphological characteristics， virulence gene PCR and strain identification qPCR. The result showed that Clostridium isolated from these samples were C. butyricum that harbors bont/e gene.Conclusion The patient was diagnosed with type E BoNT poisoning that produced by C. butyricum.
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XU Nu, XIE Ji’an, LIU Bolin, HUANG Linghua, ZHANG Lei, LIANG Jiang
2024,36(12):1311-1317, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.002
Abstract:
Objective The impact of standardized grain storage conditions and processing methods of flour products on the migration and alteration of aluminum content in wheat grains and derived products was investigated in order to establish assessment parameters for accurately evaluating the risk of dietary aluminum exposure.Methods Wheat grains were stored for 12 months in a standardized grain depot in China. The grains underwent two stages of treatment， involving four distinct processing methods （grinding， steaming， boiling and baking）. Changes in aluminum content were measured before and after storage and processing， and variation factors of aluminum in wheat and its products were subsequently calculated.Results After 12 months of storage， the aluminum content in wheat showed no significant difference （P>0.05）. Additionally， the impact of storage temperature and humidity on the aluminum content of wheat was minimal （P>0.05）. The variation factors of aluminum in wheat during storage ranged from 0.19 to 2.71. At the milling stage， the aluminum content in wheat flour was significantly lower than that in wheat grain （P<0.05）. Different processing methods exerted varied effects on the aluminum content of wheat flour. Specifically， the aluminum content of bread and steamed bread was higher than that of noodles （P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in aluminum content between bread and steamed bread （P>0.05）. The variation factors of aluminum in wheat products was the highest in baking that higher than 1， followed by steaming and boiling， with a total range of 0.20-1.89.Conclusion No significant effect was observed on the aluminum content of wheat under varying storage durations in a standardized grain depot. However， the influence of different processing methods on the aluminum content of wheat flour was notable. In risk assessment， selecting an appropriate variation factors according to specific circumstances is crucial to enhance the accuracy of the assessment.
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SUN Wenfang, XU Jie, ZHU Feng, YANG Wen, LIU Xiangping, CHEN Huimin
2024,36(12):1318-1324, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.003
Abstract:
Objective To establish a method for determination of bufotenine in sauces by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry （UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS） with pass-through solid phase extraction.Methods Samples were homogenized， extracted with water and ammoniated acetonitrile via ultrasonication. After salting out， the supernatant was taken to adjust the organic phase ratio and pH， then purified by PRiME HLB solid phase extraction column. After dilution and centrifugation with pure water， the purified liquid was detected by UHPLC-QRAP-MS/MS. UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS technique automatically triggered an enhanced product ion scan （MRM-IDA-EPI） mode， collecting secondary mass spectra of suspected target compounds for comparison with standard spectra， thereby further identifying positive samples.Results Under optimized conditions， bufotenine can be effectively separated and showing good linearity in the concentration range from 0.2 to 50.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999. The method’s detection limit was 0.4 μg/kg， with an average recovery rate between 99.5% to 106.5% for spiked levels of 5.0， 50.0 and 200 μg/kg. A relative standard deviation from 1.9% to 4.3%.Conclusion It was a simple and rapid method， with secondary mass spectrometry collected by a linear ion trap， meeting the requirements for detecting bufotenine content in sauces.
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2024,36(12):1325-1332, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.004
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Objective To optimize the sample pretreatment process by using HLB-P/HMR-Lipid SPE purification column. In combination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatoplc-tandem mass spectrometry， a method for simultaneous detection of 19 fluorinated alkyl compounds in liquid milk was established.Methods The sample was extracted by means of acetonitrile dissolving precipitated protein vortex， and the commercial double-layer solid phase extraction column HLB-P/HMR-Lipid SPE was used to purify the lipid. Then the methanol-water （8∶2， v/v） was redissolved after nitrogen blowing， and the mobile phase gradient elution was performed by using methanol and 2mmol/L ammonium formate solution. The targets were separated by ACQUITY Premier BEH C18 column （100 mm×2.1 mm，1.7 μm）， detected by electrospray ion source and negative ion multi-reaction monitoring mode， and quantified by internal standard method.Results The linear relationships of 19 fluorinated alkyl compounds were good in the range of 0.1-50 μg/L， and the correlation coefficient r was greater than 0.995. The limit of detection was 0.003 7-0.009 5 μg/kg and the limit of quantification was 0.012 4-0.031 7 μg/kg. The recoveries of low concentrations（0.1 μg/kg）， medium concentrations（1 μg/kg） and high concentrations（8 μg/kg）in liquid milk ranged from 73.8% to 113.1%， the relative standard deviations were less than 10% （n=6）.Conclusion The method is accurate， reliable， sensitive， reproducible and suitable for the detection of fluorinated alkyl compounds in liquid milk.
