Objective To study caffeine concentration level in the main beverages, and evaluate the caffeine intake through beverages in Shandong population and its potential health risks. Methods Caffeine concentration levels of 319 beverages samples were determined. Consumption data of beverages were obtained from a survey of 2 523 Shandong residents conducted in 2013. The deterministic assessment model was used to calculate dietary intake of caffeine in Shandong population. Results The average caffeine concentration level in 8 kinds of beverages was 9 210.06 mg/kg, and the maximum value was 49 059.60 mg/kg. The average intake of caffeine from beverages by Shandong population was 61.62 μg/kg BW per day, well below the safe level of 6.7 mg/kg BW. The dietary intake of caffeine in men aged 60 years old and older was the highest, with an average of 166.55 μg/kg BW per day, 2.49% of the comparator of 6.7 mg/kg BW. The 97.5^th percentile (P97.5) of daily caffeine intake was 476.82 μg/kg BW per day, well below the comparator of 6.7 mg/kg BW. The range of the 97.5^th percentile (P97.5) of daily caffeine intake in each gender and age group was from 0.00 to 3 104.70 μg/kg BW per day. The maximum exposure of the 97.5^th percentile was that of the 13-17 women group. Main food source of caffeine was tea, with a contribution rate of 74.19% in Shandong. The cola was the main source of caffeine intake in 3-12 years old. Conclusion The caffeine intakes through beverages by Shandong population do not rise to safety concerns. Tea and cola were the main food contributor of caffeine dietary intake for adults and children, respectively.