With the increase of risk factors in urban governance in China, traditional fresh food market has become a vulnerable part. In order to avoid the outbreak of public health crisis caused by traditional fresh food, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the public health risks inherent in it, so as to improve the ability of public health risk management of urban government in China. From the perspective of vulnerability theory, this paper analyzes the public health risks of traditional fresh food market, and discusses the vulnerability of traditional fresh food market in nature, society, management and technical system. On this basis, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for the potential and secondary risks of the traditional fresh food market in China under the fragile system environment.