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WANG Chunlei, HUANG Zhenzhen, LI Bingbing, DAI Li, CHEN Guoqing, WANG Kun
2024,36(12):1333-1341, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.005
Abstract:
Objective To establish an analytical method for determination of 11 fluorescent whitening agents in fresh tea drinks using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Methods The samples were extracted by sonication of N， N-dimethylformamide/water/triethylamine （70∶29∶1， V/V/V） ， added with appropriate precipitant， centrifuged and filtered， finally injected into the UPLC-MS/MS system. The samples were separated on a Waters BEH C18 column （2.1 mm×50 mm，1.7 μm） with acetonitrile and 0.2% ammonia as mobile phase，and detected using electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode via positive and negative ions scanning. Compounds were quantified by external standard method.Results The 11 fluorescent whitening agents had good linearity within the measured concentration range， and the correlation coefficients （r） were all above 0.995. The limits of detection were 0.003-0.03 mg/kg. The limits of quantitation were 0.01-0.1 mg/kg. The recoveries were 71.7%-116.% and the relative standard deviations were 0.7%-9.9% in three kinds of fresh tea drinks including milk tea， fruit tea and coffee.Conclusion The proposed method is simple， highly efficient， accurate， and suitable for the detection of 11 kinds of fluorescent whitening agents in fresh tea drinks such as milk tea， fruit tea and coffee， which provides a methods for food safety supervision related to fresh tea production.
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ZHANG Chi, SHEN Huijing, CHEN Dawei, WU Yongning
2024,36(12):1342-1348, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.006
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Objective To develop a method for the determination of 12 organophosphate esters （OPEs） fire retardants in honey by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry.Methods The samples were enriched， extracted and cleaned-up by a sugar-induced acetonitrile-water liquid-liquid extraction system， eluted with a gradient of methanol-formic acid-water， and then separated on a HSS T3 chromatographic column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.8 μm）. The analytes were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry in the targeted single-ion monitoring mode， with the quantification by isotope internal standard method.Results The linearity of the 12 OPEs， with R2>0.99， was observed from 0.2 to 20 μg/L， while the range of the LODs and the LOQs were 0.05-0.3 μg/kg and 0.1-0.9 μg/kg， respectively. Recoveries of the 12 OPEs at three different spiked levels ranged from 86.2% to 119.5%， with RSDs ranging from 1.24% to 8.16%. Analysis of 16 honey samples revealed 100% detection of TPhP at concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 11.8 μg/kg and 50% detection of TEP at levels from LOD to 1.5 μg/kg.Conclusion The method is convenient， reproducible， sensitive and suitable for the trace determination of OPEs in honey.
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YAO Kai, GAO Zihan, ZHANG Jing, QI Yan, ZHONG Nannan, SHAO Bing
2024,36(12):1349-1358, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.007
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Objective A QuEChERS ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for the determination of 10 kinds of organophosphate esters pesticides and 5 kinds of carbamate pesticides in tea drinks was established.Methods The extraction solution was purified with 150 mg MgSO4， 25 mg Primary-secondary comine and 2.5 mg graphitized carbon black. After centrifugation at 14 000 r/min at 4℃ for 10 min and the supernatant was transferred， diluted with an equal volume of ultra-pure water. The pesticides were separated on a Waters ACQUITY BEH C18 （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） chromatographic column with gradient elution using 0.1% formate-acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. Pesticides were detected via multiple reaction monitoring mode.Results The method showed a good linear range of 5-160 μg/L （R2>0.99）. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.05-5 μg/L and 0.15-15 μg/L， respectively. Mean recoveries of 15 kinds of pesticides were 71.2%-103.2%. Intraday （n=6） and interday （n=3） relative standard deviations were 0.1%-13.8% and 0.4%-12.2%， respectively. Matrix effects were 84.1%-114.3%， and could be considered to have no matrix effect. Acephate was detected in 2 out of 43 commercial tea drinks， it suggests that pesticide residues in tea drinks may cause increased health risks for people.Conclusion The method was simple to operate， rapid， accurate， and suitable to detect fifteen kinds of pesticides in different tea drinks.
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LI Nan, MIAO Tingting, ZHANG Huaning, HAN Xiaomin, ZHANG Jing, ZHANG Hongyuan, WANG Jiahui, BAI Li, JIANG Tao
2024,36(12):1359-1365, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.008
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the contamination of Norovirus （NoV）， Sapovirus （SaV）， hepatitis A virus （HAV） and hepatitis E virus （HEV） in marine shellfish and water bodies in Shandong Province， Weihai City.Methods From December 2020 to November 2021， a total of 360 samples including fresh shellfish， seawater and sewage were collected from local aquaculture farm， retail markets and sewage treatment plant. After virus particle concentration， nucleic acids were extracted and detected by real-time fluorescent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR） for determination of NoV， SaV， HAV and HEV.Results The total positive rate of four viruses was 31.67% （114/360）. The level of four viruses contamination varied depending on samples types， and the rank of positive rate for different sample types was sewage， sea water， farmed shellfish and retail shellfish in descending order. NoV was the dominant contaminating virus with the total detected rate of 27.78% （100/360）， followed by SaV 8.33% （30/360）， HAV 3.61% （13/360） and HEV 1.39% （5/360）. The detection rate of the four foodborne viruses in samples varied with seasons， and it was the highest detection rate for farmed shellfish， retail shellfish and sewage in summer， with 53.33%， 30% and 100% respectively， and the lowest in autumn and winter. While for sea water， the highest detection rate for the four foodborne viruses was in winter （60%） and the lowest was in summer （6.67%）. In addition， 26.32% （30/114） of the positive samples were mixed contamination with two （26 samples） or three （4 samples） viruses. The occurrence frequency of the two virus mixed combination was NoV-SaV， NoV-HAV， NoV-HEV， SaV-HAVand SaV-HEV in descending order， and the combination of three viruses was NOV-SAV-HAV. The rank of detection rate of viruses mixed contamination in different sample types was sewage， seawater， farmed shellfish and retail shellfish in descending order.Conclusion There was a risk of foodborne viruses contamination in marine shellfish and water bodies in Weihai， and the contamination was seasonal. The issue of viruses mixed contamination needs to be concerned. Additionally， monitoring of foodborne viruses in marine shellfish should be strengthened in Weihai in summer.
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ZHENG Zhengnan, ZHANG Qiuping, ZHU Tingting, REN Liang, CHEN Dandan, ZHU Huamei, ZHU Meifang, LING Li
2024,36(12):1366-1372, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.009
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Objective To investigate the pollution states of lead， cadmium， methyl mercury， inorganic arsenic and chromium for sold aquatic products in Zhuhai City， and to assess their exposure risk.Methods The total of 666 sold aquatic products samples in Zhuhai City were collected during 2018—2022. The level of lead， cadmium， methyl mercury， inorganic arsenic and chromium in samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） and liquid chromatograph inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry （LC-ICP-MS）， evaluated by the method of single-factor pollution index and Nemerow integrated pollution index， based on the dietary intake of residents in Zhuhai to assess its potential health hazard.Results Shellfish had the highest levels of lead， cadmium， inorganic arsenic， chromium and fish had the highest levels of methylmercury. The Pn of the four aquatic products was at safe levels， but the Pcadmium of shellfish and cephalopods was mildly contaminated. The average dietary exposures and high-end dietary exposures of lead， cadmium， methylmercury， inorganic arsenic， and chromium to health of resident were acceptable.Conclusion There has been the varying degrees of cadmium pollution of sold aquatic products in Zhuhai City， especially shellfish and cephalopod. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of dietary exposure risk of high-consumption groups in cadmium and methyl mercury， and to further carry out cumulative exposure risk assessment.
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2024,36(12):1373-1376, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.010
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In recent years， as a renewable resource， the development and utilization of plant-based ingredients have become an important emerging force in the development of the food industry. The safety assessment of ingredients involves the utilization of environmental resources and food safety. This paper briefly summarizes and analyzes the common issues in the application materials for the safety assessment of novel food ingredients from plants， introducing the key points that need to be focused on when submitting the application materials， in order to provide reference for scientific and effective evaluation materials for application enterprises.
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QU Wenjie, XU Yifan, DU Hanchen, LIU Zhengyi, DU Jie, CHEN Yan, SUN Chaoqun, XIAO Chenyang, DU Yuping, WANG Chonglin, HUO Junsheng, HUANG Jian, YIN Jiyong, LIU Jing
2024,36(12):1377-1384, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.011
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of plant polyphenols on sarcopenia in the elderly.Methods Relevant studies on the prevention and improvement of sarcopenia by plant polyphenols were searched in PubMed， Web of Science， Scopus， China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and Wanfang databases. Meta-analysis was performed on the included randomized controlled trials using Review Manager 5.4 statistical software.Results A total of 9 randomized controlled studies were included after screening. The results of the Meta-analysis demonstrated that plant polyphenols could significantly reduce the body weight， fat mass and lean body mass of the elderly.Conclusion Plant polyphenols cannot prevent sarcopenia by improving the muscle mass of the elderly.
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TIAN Maosong, HUANG Peiyuan, ZHENG Lei, LIU Shiwei, HE Jun, ZHAO Jianyun, LI Menghan, PENG Zixin, YANG Dajin, DONG Yinping, BAI Li, WU Yongning, HU Yujie
2024,36(12):1385-1393, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.012
Abstract:
Objective To understand the antimicrobial resistance and the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr carrying status of Salmonella isolates recovered from foods in China’s Mainland in 2022.Methods Broth microdilution method was used for testing the antimicrobial susceptibility of 575 Salmonella isolates against 17 antimicrobial compounds which belong to 11 categories， and mcr genes were detected by PCR for all tested isolates， followed by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis in terms of the mcr gene PCR positive isolates.Results The resistant strains accounted for 84.70% （487/575） of the 575 Salmonella isolates and the resistance rate of the tested strains to nalidixic acid was the highest （58.61%， 337/575）. We found one Salmonella strain resistant to imipenem and another one to tigecycline. The rate of multi-drug resistance of all isolates was 61.39% （353/575）. Some isolates could be concurrent resistant to as much as 10 classes of antimicrobials. There were 147 kinds of antimicrobial resistance spectrums. The dominant resistance spectrum was SAM-CT-AMP-NAL， accounting for 28.57% （42/147）. The antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella from different sample sources were significant statistically， with the highest resistance rate （95.51%， 85/89） of Salmonella isolates from frozen raw chickens. Salmonella isolates recovered from both Hebei and Heilongjiang Province got a 100% resistance rate. Six Salmonella strains recovered from Hubei， Hebei， Anhui， Liaoning and Shandong and harboring mcr-1 gene were detected with a detection rate of 1.04% （6/575）， all of them were multi-drug resistant strains. The predominant resistance genes among these mcr-harboring Salmonella isolates were aac （6'）-laa， mcr-1.1， fosA3 and so on， the main plasmid replicon types were IncI2， IncP1 and IncHI2， respectively.Conclusion The Salmonella isolated from foods in China’s Mainland in 2022 got an overall high level of antimicrobial resistance， with serious phenomenon of multi-drug resistance and complex antimicrobial resistance spectrums. In addition， there were also some isolates with multi-drug resistance while carrying mcr gene， which should be given sufficient attention.
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PENG Yuqian, HUANG Ying, DU Xinying, XIANG Ying, QIU Shaofu
2024,36(12):1394-1400, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2024.12.013
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Resistance of foodborne pathogens to low pH environments is often considered one of important determinant of disease， which helps bacteria pass through the stomach and can cause illness at very low infective doses. The research progress of three major amino acid decarboxylase systems in Escherichia coli， namely glutamic acid decarboxylase system， arginine decarboxylase system and lysine decarboxylase system were summarized. The primary objective is to elucidate the acid-resistant mechanism of foodborne pathogens.
Volume 36,2024 Issue 12
Original Reports
Study Reports
Experimental Technique and Method
Investigation
Risk Assessment
Food Safety Standard and Administration
Applied Nutrition
Foodborn Disease
Review
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Evaluation index system for biomedical innovation ability system in China
Abstract:
Objective Biomedical innovation has become the main battlefield of global science and technology competition， to explore the evaluation index system for biomedical innovation ability system， and to provide theoretical tools and new perspectives for the evaluation of biomedical innovation ability in China.Methods This article determines the key factors that affect biomedical innovation by literature investigation， Delphi expert consultation， normalization method based on expert score， principal component analysis and other methods.ResultsConclusion This article establishes an index system for biomedical innovation capability， the current status of biomedical innovation system in China was evaluated， and it was found that the policy environment， the number of researchers and the investment of R&D institutions played an important role in the development of biomedical innovation capacity in China， to provide support for enhancing China's biomedical innovation capability.
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Determination of Sorbic，Benzoic acid in oily bean curd by gas chromatography
Abstract:
Objective To develop a method to detect benzoic，sorbic acid in high-fat foods like oily bean curd by capillary gas chromatography．Methods The samples were eliminated matrix interference by NaOH-ZnSO4，extracted by ultrasonic extraction，then filtered，centrifuged，acidized，extracted by ether，evaporated to dry，fixed using anhydrous ethanol and finally determined by capillary gas chromatography． Results The linear range was 0-300μg/ml (r＞0.9990). the lowest detecting limits of sorbic，benzoic acid were 1mg/kg．The relative standard deviation was 1.07-3.14%， The recovery was 90.6-101.8%．Conclusion This method is simple，rapid accurate and reliable to detect the benzoic，sorbic acid of high-fat foods like oily bean curd．
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Construction of PBPK Model of Quercetin and Predicting Pharmacokinetic Behavior in Humans
SHI Miaoying, JIA Xudong, YANG Xingfen, ZHANG Lei, WU Yongning
Abstract:
Objective To use PBPK model to predict the tissue distribution of quercetin in human , and analyze its distribution and metabolic transformation process in different physiological compartments, so as to supplement the deficiency of human experimental data, and provide important technical support for health risk-benefit assessment and safe intake formulation of quercetin. Methods Based on the physicochemical properties of quercetin, physiological parameters of rats and ADME parameters, a rat physiological pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed by GastroPlus software. The predicted concentration-time curve of the model was compared with the measured data to verify the accuracy of the main pharmacokinetic parameters. The model is further extrapolated to human PBPK model, and the accuracy, sensitivity and correlation analysis are completed. Results The predicted and measured ratios of major pharmacokinetic parameters of PBPK models in rats and human were within the error range of 0.5 to 2 times, and the average folding error and absolute average folding error were both at acceptable levels, indicating that the model was well fitted and the prediction results were highly reliable. Conclusion The physiological pharmacokinetic model of rats was successfully constructed, and based on this model, the human pharmacokinetic behavior was predicted, which provided a new idea for efficient and safe use and management of quercetin.
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An UPLC/Q-TOF-MS method for the detection of toxic substances in Datura stramonium L
koujinchan, zhangyonghong, linji
Abstract:
Abstract: Objective To establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry（UPLC/Q-TOF-MS）method for rapid screening of toxic substances in Datura stramonium L. Methods After the samples were extracted by methanol, the liquid to be tested was separated on ACQUITY UPLC? BEH C18 column (2.1mm×50mm, 1.7μm) with 0.01% formic acid water as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. The sample volume was 2.0μL, the column temperature was 35℃, and the flow rate was 0.2μL/min. ESI positive ion mode collection, mass spectrometry with precise molecular weight and chromatographic peak retention time for qualitative analysis, [M]+H as quantitative ion for quantitative analysis. Results The linear ranges were 1.0-200.0μg/L with r 2 ≥0. 990. The limits of detection were 0.08-2.24 ng/L the limits of quantification were 0.27-7.46 ng/mL. The recoveries were in the range of 78%~89% and RSDs were ≤3.0%.The contents of scopolamine 0.65mg/kg, anisodamine 0.66mg/kg and hyoscyamine 0.72mg/kg were detected in Datura stramonium L collected in the field. Scopolamine 0.0048mg/kg, anisodamine 0.041mg/kg and hyoscyamine 0.16mg/kg were detected in the liquor of Datura stramonium L. The target compounds were detected in different degrees in the blood and urine of the poisoned patients. Conclusion The method established in the laboratory is fast, efficient and accurate, which is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative detection of toxic substances in the poisoning incidents of Datura stramonium L. Two poisonings were caused by consumption of Datura stramonium L.
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Characterization and drug resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli derived from animals in Shandong provinceWang Qin1, DeJi YuZhen2, Yang Xi3, Sun Wenkui4, Zhang yuanqing5, Hou Peibin4, Xiong Yanwen3,Hu Bin4
dejiyuzhen, 杨茜, sunwenkui, zhangyuanqing, houpeibin, xiongyanwen, hubin
Abstract:
【】 Objective To understand the characteristic and antibiotic resistance traits of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) derived from animal in Shandong province, providing a basis for the risk assessment and surveillance of STEC infection,Constructing a Core Gene SNP phylogenetic tree using maximum likelihood method. Methods A total of 140 STEC strains were isolated from cattle and sheep from 2017 to 2018 in Shandong. These strains were tested for the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 27 types of antibiotics in 15 categories using the microbroth dilution method. The detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was conducted by using the double-disk synergy test. Whole genome sequencing was performed, the O:H serotyping, Shiga toxin subtyping and antibiotic resistance gene were analysis. Results The 140 STEC strains constituted 46 O:H serotypes, with O157:H7 accounting for 12.86% (18/140). Two stx1 subtypes and 8 stx2 subtypes were detected, and stx1c+stx2b was the most common subtype, followed by the novel stx2k. Sixteen strains (11.43%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 4 strains (2.86%) were multi-drug resistant. The highest resistance rate to tetracycline was observed in the cattle- and sheep-derived STEC strains (8.57%, 12/140), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (6.43%, 9/140), with 3 strains were ESBLs-producing strains. All strains were sensitive to meropenem and amikacin. A total of 10 categories of 29 antibiotic resistance genes were detected, including the β-lactamase resistance genes blaEC, blaCTX, blaTEM and blaOXA, and fosfomycin resistance gene fosA7 was identified for the first time in STEC. 140 STEC strains formed 38 clusters, each containing the same serotype and ST type, with the O113: H4 ST10 serotype strain being the dominant cluster. Conclusion Cattle and sheep in Shandong Province carry multiple drug-resistant strains with various resistance genes, as well as highly pathogenic O157:H7 strains. It is necessary to strengthen the management of cattle and sheep feces and pathogen monitoring.
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Analysis of microbial contamination of student meals in Yuexiu District of Guangzhou form 2017 to 2023
Huang Huan-ting, Ao Li-ping, Wu Yan-ting, Li Hao-xuan, Weng Chuang-wei, Lai Zhi-sheng
Abstract:
Objective To investigate microbial contamination of student meals in Yuexiu District of Guangzhou, to provide reference for regulatory authorities. Methods? Totally 296 student meal samples were collected for 7 consecutive years in Yuexiu District of Guangzhou. The microbial contamination of the samples, including thetotal numbersofcolony,E scherichia,methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus,salmonella,bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes were detected.Result The total unqualified rate was 26.35% (78/296), the unqualified rate decreased by 57.50%, 45.24%, 43.86%, 16.67%, 5.00%, 6.38%, and 2.50% from 2017 to 2023(χ2 =68.947,P＜0.01),and all unqualified items were hygienic indicator bacteria, mainly the total number of colonies.Spearman correlation analysis showed that? core temperature was negative correlated (P<0.05) with the the total number of bacterial colonies(r = -0.224, P < 0.01).,but there was no significant correlation with Escherichia coli (r = -0.145, P = 0.057). Conclusion The microbial contamination status of student meals in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City was severe in 2017, but it has improved year by year since then, suggesting that monitoring and supervision can help promote the improvement of student meal hygiene conditions. Keywords:student meal；microbial contamination；Sanitary indicator bacteria;foodborne pathogens
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Survey of Microbial Contamination in Commercially Prepared Beverages Sold in Huzhou City in 2023
Abstract:
Objective To understand the status of microbial contamination in commercially prepared beverages sold in Huzhou City, and to provide reference data for health supervision and the improvement of standards for commercially prepared beverages in China. Methods In 2023, a total of 220 samples of freshly prepared beverages were collected in batches from hotels, restaurants, beverage shops, and other food and beverage service establishments in Huzhou City. All samples were tested for four hygiene indicator microorganisms (total bacterial count, mold, yeast, and Escherichia coli) and three foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes) according to relevant national standards. Results The overall non-conformity rate for the 220 samples of freshly prepared beverages monitored in this study was 19.09%. Specifically, the non-conformity rate for total bacterial count was 5.00%, and that for E. coli was 17.73%. Among the foodborne pathogenic bacteria, S. aureus was detected in 1.82% of the samples, with all counts <104 CFU/mL.There was a statistically significant difference in the non-conformity rate for total bacterial count among different types of freshly prepared beverages (χ2=27.915, P<0.05). In ]terms of geographical location, the non-conformity rates for total bacterial count and E. coli in freshly prepared beverages collected from rural areas were much higher than those from urban areas, with statistically significant differences (Fisher's χ2 bacteria=11.327, P<0.05; Fisher's χ2Escherichia coli= 19.853, P<0.05). Mold and yeast were detected in all types of freshly prepared beverages, with the maximum detected value for mold being 4.06 lg CFU/g and that for yeast being 5.37 lg CFU/g. Conclusion The contamination of hygiene indicator microorganisms in freshly prepared beverages in Huzhou City is a matter of concern, primarily due to the high rates of exceeding the limits for E. coli and total bacterial count. Mold and yeast were also detected, with a relatively high average count of yeast.It is recommended that the country establish and improve the limit standards for microorganisms such as mold and yeast in freshly prepared beverages as soon as possible, in order to more effectively address the increasingly complex hygiene monitoring and supervision of freshly prepared beverages.
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Contamination analysis of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in fried food and puffed food
SUN Shiping, CHEN Qi, WANG Jiabao
Abstract:
Objective To analyze the contamination levels of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE in fried food and puffed food, and we could provide a scientific basis for conducting risk assessment to the exposure levels of MCPDE and GE. Methods We detected chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters by isotope dilution gas chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry and conducted an analysis of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE contamination levels in 55 fried food samples and 66 puffed food samples . Results The detection rates of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE in fried food and puffed food were all 100%, and the concent range of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE in fried food were from 0.0525 to 1.59, from 0.0232 to 0.798 and from 0.0257 to 3.06 mg/kg. The concent range of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE in puffed food were 0.0892 - 2.31, 0.0477 - 0.867 and 0.0755-2.58 mg/kg. Conclusion The results indicated that the contamination levels of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE in puffed food were higher than fried food, and we should put more attention on MCPDE and GE contamination in puffed food.
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ZOU Zhi-fei, PU Min, LI Jian-jun, CHEN Yong-hong
2010,22(2):112-120, DOI:
Abstract:
Food color was divided into three categories,that was tar pigments, natural pigments and others. Edible tar pigment was classified to azo, triarylmethane, xanthene, fluorescent ketone, quinoline derivatives and indigo dye, and natural pigment was classified to tetrapyrroles (porphyrins) derivatives, isoprene derivatives, anthocyanin derivatives, ketone derivatives, quinone derivatives and the others according to their chemical structure.There are INS,E-number,C.I and the code about synthetic pigment in some countries in food color.The regulations and the use varieties about food color of China, CAC, Russia, EU, US, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong , Macao and China Taiwan was introduced respectively. Comparison analysis about differences in formulation of food additicve standard, prohibition about colour variety, attitude about usage of edible tar colour, and colour variety (tar colur,natural colour and others),scope and limits about color usage were performed with comparative analysis. Color usage in the produce of export food in accordance with standard of destination , focus on variety and limit of colour in import food according to their sources was proposed, and trends about usage of food color was Prospect ed also.
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Wang Huali, Zhang Jiyue, Zhang Jianbo
2011,23(6):571-575, DOI:
Abstract:
According to The Law of Food Safety,the related requirements of the State Council and the Ministry of Public Health,and the program of systemic revision of national food safety standards,the Hygienic Standards for the Use of Food Additives(GB 2760—2007) was revised by the National Institute of Nutrition and Food safety of China CDC in 2011.The revised parts are mainly on the regulations of using food additives,food processing aids and flavorings.The revision of the National food safety standard-...
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2004(4), DOI:
Abstract:
The comparative study was conducted on the regulations and standards in related with health food or health claim control in the countries or regions of Chinese Mainland, Australia, European Union, Japan, USA and Chinese Taipei, taking Codex Alimentarius Commission as reference. The analysis is focus on the similarities and differences on the part of the definition, legal status, the requirements for product composition and form and the procedure of safety and functional evaluation among these countries or regions, in an attempt to find out the background information and scientific evidence for the relevant regulations and standards. The administration patterns of health food or health claim by the authorities of individual countries or regions, i.e. whether it is a pre-market approval system or a preview (pre-market registered) system, been elaborated and analyzed. To the improvement of health food control system in China, some proposals and recommendations were made based on the analysis of the merits and defects thereof, and technical evidence was provided for the international coordination in the future.
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2012,24(5):438-440, DOI:
Abstract:
目的优选QuEChERS方法中黄瓜拟除虫菊酯类农药残留净化剂的最佳组合。方法采用正交实验法,以农药加标回收率(气相色谱法)为指标,考察净化剂PSA(N-丙基乙二胺)、C18(C18烷基-硅胶)、GCB(石墨化炭黑)三因素的影响。结果重复试验表明,10 g黄瓜2 ml定容液净化剂的最佳组合是A2B1C2,即0.075 g PSA,0.025 g C18,0.050 g GCB。结论正交试验法用于优选蔬菜中农药残留检测的QuEChERS净化剂组合,既可节省试剂,又能满足检测需要。
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ZHANG Xi-meng, ZENG Jing, WEI Hai-yan, FU Pu-bo, HAN Xiao
2013,25(4):320-323, DOI:
Abstract:
To investigate antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from imported dairy products. Methods100strains of Cronobacter sakazakii were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion recommended by the National Committee of Clinical laboratory Standard. Results All strains were sensitive to Mezlocillin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin, Chloramphenicol, Cefepime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime Sodium, Ceftazidime, Pentahydrate, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin, while resistant to Proctaphlin Sodium. The ratio of resistant strains to Ampicillin, Cefalotin, Cefazolin Sodium, Sodium and Tetracycline was 65%, 17%, 3% and 2%, respectively. The ratio of intermediate resistant strains to Ampicillin, Cefazolin Sodium, Cefalotin Sodium, Ceftriaxone Sodium, Tetracycline was 25%, 23%, 6%, 2% and 1% respectively. 13strains were multiresistant to 3kinds of antibiotics and 4strain was multiresistant. ConclusionCronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from imported dairy products were susceptible to most of the tested antibiotics, but resistance were increasing. In this study, All drug resistant strains to oxacillin. Hereby, the issue of Cronobacter sakazakii multiresistance should arouse abroad attention worldwide.
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HE Qing-hua, WU Yong-ning, YIN Yu-long
2007(5), DOI:
Abstract:
If over-dose biogenic amines were eaten, it may have deleterious impacts on human and animals. To illustrate the effects of biogenic amines in food on human, the source, influential factors, metabolism and toxicological research of biogenic amines were briefly reviewed.
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2011,23(1):13-16, DOI:
Abstract:
The result of food safety risk assessment is the scientific basis for formulating the food safety standards and for exercising food safety supervision and administration. To exert the effects of food safety risk assessment in supervision and administration, some countries established specific agencies for food safety risk assessment, as well as in China with National Food Safety Risk Assessment Expert Committee. Despite that there is still a long way to go for China in food safety risk assessment compared to developed countries, the technologies applied in formulating food safety standards, handling of food safety accidents and risk communications exerted significant effect. However, we still need to promote constructions building in system of food safety risk assessment from the aspects of organizations, capacities and technologies in risk assessment and human resources considering the situation of food safety and needs of food safety supervision.
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LEI Xiaoling, ZENG Shaokui, JIANG Zhihong, ZHANG Chaohua, WU Hongmian
2005(1), DOI:
Abstract:
The microbe change in export frozen shrimp(shrimp meat,headless shrimp)at different stages of processing was reported.The bacterial contamination of utensils,equipment environment was checked.The results demonstrated that the aerobic plate counts of export frozen shrimp generally were up to the standard.Coliforms sometimes exceed the standard.Pathogens were not detected.Aerobic plate counts of utensils and equipment often go beyond the standard.
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ZHOU Su-juan, , , WAN Chao, BAI Hong
2010,22(2):143-146, DOI:
Abstract:
Objectives To investigate the current status of single raw material health foods registration in China. Methods The registration of 419 single raw material health foods from the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) in the period of 2003-2007 were studied and analyzed, including the registration number, function claims, material categories and active ingredients, etc. Results The number of single raw material health foods accounted for 13.1% of total registered functional foods in this period. Half of the function claims were enhancing immune function. The active ingredients were nonspecific. The most common ingredients were polysaccharide, total saponins and total flavonoid. The chief categories of component were traditional Chinese material, foodstuff, edible fungi and algae. Conclusions The use of extracted materials might bring potential quality and safety issues because of no unified standards and processing technique. It is necessary to standardize management for extracted materials urgently. Take the single raw material products as a trial to seek a simplified mode for the registration and management of health foods.
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2004(5), DOI:
Abstract:
The comparative study was conducted on the regulations and standards in related with health food or health claim control in the countries or regions of Chinese Mainland, Australia, European Union, Japan, USA and Chinese Taiwan, taking Codex Alimentarius Commission as reference. The analysis is focus on the similarities and differences on the part of the definition, legal status, the requirements for product composition and form and the procedure of safety and functional evaluation among these countries or regions, in an attempt to find out the background information and scientific evidence for the relevant regulations and standards. The administration patterns of health food or health claim by the authorities of individual countries or regions, i.e. whether it is a pre market approval system or a preview (pre market registered) system, have been elaborated and analyzed in this tert. To the improvement of health food control system in China, some proposals and recommendations were made based on the analysis of the merits and defects thereof, and technical evidence was provided for the international coordination in the future.
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ZHANG Wen-zhong, LI Ning, LI Rong
2008(3), DOI:
Abstract:
目的探索反式白藜芦醇经口摄入后，在体内的雌激素作用和剂量一反应关系。方法选用19日龄未成年大鼠做子宫增重试验，分别经灌胃给予0．1、0．3、0．6和1．0g／kgBW的白藜芦醇，以3．0p∥kgBW的雌二醇为阳性对照，并设立水和油的阴性对照组，所有剂量组连续灌胃3d。实验结束称量子宫的湿重和干重，对卵巢、子宫和阴道进行组织病理学检查，并测量子宫内膜上皮细胞高度。结果和对照组比较，白藜芦醇对子宫重量无影响；组织病理学结果显示，1．0g／kgBW白藜芦醇剂量组的子宫轻度增生，0．3、0．6和1．0g／kgBW白藜芦醇剂量组的阴道轻度增生，无剂量-反应关系；受试物组子宫内膜上皮细胞高度无明显变化。结论白藜芦醇经口摄入时雌激素作用较弱，且无剂量-反应关系。
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SUN Yan-bin, SUN Ting, DONG Shu-xiang, LI Shi-kai, ZHONG Qing, ZHANG Jun
2015,27(4):441-446, DOI: 10.13590/j.cjfh.2015.04.020
Abstract:
To understand the distribution characteristics of heavy metal contamination in dairy products, and to evaluate the status and the extent of heavy metal contamination.Methods The contents of Pb, total-Hg, Cd, Cr and total-As in raw milk, fermented milk, sterilized milk, infant formula and milk powder during 2012-2013 were detected. Single factor contamination index method and comprehensive contamination index method of Nemerow were used to evaluate the contamination level according to the grading standard of agriculture product quality. Results The detection rate of Pb, total-As, total-Hg, Cd and Cr were 14.0%(21/150), 24.7%(37/150), 82.0%(109/133), 26.3%(35/133)and 72.9%(43/59) in dairy products, respectively. Pb in raw milk and Cd in sterilized milk were not detected. The mean, P75 and P95 of total-Hg in raw milk were higher than the limit. The P95 of total-Hg in fermented milk and sterilized milk and Cd in milk powder were higher than the limit. The detection rate and single factor contamination index of total-Hg were the highest in raw milk, fermented milk and sterilized milk, which indicated there was severe contamination in the raw milk(PHg>1) and mild contamination in fermented milk (PHg>0.6). The detection rate of Cr was the highest in infant formula and milk powder, while single factor contamination index of Cd was the highest. The heavy metal contamination in raw milk ranked the first with Pn=0.754, reaching mild level of contamination. The heavy metal contamination in dairy products could be lined in a decreasing order of raw milk, fermented milk, sterilized milk, milk powder and infant formula.Conclusion Four kinds of dairy products were at the safe level of heavy metal contamination. Total-Hg was the dominant heavy metal contamination in liquid milk, while Cd in solid milk. Single factor contamination index and comprehensive contamination index of total-Hg in raw milk indicated that measures should be taken to prevent the contamination.
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2007(4), DOI:
Abstract:
To accurately understand the inorganic arsenic origin in seafoods and scientifically appraise the quality of seafood products, some problems on arsenic chemical and speciation form, background value, inorganic arsenic and determination of arsenic in marine organisms were discussed. References were provided for determination of inorganic arsenic in seafoods.
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Gan Binbin, Liu Zhanhua, Li Shaohao
2011,23(6):531-533, DOI:
Abstract:
Objective To establish a method for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride in health food by HPLC.Methods Samples were extracted ultrasonically with water and separated on a CAPCELLPAKCR column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm);the mobile phase consisted of 25 mmol ammonium acetate+acetonitrile(in 0.1% formic acid)(25+75,V/V).The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min;the detection wavelength was 200 nm.Results The standard curve of glucosamine hydrochloride was linear over the range in 0.2~26.0 μg(r=0.999 982).The...
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ZHANG Li-wei, ZHAO Hong-jing, BAI Hong, WAN Chao
2008(3), DOI:
Abstract:
目的总结我国保健食品法律、法规、标准体系发展历史与现状，为未来发展提供建议。方法系统收集我国自1995年《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》首次赋予保健食品法律地位以来有关保健食品生产、销售、流通、监管环节的法律法规，进行纵向与横向的比较分析。结果从管理角度讲，我国保健食品经历了《保健食品管理办法》及《保健食品注册管理办法》两个时期，经历了一个逐步发展完善的过程，在立法过程中体现了“公平、公正、便民、高效和救济”等法制理念的不断进步。现在，我国保健食品法律、法规、标准在产品生产、市场、监控、评估4个方面基本形成了体系，并在新功能、新原料开发方面采取了更为开放的姿态。结论今后我国应加强技术性法规标准的建设，完善《保健食品注册管理办法》相应配套办法，进一步理顺各部门食品安全监管职能，明确责任，注重部门规章的衔接，进一步以法律、法规、标准体系建设整顿市场秩序，引导保健食品行业健康有序地发展。
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2011,23(5):472-477, DOI:
Abstract:
As indicator organisms,standards for aerobic plate count,coliforms,Escherichia coli,enterobacteriaceae applied in each country were different.Based on the comparison and analysis of microbiological criteria of foods in Australia,New Zealand,European Communities,Canada and Hong Kong,recommendations and technical basis for the elaboration of general microbiological criteria of China’s national food safety standards were provided. 更多还原
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2012,24(5):474-478, DOI:
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of microbiological criteria for ready-to-eat foods in Codex Alimentarius Commission,the European Union,Australia,New Zealand,England and HongKong China,the article provides recommendations for the elaboration of microbiological criteria of Chinese national food standard.
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ZHANG Lei, ZHAO Yun-feng, ZHENG Hong-guo, ZHANG Lei, LIU Xiao, ZHAO Yun-feng, MOU Shi-fen, ZHENG Hong-guo, WU Yong-ning
2008(4), DOI:
Abstract:
目的建立同时测定食品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的离子色谱方法。方法采用超声提取、固相萃取柱净化的方法对试样进行前处理，高容量阴离子交换色谱枉分离，抑制型电导检测器检测。结果亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的检出限分别为0.005mg／L和0.008mg／L。回收率均在80％以上，RSD小于10％。结论该方法简便快捷、准确可靠，适用于多种食品基质中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的分析。
